细菌性肝脓肿的诊断与治疗

目的 总结细菌性肝脓肿的诊治经验。方法 对５２例细菌性肝脓肿进行回顾性分析。结果 （地）胆总管梗阻和化脓性胆管炎是本病的主要病因。（２）寒战、高热、肝区疼痛及白细胞增高是本病的主要临床表现。（３）早期诊断,充分引流是治愈的关键。结论（１）细菌性肝脓肿是常见病。（２）辅助检查首选Ｂ超。（３）剖腹探查,经腹腔引流是本病首选引流入路。     

小儿细菌性肝脓肿97例分析

目的 提高小儿细菌性肝脓肿早期诊治水平,评价手术方法。方法 对97例小儿细菌性肝脓肿进行回顾性分析和总结。结果 非手术治疗57例（58.8%),手术治疗40例（41.2%)。94例治愈,病死率3.1%。结论 （1）肝脓肿的早期诊治依据临床表现有发热、肝肿大、肝区疼痛,辅助检查首选B超。（2）治疗采用经皮小切口置管引流抗生素反复冲洗。     

细菌性肝脓肿的中西医结合诊断与治疗

目的：总结细菌性肝脓肿的诊治经验。方法：回顾性分析1994年－2001年我院收治的48例细菌性肝脓肿临床诊断与治疗的有关资料。服用中药及抗生素9例（18．7％），穿刺引流服用中药15例（31．3％），穿刺置管引流19例（39．5％），手术引流5例（10．4％）。结果：75％的病例来自胆道感染，47．9％的病例患有糖尿病。寒战发热、肝区疼痛及白细胞增高是本病的主要临床表现，全部病例治愈。结论：治疗细菌性肝脓肿需根据分期及部位而选择不同的治疗方法。     

细菌性肝脓肿的诊断与治疗（附52例报告）

目的　总结细菌性肝脓肿的诊治经验。方法　对 5 2例细菌性肝脓肿进行回顾性分析。结果　①胆总管梗阻和化脓性胆管炎是本病的主要病因。②寒战、高热、肝区疼痛及白细胞增高是本病的主要临床表现。③早期诊断 ,充分引流是治愈的关键。结论　①细菌性肝脓肿是常见病。②辅助检查首选B超。③剖腹探查 ,经腹腔引流是本病首选引流入路。     

细菌性肝脓肿的放射介入治疗

目的：探讨放射介入治疗（或联合经皮肝脓肿穿刺引流）治疗细菌性肝脓肿的效果。方法：回顾性分析65例细菌性肝脓肿病人（其中2例行介入治疗）的临床资料。结果：介入组无1例需中转手术引流，均痊愈出院；对照组39例中有2例因脓肿导管引流不畅需行手术引流，3例死于多脏器功能衰竭，病死率（7．7％）高于介入组，但差异无显著性（P＞0．05）；介入组病人的退热时间和脓肿消退时间均显著短于对照组（均P＜0．05）。结论：介入治疗细菌性肝脓肿的效果优于传统治疗方法。     

细菌性肝脓肿90例临床诊治体会

肝脓肿主要分为细菌性及阿米巴性两大类 ,由于近年来肠道传染病的控制 ,现肝脓肿主要是以细菌性为主。我科自 1 990年 1月至 2 0 0 0年 1 2月间共收治细菌性肝脓肿 90例 ,本文就其临床诊断及治疗做一回顾性分析 ,总结如下。1　临床资料1 .1　一般资料本组 90例 ,男性 66例 ,女性 2 4例 ;年龄 6～ 70岁 ,平均年龄 36岁。脓肿大小 3cm× 3cm～ 1 5 cm× 1 5 cm,单发 70例 ,多发 ( 2个以上 )为 2 0例 ;肝右叶 62例 ,左叶 2 0例 ,左右两叶并存 8例。1 .2　主要临床表现恶寒 ,发热 71例 ,占 79% ;肝区或上腹部疼痛80例 ,占 89% ;肝肿大或包块 70…     

细菌性肝脓肿经皮穿刺与手术治疗疗效的比较

目的：比较细菌性肝脓肿经皮穿刺与手术治疗的疗效。方法：回顾分析首都医科大学宣武医院1989年1月—2008年12月收治的193例细菌性肝脓肿患者的临床资料,按治疗方法分为经皮穿刺组（96例）及手术治疗组（97例）,比较2组的治疗成功率、并发症率、死亡率及住院时间。结果：2组患者的性别,年龄,糖尿病有无,白蛋白水平,脓肿的部位、个数、大小、来源等差异均无统计学意义。经皮穿刺组患者治疗成功率、死亡率及平均住院时间分别为87.5%（84/96）、2.1%（2/96）、（20.8±12.4）d;手术组为94.8%（92/97）、2.1%（2/97）、（18.9±13.5）d,差异均无统计学意义（P=0.072,1.000,0.575）。经皮穿刺组并发症率较手术组低（2.1%vs9.3%,P=0.037）。结论：经皮穿刺治疗细菌性肝脓肿与手术同样有效,且并发症率较低,应成为肝脓肿治疗的首选。     

超声引导下经皮肝穿刺置管引流术治疗细菌性肝脓肿临床分析

目的探讨B超引导下经皮肝穿刺置管引流术治疗细菌性肝脓肿的临床意义。方法采用B超介导下经皮肝穿刺置管引流治疗肝脓肿48例,其中单发脓肿39例（81.2%）,2个以上多发脓肿9例（18.8%）。脓肿部位,肝右叶32例（66.7%）,肝左叶9例（18.7%）,左右肝叶7例（14.6%）。结果病人在置管后平均3d体温恢复正常及症状消失,引流量逐渐减少和消失,B超检查证实脓腔萎陷及无脓液。本组48例全愈,治愈率100%,其中42例获得随访,随访时间1～3年,所有病人均恢复正常工作。结论B超介导下经皮肝穿刺置管引流术是一种操作简便的肝脓肿引流方法,医疗费用低,成为肝脓肿的首选治疗方法。     

细菌性肝脓肿99例临床诊治体会

目的 探讨细菌性肝脓肿的诊疗经验.方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2011年12月本院收治的99例肝脓肿患者临床资料.按治疗方法分成经皮肝穿刺组（20例）、手术治疗组（30例）及单纯药物治疗组（49例）,比较三组患者的并发症发生率、病死率、治愈率以及平均住院天数.结果 单纯药物治疗组脓肿直径要明显小于穿刺组及手术组（P＜ 0.05）,单纯药物治疗组住院天数（14.7±10.8）d明显低于手术组（26.2±11.9）d及穿刺组（24.2±14.1）d,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.手术组并发症发生率明显高于单纯药物治疗组及穿刺组,差异有统计学意义（P＜ 0.05）.结论 对于较小的细菌性肝脓肿,单纯药物治疗逐渐趋于主要治疗方式,但对于直径较大的脓肿,穿刺治疗要明显优于手术治疗.     

糖尿病合并细菌性肝脓肿30例临床诊治分析

目的 探讨糖尿病合并细菌性肝脓肿（DPHA）的临床特点及诊治经验。方法对30例DPHA患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果DPHA患者30例,均为2型糖尿病,明显腹痛并不常见,普遍存在肝功能损害及细菌培养阳性率低,治疗后痊愈11例（36．7％）,有效18例（60．O％）,总有效率为96．7％。结论早期诊断是改善本病预后的关键。DPHA症状多不典型,且多无明确诱因,治疗应以控制感染、处理脓肿为主,方案个体化,兼顾血糖控制及营养支持治疗。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.