脑动静脉畸形栓塞治疗后的组织病理及免疫组化研究

目的研究脑动静脉畸形(CAVM)栓塞治疗后的组织病理变化。方法分析11例栓塞治疗后再行手术切除CAVM的病例资料,应用增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)、骨桥蛋白(OPN)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)等抗体进行免疫组化研究。结果栓塞后,CAVM血管腔内出现不同程度的血管炎性反应,部分被栓塞的血管腔内可见再通。栓塞治疗后的新生内膜中OPN及α-SMA呈阳性染色;畸形血管团周围组织中发现异常微血管,其内皮细胞PCNA阳性染色率高,且VEGF呈阳性染色。畸形血管周围组织中的血管内皮细胞增殖指数(19.6%±8.4%)高于对照组(10.1%±6.2%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论栓塞材料引起血管呈不同程度的炎性反应,适度的血管反应有助于管腔闭塞;栓塞治疗后畸形血管周边有微血管增生现象。     

脑动静脉畸形经立体定向放射治疗后不同时期的组织病理变化

目的研究脑动静脉畸形(AVMs)经立体定向放射治疗后不同时期的组织病理变化。方法对10例脑AVMs立体定向放射治疗后的病理标本进行苏木精-伊红染色,并用平滑肌肌动蛋白(SMA)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)及神经胶质酸性蛋白等抗体进行免疫组化研究。结果经立体定向放射治疗后,早期脑AVMs血管病理变化包括内膜层与血管壁分离,细胞外基质增生;中期可见平滑肌细胞增生,血管壁增厚,管腔狭窄至消失,管壁玻璃样变;晚期病理变化包括血管壁进行性增厚,在完全玻璃样变的区域细胞核固缩。早期放射反应的动脉管壁中VEGF呈阳性表达,在中期放射反应的动脉管壁中SMA呈强阳性表达。结论立体定向放射治疗后脑AVMs血管中层的平滑肌细胞增生和变性是血管闭塞的关键因素。     

骨桥蛋白在人脑动静脉畸形的表达及意义

目的研究骨桥蛋白(OPN)在脑动静脉畸形(CAVM)的血管组织及其在放射、栓塞治疗后血管病理变化中的表达。方法采用免疫组化方法检测42例CAVM病理标本及对照组10例内减压手术所获脑组织血管中OPN的表达。结果26例无术前治疗史的畸形血管组织中22例有OPN的表达,主要见于CAVM的静脉部分,在粥样硬化样病变的动脉处也有表达。对照组脑组织的血管中未见OPN的表达;有伽玛刀治疗史的5例中,2例在早、中期放射反应的动脉中可见OPN的明显表达;在经历栓塞治疗的11例中,7例在新生内膜组织或异物巨细胞中有强阳性表达。结论人CAVM血管组织中多有OPN的表达,这可能是其适应于适应血流动力学状态而具有的血管重塑的表现,并可能在放射及栓塞治疗后的血管重塑中发挥重要作用。     

人脑动静脉畸形血管平滑肌细胞的表型转变

目的:研究人脑动静脉畸形(CAVM)血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)的表型转变。方法:以骨桥蛋白作为合成型VSMC表型的标志,对26例CAVM病理标本及对照组10名正常脑组织的血管进行免疫组化分析。结果:26例CAVM畸形血管中22例有骨桥蛋白不同程度的表达,主要见于CAVM的静脉部分,尤多见于管壁不规则增厚的静脉。在类似粥样硬化样病变的动脉处也有表达。正常脑组织的血管中未见骨桥蛋白表达。按有无出血史及畸形血管团大小分组进行比较,未发现骨桥蛋白的表达在组间差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:人CAVM血管壁中部分VSMC转变为合成表型,这是CAVM的血管适应血流动力学状态发生的进行性血管重塑的结果。     

伽玛刀治疗颅内肿瘤的病理组织学研究

目的观察伽玛刀治疗颅内肿瘤的病理组织学变化,探讨伽玛刀治疗的放射生物学效应机制。方法对46例颅内肿瘤伽玛刀照射后的手术标本行光镜、电镜的病理形态学变化观察,并采用S-P法对上述肿瘤标本和10例正常脑组织血管标本行免疫组织化学染色,观察受照射肿瘤血管的CD34、α-SMA的表达,根据染色强度行对比分析。结果伽玛刀照射后的肿瘤细胞均有不同程度的凝固性坏死,肿瘤间质纤维化,血管内皮细胞肿胀、固缩、脱落,内皮增生,肿瘤血管扩张、充血,血管壁普遍出现增厚,管腔闭塞。可伴有炎性细胞浸润或出血。肿瘤的周边区域可观察到早期凋亡细胞。免疫组化的结果显示正常脑组织血管中CD34、α-SMA明显呈阳性,而受照射的肿瘤组织中CD34的反应性明显减少或呈阴性。α-SMA在大多数肿瘤组织中仍呈强阳性反应。结论伽玛刀治疗颅内肿瘤的放射生物学效应机制主要为肿瘤细胞的直接杀伤效应与血管效应的双重作用;伽玛刀照射诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡在伽玛刀治疗中起到一定作用。     

