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1.
Zervos EE Osborne D Goldin SB Villadolid DV Thometz DP Durkin A Carey LC Rosemurgy AS 《American journal of surgery》2005,190(5):810-815
Introduction
Staging systems have been developed to predict survival after resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Notably, they have not been validated nor compared for relative predictive ability.Methods
Forty-two patients underwent resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma and have been followed through a prospectively collected database. The tumors were staged using the Bismuth-Corlette, Blumgart, and American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) systems, and a significant relationship with survival was sought.Results
Eleven patients were treated by extrahepatic biliary resection alone, while 31 required extrahepatic biliary resections with in-continuity hepatic resections. All patients underwent adjuvant therapy. To date, 30 patients have died with a mean survival time of 30 months ± 35.0 (SD). Twelve patients are alive with a mean survival of 90 months ± 61.8. By regression analysis, none of the staging systems had a significant relationship with survival (Bismuth: P = .64; Blumgart: P = .66; AJCC: P = .31).Conclusions
Most patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma require in-continuity hepatic resections. Survival after resection promotes an aggressive approach, with cure in as many as 30%. Staging systems should not impact the decision to operate or postoperative management, as all tumors should be aggressively resected and all patients should receive adjuvant treatment. 相似文献2.
Jonathan A. Wilks Catherine Liebig Syed H. Tasleem Kujtim Haderxhanaj Liz Lee Buckminster Farrow Samir Awad David Berger Daniel Albo 《American journal of surgery》2009,198(1):100-104
Background
A dedicated colorectal cancer (CRC) center was created in a Veterans Affairs Medical Center with the intent of improving quality of patient care and multidisciplinary cooperation.Methods
Retrospective and prospective databases before and after creation of the CRC center, respectively, were created. Patients entered in each database included those requiring surgical intervention for CRC treatment. Statistical analyses included Fisher's exact, chi-square, and unpaired Student t tests as well as analysis of variance.Results
The overall quality of care of CRC patients has improved as evidenced by a larger percentage of complete, margin-negative resections (P <.05) as well as an increase in the number of lymph nodes excised at surgery (P <.0001). Furthermore, a multidisciplinary approach is clearly beneficial as evidenced by the increased number of CRC patients receiving appropriate multidisciplinary therapy (P <.0001).Conclusions
A dedicated CRC center has significantly improved quality of care for CRC patients. 相似文献3.
Study Objective
To investigate the effect of intravenous (IV) landiolol, a novel β1-adrenergic blocker, on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane in adult women.Design
Prospective, randomized study.Setting
University hospital.Patients
42 ASA physical status 1 and 2 women, aged 24-57 years, who were scheduled to undergo elective abdominal surgery.Interventions
Anesthesia was induced in all patients by vital capacity rapid inhalation induction of sevoflurane. In the landiolol group, administration of landiolol began when patients took a vital-capacity breath: 0.125 mg/kg/min for one minute and then 0.04 mg/kg/min. Normal saline was administered in the control group.Measurements
MAC was determined by a technique adapted from the conventional up-down method.Main Results
The MAC of sevoflurane was 2.2% ± 0.2% in the control group and 1.7% ± 0.2% in the landiolol group, a statistically significant difference (P = 0.0005).Conclusions
IV landiolol reduces the MAC of sevoflurane in women by approximately 20%. 相似文献4.
Jonathan A. Wilks Courtney J. Balentine David H. Berger Daniel Anaya Samir Awad Liz Lee Kujtim Haderxhanaj Daniel Albo 《American journal of surgery》2009,198(5):685-692
Background
Despite significant advantages to patients, less than 5% of all colorectal surgeries for cancer are performed laparoscopically. A minimally invasive colorectal cancer program was created in our Veterans' Affairs hospital with the intent of increasing access and improving quality of patient care while maintaining patient safety and oncologic standards.Methods
Sixty consecutive laparoscopic colorectal cancer resections and 60 age-matched open resections were identified. Our prospective database was queried for demographic, clinical outcomes, and oncologic data.Results
Patients undergoing laparoscopic resections experienced a shorter hospital stay and a quicker return of bowel function. Both groups had similar intraoperative blood loss and surgical times. Laparoscopic resections achieved equivalent lymph node retrieval and resection completeness compared with open resections. Laparoscopic resections resulted in fewer wounds and fewer complications requiring reoperation.Conclusions
Establishment of a minimally invasive colorectal cancer program in a Veterans Affairs Medical Center leads to increased access to laparoscopic colorectal resections and improved patient care while maintaining patient safety. 相似文献5.
