复方板蓝根颗粒中靛蓝和靛玉红的含量测定

目的:建立复方板蓝根颗粒中靛蓝和靛玉红的含量测定方法。方法:采用HPLC法,色谱柱Kromasil ODS,流动相甲醇-0.5%醋酸溶液(78:22),流速1.0 ml·min~(-1);检测波长280 nm。结果:靛蓝、靛玉红分别在0.0502～1.004μg和0.0486～0.972μg范围内,进样量与各自的峰面积呈良好的线性关系。平均加样回收率为靛蓝97.7%,RSD=1.40%;靛玉红96.9%,RSD=1.43%(n=6)。结论:本方法简便,快速,准确,可作为该制剂的质控方法。     

板蓝根颗粒剂中靛玉红、腺苷含量测定方法学研究

目的：建立板蓝根颗粒剂中靛玉红、腺苷含量测定方法。方法：采用高效液相色谱法对板蓝根颗粒剂中靛玉红、腺苷进行了含量测定。结果：靛玉红在0.251～1.255μg范围内线性关系良好（r=0.9998）;平均回收率为98.61%,RSD为0.79%（n=5）;腺苷在38.12～190.60mg·L-1范围内线性关系良好,（r=0.9998）,平均回收率为102.80%,RSD为1.33%（n=5）。结论：高效液相色谱法对板蓝根颗粒剂中靛玉红、腺苷含量测定简便易行,准确可靠。     

复方板蓝根颗粒中靛玉红的含量测定

目的测定复方板蓝根颗粒中靛玉红的含量。方法高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Hypersil BDS C18(5μm,4.6mm×250mm),柱温:35℃;甲醇-水(66∶34)为流动相;流速1mL·min-1;检测波长为292nm。结果靛玉红在进样量为0.0015～0.0375μg范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率为101.06%,RSD值为0.96%。结论该法可用于复方板蓝根颗粒中靛玉红的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方板蓝根颗粒中靛玉红含量

目的:用高效液相色谱法(HPLC法)测定复方板蓝根颗粒中靛玉红的含量.方法:用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂,甲醇-0.1%醋酸(73:27)为流动相,检测波长为544 nm.结果:线性范围为0.200 2～10.01μg/mL,r=0.999 6;平均回收率为99.94%,RSD为1.19%.结论:HPLC法简便、准确、重现性好,可用于测定复方板蓝根颗粒中靛玉红的含量.     

板蓝根含片中靛玉红的含量测定研究

目的：建立板蓝根含片的含量测定方法。方法：采用薄层扫描法测定板蓝根含片中靛玉红的含量。结果：板蓝根含片中靛玉红含量测定线性范围为0.1-0.5μg，平均回收率95.6%,RSD为1.6%。结论：用薄层扫描法测定板蓝根含片中靛玉红的含量是可行的，该法有效控制了产品的质量。     

HPLC测定板蓝根提取物中靛蓝和靛玉红的含量

目的　采用HPLC测定板蓝根提取物中靛蓝和靛玉红含量。方法　将板蓝根醇提液挥去乙醇 ,经氯仿萃取 ,然后用HPLC测定。色谱柱为DikmaDiamonsilTMC18(5 μm ,2 0 0mm× 4 6mm) ,流动相为甲醇 - 0 1%醋酸铵 -醋酸 (70∶30∶1) ,流速为1 0ml·min-1,检测波长 2 80nm。结果　靛蓝线性范围在 0 0 15 2～ 0 30 4 0 μg(r =0 9997) ,平均加样回收率为 97 3% ,RSD =1 87% (n =5 ) ;靛玉红线性范围在 0 0 16 5 6～ 0 3312 μg ,平均加样回收率为 96 6 % ,RSD =2 .32 % (n =5 )。结论　所用方法简便快捷 ,适合板蓝根药材以及含靛蓝、靛玉红产品的质量控制。     

UV法测定复方板蓝根颗粒中靛玉红含量的探讨

目的建立测定复方板蓝根颗粒中靛玉红含量的测定。方法采用UV法,以氯仿为溶剂,在波长为292nm处测定吸收度,计算靛玉红的含量。结果靛玉红的线性范围为10.3μg.mL^-1-92.4μg.mL^-1（r=0.99934）,平均回收率为101.0%（RSD=2.7%）。结论本法结果稳定、准确、可靠,为厂家降低设备成本提供测定方法。     

HPLC法同时测定千金止带丸（水丸）中靛蓝和靛玉红的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱法同时测定千金止带丸（水丸）中靛蓝和靛玉红含量的方法。方法：采用HPLC定量分析,色谱柱为Welch Materials Ultimate C18柱（4.6mm×250mm,5μm）,流动相为甲醇∶水（70∶30）;流速1ml/min,检测波长546nm。结果：靛蓝、靛玉红分别在61.49～922.35ug （r=0.9999）和8.56～128.40ug （r=1.0000）范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系;平均加样回收率靛蓝为99.65%（RSD=1.92%）,靛玉红为99.16%（RSD=0.76%）。结论：该方法简便、结果可靠、重现性好、专属性强,可用于同时测定千金止带丸（水丸）中靛蓝和靛玉红的含量。     

HPLC法测定板蓝根药材中靛蓝和靛玉红的含量

目的:采用 HPLC—UV 法测定板蓝根中靛蓝和靛玉红含量。方法:将板蓝根经氯仿回流提取,然后用 HPLC 测定。色谱柱为 Diamonsil~(TM)C_(18)(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.05%磷酸梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长为300 nm,柱温为30℃。结果:靛蓝线性范围为0.1488～9.520μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999,n=7),平均回收率为97.8%,RSD=1.7%(n=6);靛玉红线性范围为0.2539～16.25μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9995,n=7),平均回收率为98.5%,RSD=1.64%(n=6)。结论:所用方法准确可靠,适合于板蓝根药材的质量控制。     

RP-HPLC法测定板蓝根、大青叶中靛蓝、靛玉红的含量

用RP HPLC以安宫黄体酮为内标物同时测定板蓝根、大青叶中靛蓝、靛玉红的含量 .色谱条件 :色谱柱为SpherisorbC18柱 ;流动相为甲醇 水 (6 2∶38,V∶V) ;检测波长 2 80nm ;靛蓝和靛玉红的平均回收率分别为 (99 0± 1 1) %和 (10 4 2± 3 5 ) % .本法操作简便 ,结果准确     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.