原位杂交定位检测大鼠前庭末梢γ-氨基丁酸A受体亚单位α2 mRNA

目的了解γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)在前庭末梢神经传递中的作用。方法采用大鼠内耳石蜡切片,地高辛标记的GABAAα2cDNA探针（549个碱基）,抗地高辛的碱性磷酸酶检测系统,BM Purple AP Substrate显色系统,原位杂交（in-situ     

鼻息肉中血管内皮生长因子和转化生长因子β1的表达

目的探讨血管内皮生长因子/血管通透性因子( vascular endothelial growth factor/vasular permeability factor,VEGF/VPF)和转化生长因子β1(transforming growth factor-β1 ,TGF-β1)在鼻息肉组织中的表达及意义。方法 34例鼻息肉标本及30例中鼻甲粘膜标本行VEGF/VPF及TGF-β1的免疫组化染色，光镜观察。结果①VEGF/VPF在鼻息肉组织的血管内皮细胞和腺体细胞的表达明显高于中鼻甲组织(P＜0.01和P＜0.05)；②TGF-β1在鼻息肉组织的细胞外基质和固有层浸润细胞的表达明显高于中鼻甲组织(P＜0.005)；③鼻息肉组织中TGF-β1阳性细胞的形态及分布相似于嗜酸粒细胞；④VEGF/VPF与TGF-β1阳性表达与鼻息肉的临床分型无关(P＞0.05)。结论①VEGF/VPF对鼻息肉发生过程中组织极度水肿的产生可能有非常重要的作用；②TGF-β1可能直接参与鼻息肉的病理变化，导致上皮基底膜增厚和基质纤维化；③嗜酸粒细胞可能为鼻息肉中TGF-β1的主要来源。     

鼻息肉组织中转化生长因子β亚型的表达及意义

目的 探讨转化生长因子β（transforming growth factor,TGF-β)亚型在鼻息肉病患者的息肉组织中的表达和分布，以了解其在上呼吸道慢性炎症过程中的作用。方法 采用免疫组化碱性磷酸酶和抗碱性磷酸酶（alkaline phospatase and anti-alkaline phospatase,APAAP)法检测25例鼻息肉病患者的息肉组织和下鼻甲粘膜中（TGF－β1－3表达，并以8名健康人下鼻甲粘膜作对照。用双重免疫标记法对鼻息肉中的炎细胞进行标记，了解巨噬细胞和嗜酸粒细胞在鼻息肉组织中的数量。用Western免疫印迹法分析TGF－β在鼻息肉中的主要表达亚型。结果 ①TGF－β的表达在鼻息肉病患者的鼻息肉组织中高于下鼻甲粘膜，健康人下鼻甲粘膜中几乎不能检测到；②在TGF－β亚型中可以检测到大量TGF－β，而很少检测到TGF－β2、β3；③鼻息肉组织炎性细胞中嗜酸粒细胞的数量占优势，但TGF－β强阳性表达的细胞中巨噬细胞和嗜酸粒细胞较多。结论 TGF－β1是导致鼻息肉组织中TGF－β强阳性表达的细胞中巨噬细胞和嗜酸粒细胞较多。结论 TGF－β是导致鼻息肉组织中TGF－β家族的优势亚型，巨噬细胞和嗜酸粒细胞是TGF－β的标志细胞。TGF－β1可能是鼻息肉发病的重要因子之一。     

用单克隆抗体对人类头颈部肿瘤增殖力的评价

人类肿瘤的恶性生长与其细胞的增殖有关,关系到治疗和预后的好坏。已往有许多评价人类肿瘤细胞动力学的资料,如自体放射线摄影术和细胞光测技术等方法。新近Gerds等利用单克隆抗体Ki-67和增殖细胞中的核抗原产生反应而与静止细胞不出现反应的现象来观察细胞的增殖状态。作者选择头颈部肿瘤中分化程度不同的7例鳞状细胞癌作研究。标本取自手术切下的部分肿瘤新鲜材料。单克隆抗体Ki-67免疫组织化学标记法是按照1985年Mason的碱性磷酸酶—抗碱性磷酸酶的免疫碱性磷酸酶技术进行     