Chitra N. Sambasivan Karen E. Deveney Katherine T. Morris 《American journal of surgery》2010,199(5):599-603
Background
This study examined outcomes of laparoscopic and open rectal cancer surgery in a community hospital setting.Methods
A community health care system cancer registry was reviewed retrospectively (2004-2007) for rectal cancer patients undergoing surgical treatment. Primary end points were rates of recurrence and survival.Results
Both open and laparoscopic resection groups had similar demographic, treatment, and tumor characteristics. Most patients in the open resection and laparoscopic resection populations experienced no recurrence (79% vs 83%, respectively; P = .5). Overall, the groups had similar mean (88% vs 96%, respectively; P = .4) and disease-free (21 and 23 months, respectively; P = .5) survival.Conclusions
In a community hospital setting, laparoscopic resection of rectal cancer was found to be as safe and effective as open resection in selected patients. 相似文献6.
Massimiliano Garzaro Giancarlo Pecorari MD Vincenzo Landolfo MD Simona Defilippi MD Carlo Giordano MD 《Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery》2010,143(3):348-352
Objective
The aim of this study was to assess the outcomes after radiofrequency inferior turbinate reduction (RITR) on objective and subjective nasal function in patients with nasal obstruction caused by turbinate hypertrophy and to evaluate the possible effect on olfactory function.Study Design
Case series with planned data collection.Setting
ENT division, university hospital.Subjects and Methods
Forty consecutive patients who underwent RITR for allergic or nonallergic chronic rhinitis with inferior turbinate hypertrophy were tested before and two months after the surgical procedure, using the Sniffin' Sticks test battery, anterior rhinomanometry, and the nasal obstruction symptom evaluation (NOSE) scale.Results
The total basal nasal resistance at 150 Pa diminished significantly two months after surgery. Preoperative olfactory tests showed anosmia in five percent (n = 2) of the patients, hyposmia in 82 percent (n = 33), and normosmia in 12 percent (n = 5). At two months from the intervention, two percent (n = 1) were diagnosed as anosmic, 12 percent (n = 5) as hyposmic, and 85 percent (n = 34) as normosmic. The means of preoperative odor threshold (T), discrimination (D), identification (I), and the overall TDI score improved significantly postoperatively (P < 0.001). The NOSE score in the two-month follow-up improved in 97.5 percent (n = 39) of patients, with a mean difference in pre- vs. postintervention score of 40.12 (95% confidence interval 35.75-44.25; P < 0.001).Conclusion
RITR may provide excellent outcomes in terms of improvement in olfactory function and nasal flow in patients affected by turbinate hypertrophy refractory to medical therapy. 相似文献7.
Evans C Galustian C Kumar D Hagger R Melville DM Bodman-Smith M Jourdan I Gudgeon AM Dalgleish AG 《American journal of surgery》2009,197(2):238-1305
Background
Surgical trauma suppresses host immune function, potentially creating an environment vulnerable to tumor cell growth. This study compared immune function after laparoscopy, minilaparotomy, and conventional colorectal tumor resections.Methods
Seventy-one patients underwent surgery (20 laparoscopy, 21 minilaparotomy, and 30 conventional). Blood samples were taken before surgery and at 3 hours, 24 hours, and 5 days after surgery. White blood cell constitution was determined using monoclonal antibodies. Levels of TH1 cytokines interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin (IL)-2 and TH2 cytokines IL-10, -4, and -6 were measured in plasma and from supernatants of activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells.Results
At 5 days after surgery, lymphocyte counts remained low in the conventional and minilaparotomy groups (P = .001 and P = .008) but had resolved in laparoscopic patients. Three-hour postoperative serum IL-6 concentrations were lower in laparoscopic than in conventional patients (P = .028). Production of TH1 cytokines 3 hours after surgery were significantly increased in laparoscopic patients (interferon-γ P = .018, tumor necrosis factor-α P = .011, and IL-2 P = .037).Conclusions
TH1 lymphocyte function is improved transiently and immune homeostasis restored earlier in patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal cancer resection, which may influence disease recurrence. 相似文献8.