自制钨弹簧圈血管内栓塞的实验研究

将钨微弹簧圈置入兔股浅动脉和耳缘静脉，观察动物体重及被栓塞部位血管和血栓病理变化。在栓塞１３周内，实验组兔的体重增长与对照组无明显差异，呈直线上升趋势。栓塞１周时，血管腔内有新鲜血栓，管壁有蛋白样物质沉着；２周时血栓机化，与管壁连接紧密，血栓内有再生管道，内膜增厚，管壁肌细胞有变性；４～１３周，内膜显著增厚，管腔狭窄，内弹力板断裂、破碎、肌细胞萎缩，管壁纤维组织增生。     

伽玛刀治疗大鼠脑胶质瘤前后VEGF、PCNA表达及细胞凋亡研究

目的:通过应用伽玛刀对C6大鼠脑胶质瘤的治疗,检测治疗前后反映血管生成情况的血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、反映细胞增殖情况的增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)等的动态变化规律以及它们与凋亡的关系,探讨这些治疗效应在放射外科中的意义。方法:应用免疫组化及细胞凋亡方法进行统计学分析。结果:治疗后VEGF和PCNA表达降低,凋亡率明显高于对照组。结论:伽玛刀对于大鼠脑胶质瘤有明显的治疗作用。     

实验性动脉穿刺病理改变及修复─颈动脉灌注穿刺损伤研究（一）

本文采用光镜及扫描电镜技术，观察反复穿刺动脉局部是否有管壁增厚、管腔狭窄等穿刺损伤。采用１５只河北青山羊双侧颈总动脉及股动脉共６０条血管，在反复穿刺后１５ｍｉｎ至半年期间采集标本进行观察，结果提示：（１）内膜修复良好，（２）整个管壁弹性组织损伤，损伤处由胶原纤维充填修复，（３）未发现管壁增厚、管壁狭窄及附壁血栓形成。     

蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管的病理研究

目的　研究蛛网膜下腔出血 (SAH)后脑血管痉挛的病理变化。　　方法　将 6例SAH死亡病例 ,与同期同年龄段 2 0例癌症及 40例脑出血作对照 ,着重对脑内外动脉进行病理观察及形态定量分析。　　结果　 1 病理检查发现 ,被凝血块包埋的动脉有内膜肿胀 ,内膜下基质增多 ,内弹力板多皱折 ,平滑肌细胞变性 ,肌细胞或肌层坏死等改变。 2 SAH组与对照组、脑出血组与对照组比较 ,脑内外动脉的管腔变小、管壁增厚 ,差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 1 ) ,而SAH组与脑出血组比较 ,仅被凝血块包埋的小动脉管腔明显减小 ,管壁明显增厚 (P <0 0 1 )。　　结论　本研究结果提示SAH后 ,被蛛网膜下腔凝血块包埋的脑动脉发生较明显的血管痉挛 ,痉挛血管既有收缩性变化 ,又存在器质性改变     

中枢神经系统海绵状血管畸形的免疫组化染色研究

目的 应用免疫组化染色观察不同类型中枢神经系统海绵状血管畸形的内皮细胞标记物、血管生成和增殖活性,探讨病变出血的分子基础. 方法 以自2004年4月至2008年8月南方医院神经外科经显微手术切除的97例中枢神经系统轴内海绵状血管畸形的病理标本为观察对象,根据患者MRI表现分类及其与术中病理形态的比较将所有患者分为出血组(47例)和非出血组50例；另设正常对照组20例,标本来自颅脑外伤患者切除的脑组织.将3组病理标本进行CD34、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)及血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)免疫组化染色并比较. 结果 海绵状血管畸形内皮层中,CD34呈不同程度的表达,有明显的不连续性；管腔小的病变血管中.CD34染色层较厚；而在管腔大的病变血管中,CD34染色层却较薄,且常不连续.α-SMA表现为阴性或弱阳性(-)～(++).弥散地分布于内皮下层.VEGF有较明显的表达(-)～(++),主要弥散地位于内皮层、内皮下层以及病变血管之间的纤维结缔组织中.正常对照组、出血组与非出血组之间CD34、α-SMA及VEGF免疫组化染色经Kruskal-Wallis H检验示差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).所有标本Ki-67染色均呈阴性. 结论 血管结构上缺乏平滑肌可能是部分海绵状血管畸形容易出血的原因之一；VEGF弥散性的表达增多,可能与出血诱导的非特异上调有关；Ki-67染色呈阴性表明至少在标本取得时不存在增殖状态.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。