卡铂引起的毛细胞四种酶的活性改变

目的　探讨卡铂的耳毒性机理。方法　８ 只灰鼠中５ 只按１００ ｍｇ／ｋｇ 腹腔注射卡铂,３ 只作正常对照,注药后４８ 小时处死。对分离的耳蜗基底膜进行了不同的细胞化学染色,反应结果在透射电镜下观察。结果　与对照耳相比,卡铂组的内毛细胞显示钙离子激活的ＡＴＰ 酶活性增强,而钠钾离子激活的ＡＴＰ 酶、碱性磷酸酶和葡萄糖－ ６ － 磷酸酶的活性降低;外毛细胞则显示钙离子激活的ＡＴＰ 酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性增强,葡萄糖－ ６ － 磷酸酶的活性降低,而钠钾离子激活的ＡＴＰ 酶无明显改变。结论　毛细胞中一系列磷酸酶的活性变化提示卡铂引起的钙离子释放可能导致了离子紊乱和能量代谢的障碍     

鼻息肉中血管内皮生长因子和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的表达

目的探讨血管内皮生长因子 (vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子 (basic fibroblast growth factor,bFGF)在鼻息肉发病过程中的意义。方法将鼻息肉患者分为A、B2组,A组为Ⅰ型及Ⅱ型1、2期鼻息肉患者,B组为Ⅱ型3期及Ⅲ型鼻息肉患者,采用免疫组化SP法对2组39例鼻息肉患者鼻息肉组织中VEGF、bFGF的表达进行检测。结果正常鼻粘膜中VEGF、bFGF的染色呈阴性,而在A、B组鼻息肉组织中的阳性率分别达到59%、41%和71%、80%,B组中阳性率和阳性细胞数均高于A组;VEGF和bFGF在鼻息肉组织中主要定位于基底膜周围的炎性细胞和上皮细胞以及血管周围和血管壁内皮细胞。结论 VEGF、bFGF通过在鼻息肉组织中的过度表达,促进息肉组织内的血管增殖和炎性细胞聚积,促进鼻息肉的发生发展,可能是鼻息肉病区别于鼻息肉的重要组织学特征之一。     

应用单克隆抗体Ki-67鉴定中耳胆脂瘤角化细胞的增生性

胆脂瘤是常见的中耳病患，据文献报道胆脂瘤上皮有异常增生活性。Ki67是一种通过细胞表达在细胞增殖周期的民，S，SZ和M阶段能识别人细胞核抗原的单克隆抗体，并能确定标本组织中的细胞增生活性。该作者运用Ki67表达来研究胆脂瘤和正常人皮肤标本，试图证实胆胀瘤上皮的高度增生活性。取鼓室成形术后的胆脂瘤和正常外耳道上皮标本各15份作低温保存，采用活性Ki－67抗体浓度为l：100，运用碱性磷酸酶抗碱性磷酸酶的免疫组化方法。结果显示：局限在正常外耳道上皮基底细胞层的角化细胞，有很少一部分细胞核被Ki67着色，而胆脂瘤上皮基底层…     

豚鼠发育过程前庭上皮细胞增殖和凋亡的关系

目的研究豚鼠胚胎正常发育过程中前庭上皮细胞增殖和细胞凋亡的变化,探讨两者之间的关系及在前庭终器发育中的作用。方法选用不同发育期正常豚鼠20只,取前庭上皮组织切片,用免疫组化法检测增殖细胞核抗原(proliferation cell nuclear antigen,PCNA),以末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的生物dUTP缺口末端标记技术(TdT-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end     

鼻咽癌活检组织中HLA,EBNA及间质中T淋巴细胞亚群的…

本实验对人类白细胞抗原（ＨＬＡ）、爱波斯坦－巴尔病毒核抗原（ＥＢＮＡ）、Ｔ细胞亚群的表达及分布进行综合分析，探讨其在癌变过程中的作用。用单克隆抗体Ｗ６／３２（抗ＨＬＡ－Ａ，Ｂ，Ｃ）、ＣＲ３／４３（抗ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ，ＤＰ，ＤＱ）、和Ｔ４、Ｔ８、Ｔ１１，以碱性磷酸酶抗碱性磷酸酶法（ＡＰＡＡＰ）和用鼻咽癌患者血清以抗补体Ｃ３免疫荧光法，检测鼻咽癌（２５例）及慢性鼻咽炎（１０例）活检组织中ＨＬＡ、Ｔ细胞亚群     