Paull DE Mazzia LM Wood SD Theis MS Robinson LD Carney B Neily J Mills PD Bagian JP 《American journal of surgery》2010,200(5):620-623
Background
The purpose of this study was to examine the outcomes of checklist-driven preoperative briefings and postoperative debriefings during the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) medical team training program.Methods
A briefing score (1, never started; 2, started then discontinued; 3, maintained on original targeted cases; 4, expanded to other services; 5, briefing all cases, all services) was established at 10.1 ± .3 months after introduction of the checklist. Outcomes included antibiotic and deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis compliance rates before and after use of the checklist.Results
Antibiotic (97.0% ± .1% vs 92.1% ± 1.5%; P = .01) and deep venous thrombosis (95.7% ± .8% vs 85.1% ± 4.6%; P = .05) prophylaxis compliance rates were higher after initiation of a surgical checklist.Conclusions
Checklist-driven preoperative briefings and postoperative debriefings are associated with improvements in patient safety for surgical patients. 相似文献9.
Canpolat FE Yurdakök M Korkmaz A Yiğit S Tekinalp G 《Journal of pediatric surgery》2006,41(6):1134-1138
Background/Purpose
The presence of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in human milk and the expression of G-CSF receptors on intestinal villous enterocytes of neonates suggest that G-CSF has a role in the development and integrity of the gastrointestinal tract. We hypothesized that enteral recombinant human G-CSF (rhG-CSF) given to preterm infants with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in the earlier stages could protect against disease progression and complications.Methods
Preterm infants with mild (stage I) NEC (n = 18) were assigned to receive enteral rhG-CSF (n = 8) or placebo (n = 10) for 5 days from the first day of the diagnosis. Clinical and gastrointestinal parameters were followed during the whole period of hospitalization.Results
In the study group, none of the infants with stage I NEC had a clinical progression to stage II or III, whereas in the control group, 5 (50%) infants with stage I NEC had a disease progression to stage II or III (P < .05). In the study group, the time required for the resolution of clinical and radiological findings of NEC and the total duration of systemic therapy and hospitalization were significantly shorter than the control group (P < .001).Conclusion
Enteral rhG-CSF treatment could prevent the progression of mild (stage I) NEC to further stages and decrease the time required for the resolution of clinical and radiological signs of the disease. 相似文献10.
Kyle P. Harvey M.D. James D. Adair M.D. Mayyas Isho M.D. Robert Robinson M.D. F.A.C.S. 《American journal of surgery》2009,198(2):231-236
Background
This study examined whether systemic infusion of lidocaine, a local anesthetic with anti-inflammatory properties, can decrease surgical pain, length of postsurgical ileus, and hospital stay.Methods
Twenty-two patients at a community hospital were randomized into 2 groups. Subjects were allocated to receive either lidocaine or a placebo infusion for the first 24 hours after surgery.Results
Patients in the lidocaine group appeared to report less pain as reflected by a decrease in overall visual analogue scale pain scores 24 hours after surgery. The return of flatus after surgery was not considered significant (lidocaine 68.2 ± 9.7 hours vs placebo 86.9 ± 13.6 hours; P = .2802). The return of bowel movement after surgery was considered significant (lidocaine 88.3 ± 6.08 hours vs placebo group 116 ± 10.1 hours; P = .0286). The lidocaine group was discharged by mean day 3.76 ± .24 versus placebo at mean day 4.93 ± .42; P = .0277.Conclusions
Patients in the lidocaine group had bowel movements >24 hours earlier than those in the placebo group and were discharged earlier. 相似文献11.
Thai H. Pham Kyle A. Perry James P. Dolan Paul Schipper Mithran Sukumar Brett C. Sheppard John G. Hunter 《American journal of surgery》2010,199(5):594-598
Background
Thoracoscopic-laparoscopic esophagectomy (TLE) has gained popularity in specialized centers. This study compares the perioperative outcomes of TLE and Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy (ILE).Methods
Forty-four consecutive TLEs were compared with 46 historical ILEs. Outcomes included surgical time and blood loss, hospital length of stay, 30-day mortality rate, and complications.Results
TLE took longer to perform (543 vs 437 min; P < .01) than ILE, but produced less blood loss (407 vs 780 mL; P < .01). The median length of stay and 30-day mortality did not differ between groups. Cardiovascular (41% for TLE vs 30% for ILE; P = .19) and pulmonary complications (31% TLE vs 30% ILE; P = 1.0) occurred frequently in both groups, but TLE patients had fewer wound complications (4% TLE vs 17% ILE; P = .05).Conclusions
Despite longer surgical times, TLE produced decreased intraoperative blood loss and wound complications. These findings suggest that with further technical refinement TLE may ameliorate the morbidity seen with ILE. 相似文献12.
Wen-Yao Yin Ming-Chi Lu Ming-Che Lee Su-Chin Liu Teng-Yi Lin Ning-Sheng Lai 《American journal of surgery》2010,200(1):53-58
Objective
To determine whether the John Cunningham virus (JCV) viral load and the multigenotypes in viruria are correlated with transplant patients.Methods
The urine of 60 renal transplant patients and 60 healthy controls were screened. We used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and capillary electrophoresis to assess viral load and genotype respectively.Results
The incidence of viruria and viral load were higher in transplant patients with P = .0092 and P = .0094, respectively. The incidence of different genotype in transplant patients versus controls was 8.3% versus 13.3% for single genotype, 26.7% versus 5% for 2 genotypes, and 5% versus 0% for multigenotypes (P = .0004). The incidence of more than 2 genotypes was high in people with a high viral load and closely related with the transplant patients (P = .007).Conclusions
Not only viral load but also genotypes are important as a screening parameter to understand the immune milieu of the patients to prevent subsequent complications like polyomavirus nephropathy, infection, and malignancy. 相似文献13.
Puchner W Drabauer L Kern K Mayer C Bierbaumer J Rehak PH Gombotz H 《Journal of clinical anesthesia》2011,23(4):280-285
Study Objective
To compare the effectiveness of the indirect laryngoscopes, Airtraq (A) and GlideScope (G), with the Macintosh (M) laryngoscope in routine nasotracheal intubation.Design
Randomized, single-blinded study.Setting
University-affiliated, tertiary-care hospital.Patients
62 adult, ASA physical status 1 and 2 patients with normal airways requiring nasotracheal intubation for dental or maxillofacial surgery.Intervention
Patients in Groups A and G underwent nasal intubation with the Airtraq and GlideScope, respectively, while laryngoscopy in Group M was performed with the Macintosh blade.Measurements
Performance of the intubating tools was judged by the ease [Intubation Difficulty Scale (IDS) and numeric rating scale (NRS)] and time to intubation (laryngoscopy and endotracheal tube advancement). In addition, hemodynamic parameters, severity of postoperative sore throat, and posture of the intubator were recorded.Main Results
IDS score was significantly lower with the Airtraq and GlideScope than with the Macintosh laryngoscope (mean ± SD: A 0.1 ± 0.3, G 0.3 ± 0.6, M 0.8 ± 1.0; P = 0.013). NRS reported by the intubators showed a similar preference for indirect over direct laryngoscopy (A 0.9 ± 0.7, G 1.1 ± 0.6, M 1.9 ± 1.1; P = 0.001). Duration of laryngoscopy and endotracheal tube insertion was similar in all groups. No significant intergroup differences in hemodynamic parameters were recorded. Postoperative sore throat was significantly reduced using the GlideScope compared with the other devices (P = 0.048).Conclusion
The Airtraq and GlideScope facilitated nasotracheal intubation more so than the Macintosh laryngoscope in adults with apparently normal airways. 相似文献14.