喉癌颈淋巴结转移与微淋巴管密度和血管内皮生长因子D的关系

为探索喉癌颈淋巴结转移与微淋巴管形成的关系,我们采用5'-核苷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶(5'-Nase-ALPase)双重组织化学染色方法检测喉癌中微淋巴管密度(lymphatic microvessel density,LMVD),采用免疫组化法检测血管内皮生长因子-D(endothelial vascular growth factor-D,VEGF-D)的表达.     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prime mediator of tumour angiogenesis. VEGF‐C is a closely related protein that effects lymphatic endothelial cells and may be important in the process of lymphatic metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of these cytokines in patients with T1 and T2a glottic, squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with normal epithelial control tissue, to ascertain any association with radioresistance. Twenty‐two tumours treated by radiotherapy (13 radiosensitive, nine radioresistant) and seven normal control tissues were studied. The minimum follow‐up was 2 years after radiotherapy. Expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Analysis was carried out using a quantitative computer image analyser. Both VEGF and VEGF‐C were detectable in tumour and normal control specimens. There was increased expression in tumour specimens of both VEGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF‐C (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of VEGF‐C was associated with tumours of higher histological grade (P = 0.021). There was, however, no difference in VEGF and VEGF‐C expression between radioresistant and radiosensitive tumours. The expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C is increased in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, measuring the expression of these proteins cannot predict radioresistance in this tumour group.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

Cervical Reflex Induced by Click Stimuli in Cats

We studied click-evoked potentials in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in 17 cats. A concentric needle electrode was inserted into the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C3-C6. Potentials evoked with 105 dB SPL clicks were recorded with a peak latency of 4.89-5.10 ms only at the C3 level. These responses were observed 45-60 dB SPL above the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, and no potentials were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral ear. Average was performed 100 times with changes in stimulation frequency of 1-20 Hz. The amplitude of the potentials decreased with increasing stimulus frequency, but there were no changes in ABRs. The responses disappeared after destruction of the medial vestibulospinal tract at the obex level, but ABRs were still recorded. The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerves was located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C1-C6, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle motoneurons were found at levels C1-C3. The click-evoked potentials recorded in this study reflect responses of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerves through the vestibulospinal tract to click stimulation. The responses have the same characteristics as vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials that can be recorded using surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans.     

Lack of significant estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in nasal telangiectasias in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an immunohistochemical analysis

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by snoring and apnea during sleep leading to decreased oxygen saturation and disturbed sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness and neuropsychological disturbances. This study investigates cognitive neuropsychological abilities in a group of 53 OSAS patients before and after treatment with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. General intellectual ability, verbal learning and memory as well as executive functioning were measured at baseline and 6 months postoperatively. After surgery there were significant improvements in verbal learning and memory (mean change - 39, SD 57.3, p <0.001), recall (mean change - 24.3, SD 39.3, p <0.001) and executive functioning (as assessed by percentage of errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; mean change-9.1, SD 15.7, p <0.001). These improvements were in accordance with improvements in the degree of sleep apnea, the oxygen desaturation index (mean change -9.7, SD 15.9, p <0.001) and arterial minimum oxygen saturation (mean change 4.5%, SD 10.2%, p <0.01). Surgical treatment seems to improve verbal learning, memory and recall and executive functions in parallel with better oxygenation in OSAS.     

Measurement of chemosensory function

Although hundreds of thousands of patients seek medical help annually for disorders of taste and smell, relatively few medical practitioners quantitatively test their patients' chemosensory function, taking their complaints at face value. This is clearly not the approach paid to patients complaining of visual, hearing, or balance problems. Accurate chemosensory testing is essential to establish the nature, degree, and veracity of a patient's complaint, as well as to aid in counseling and in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment strategies and decisions. In many cases, patients perseverate on chemosensory loss that objective assessment demonstrates has resolved. In other cases, patients are malingering. Olfactory testing is critical for not only establishing the validity and degree of the chemosensory dysfunction, but for helping patients place their dysfunction into perspective relative to the function of their peer group. It is well established, for example, that olfactory dysfunction is the rule, rather than the exception, in members of the older population. Moreover, it is now apparent that such dysfunction can be an early sign of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Importantly, older anosmics are three times more likely to die over the course of an ensuring five-year period than their normosmic peers, a situation that may be averted in some cases by appropriate nutritional and safety counseling. This review provides the clinician, as well as the academic and industrial researcher, with an overview of the available means for accurately assessing smell and taste function, including up-to-date information and normative data for advances in this field.