Rigini N Boaz M Ezri T Evron S Trigub D Jackobashvilli S Izakson A 《Journal of clinical anesthesia》2011,23(5):367-371
Study Objective
To determine whether the timely correction of endotracheal tube (ETT) positioning prevents further inappropriate positions.Design
Prospective crossover study.Setting
University-affiliated hospital.Patients
44 adult, ASA physical status 1, 2, and 3 patients undergoing open or laparoscopic abdominal procedures.Interventions
ETT positioning was verified by both auscultation and fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB), after intubation, and before extubation. In laparoscopic procedures, two additional measurements were performed: after maximal abdominal gas insufflation and with head-down position. An ETT in the bronchus or at the carina was considered an inappropriate placement. An ETT ≤ one cm from the carina was considered a critical placement.Measurements
The frequency of inappropriate and critical ETT positioning with both auscultation and FOB and the number of ETTs that remained in an incorrect position despite repositioning.Main Results
FOB detected 5 inappropriately positioned ETTs, 4 of which were also detected by chest auscultation (P = 0.99). Critical positioning was detected by FOB in 6 patients, three of which were also detected by auscultation (P = 0.24). There were 15 other "out-of-desired range” positions (out of the 3-5 cm range) - one placed too high and 14 placed too low, while 18 were placed within the range of positions. All patients with inappropriate ETT positioning were women (P = 0.005). Age, body mass index, Mallampati grade > 3, thyromental distance < 6 cm, or laryngoscopy grade ≥ 2 were not associated with either inappropriate or critical placement. No episodes of inappropriate or critical positioning were detected by FOB or auscultation at the end of surgery.Conclusions
Early detection and prompt correction of inappropriate ETT positioning after intubation prevented further ETT migration into undesired positions. 相似文献15.
Salman AE Salman MA Saricaoglu F Akinci SB Aypar Ü 《Journal of clinical anesthesia》2011,23(4):270-274
Study Objective
To investigate whether methylene blue, given before injection of propofol, was effective in reducing the frequency and severity of pain associated with propofol injection.Design
Prospective, randomized, double-blinded clinical study.Setting
Operating room of a university hospital.Patients
90 adult, ASA physical status 1 and 2 patients undergoing elective surgery.Interventions
Patients were randomly allocated to one of three groups of 30 patients each. Group I received 50 mg of methylene blue, Group II received 40 mg of lidocaine, and Group III, the control group, was given normal saline. All drugs were given as a 2.0 mL bolus 45 seconds before propofol administration.Measurements
Injection pain using vocal responses, facial grimacing, arm withdrawal, tears, and questioning of the patient were noted. A 4-point scale was used for documenting pain.Main Results
Pain frequency was 90% in the saline group, whereas the frequencies were significantly lower in the lidocaine and methylene blue groups (26.7% and 40%, respectively).Conclusions
Intravenous pretreatment with methylene blue appears to be effective in reducing the pain during propofol injection. 相似文献16.
Objective
To describe the epidemiology and comparative survival for minor salivary gland cancer of the oral cavity.Study Design
Historical cohort study.Setting
Academic medical center.Subjects and Methods
Cases of minor salivary gland cancer of the oral cavity were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (1988-2005) and staged. Kaplan-Meier survivals were compared according to histology as well as T stage and N stage. A Cox proportional hazards model incorporating histology, T stage, N stage, age, and sex was analyzed.Results
A total of 639 salivary gland cancers of the oral cavity (55% female; mean age, 56 years) were identified with complete staging information, consisting of 318 mucoepidermoid, 169 adenoid cystic, 139 adenocarcinoma, and 14 acinic cell cancers. The hard palate and gums were the most common subsites involved (87.6%), followed by lip (7.2%) and tongue (5.2%). At presentation, T1 and T4 tumors predominated (42.6% and 35.2%, respectively); 93.4 percent were N0. Overall mean survival (months) was 157.9 and was similar across histologic subtypes: mucoepidermoid (172.4), adenoid cystic (141.4), acinic cell (138.7), and adenocarcinoma (147.2). Survival for low- and intermediate-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma (171.0 and 182.3, respectively) was better than survival for high-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma (50.3, P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, N stage (P < 0.001) was the most powerful predictor of survival, along with T stage (P = 0.013), age (P < 0.001), and sex (P < 0.001).Conclusion
T stage and N stage are the most powerful predictors of survival in minor salivary gland carcinoma of the oral cavity. With the exception of high-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma, survival for these lesions is generally favorable. 相似文献17.
Kalantar E Khalili N Hossieni MS Rostami Z Einollahi B 《Transplantation proceedings》2011,43(2):584-585
Background
Hyperuricemia is a common complication after kidney transplantation, and may adversely affect graft survival.Objective
To assess the prevalence of and predictors for development of hyperuricemia after renal transplantation.Materials and Methods
Hyperuricemia was defined as a serum uric acid concentration of at least 7.0 mg/dL in men and 6.0 mg/dL in women. From March 2008 to May 2010, uric acid concentration was measured in 12,767 blood samples from 2961 adult renal transplant recipients (64% male and 36% female patients).Results
Hyperuricemia was observed in 1553 patients (52.4%). The disorder frequently occurred in women (P = .003) and in patients with impaired renal graft function (P = .00). After adjustment for sex, serum creatinine concentration, diabetes mellitus, cyclosporine concentration, and dyslipidemia, only female sex (P = .03) and renal allograft dysfunction (P = .05) were associated with hyperuricemia after kidney transplantation.Conclusion
Hyperuricemia is a common complication after kidney transplantation, and renal allograft insufficiency predisposes to higher uric acid concentration. 相似文献18.
Gelfand HJ Ouanes JP Lesley MR Ko PS Murphy JD Sumida SM Isaac GR Kumar K Wu CL 《Journal of clinical anesthesia》2011,23(2):90-96
Study Objective
To determine if the use of ultrasound guidance (vs non-ultrasound techniques) improves the success rate of nerve blocks.Design
Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the published literature.Setting
University medical center.Measurements
16 RCTs of patients undergoing elective surgical procedures were studied. Patients underwent ultrasound-guided or non-ultrasound techniques (nerve stimulation, surface landmark) for peripheral nerve blocks. Success rates were measured.Main Results
Ultrasound guidance (vs all non-ultrasound techniques) was associated with a significant increase in the success rate of nerve blocks [relative risk (RR) = 1.11 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06 to 1.17, P < 0.0001]). When compared with nerve stimulator techniques only, ultrasound guidance was still associated with an increase in the success rate (RR = 1.11 [95% CI: 1.05 to 1.17, P = 0.0001]). For specific blocks, ultrasound guidance (vs all non-ultrasound) was associated with a significant increase in successful brachial plexus (all) nerve blocks (RR = 1.11 [95% CI: 1.05 to 1.20, P = 0.0001]), sciatic popliteal nerve block (RR = 1.22 [95% CI: 1.08 to 1.39, P = 0.002]) and brachial plexus axillary nerve block (RR = 1.13 [95% CI: 1.00 to 1.26, P = 0.05]) but not brachial plexus infraclavicular nerve block (RR = 1.25 [95% CI: 0.88 to 1.76, P = 0.22]).Conclusions
Ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve block is associated with an increased overall success rate when compared with nerve stimulation or other methods. Ultrasound-guided techniques also increase the success rate of some specific blocks. 相似文献19.
Darcy A. Reed M.D. M.P.H. Thomas J. Beckman M.D. Scott M. Wright M.D. 《American journal of surgery》2009,198(3):442-444
Background
This study examined the methodologic quality of medical education research published in The American Journal of Surgery (AJS) relative to other journals and in AJS itself over time.Methods
Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument (MERSQI) scores were determined for 198 education studies published in 2003 in 13 peer-reviewed journals including AJS and all 38 AJS education studies published in 2007.Results
In 2003, the mean (standard deviation) MERSQI scores of AJS studies were 11.03 (2.12) compared with 9.83 (2.37) for studies published in the other 12 journals (P = .03). AJS studies received higher scores for response rate (P < .001) and content validity (P = .03) than other journals. The mean MERSQI scores among AJS studies remained constant between 2003 and 2007 (12.03 [2.35] vs 11.03 [2.12], P = .13).Conclusions
Education studies published in AJS compared favorably with those published in other journals, and this quality was maintained over time. Nonetheless, there is room for improvement with respect to study designs and outcome assessment. 相似文献20.
Connelly NR Freiman JP Lucas T Parker RK Raghunathan K Gibson C Katz B Iwashita C 《Journal of clinical anesthesia》2011,23(4):265-269