新泰市农村1048例服毒自杀者的资料分析

自杀已成为国内外严重的公共卫生问题和社会问题 ,引起普遍的关注。为了解新泰市农村服毒自杀的现况 ,以便制定预防对策 ,对新泰市 1995～ 2 0 0 1年 10 4 8例服用农药中毒自杀者的资料进行分析。1　资料与方法资料来自新泰市各乡镇卫生院农药中毒报告 ,接到报告后及时进行个案调查 ,收集有关情况。2　结果2 1　自杀发生情况　新泰市现有 134万人 ,其中农业人口 10 7 2万。1995～ 2 0 0 1年合计报告服毒自杀者10 4 8例 ,年平均发生率为 13 99/10万 ;自杀死亡 2 0 8例 ,年平均自杀死亡率为 2 77/10万。其中 ,1995年自杀10 3例 ,死亡 2 0例 …     

江苏省射阳县1987例口服农药自杀者特征分析

1 .资料与方法 :以 1 990～ 2 0 0 1年辖区内各医疗单位填报的《江苏省农药中毒报告卡》和《农村农药中毒报告卡》所报告的农药中毒病例为依据 ;对辖区内报告的 1 987例口服农药自杀者进行了回顾性调查。2 .结果 :①人群分布特征 :口服农药自杀者各年龄发生不尽相同 ,2 1～ 30岁组最高 ,占口服农药自杀者总数的 41 .2 % ;次为 31～ 40岁组 ,占 2 5 .8% ,1 3～ 2 0岁组为第三位 ,占 1 1 .1 %。女性多于男性 ,各占报告总数的 74.0 %和 2 6 .0 % ,男女之比为1∶2 .84。口服农药者中以青年女性更为多见 ,2 1～ 30岁组女性占 32 .4 % ;2 1～ 40岁…     

新泰市1984～2000年流行性出血热流行特征分析

新泰市自 1984年报告了第一例流行性出血热 (EHF)病例以来 ,每年都有疫情发生 ,为全面了解新泰市 17年来EHF的发病动态 ,以便采取有效地控制措施 ,现将 17年的EHF疫情资料分析、总结如下。1　材料与方法1疫情资料来自本站疫情室 ;2鼠密度采用夹夜法 ,鼠带毒率采用直接免疫荧光法 (IFAT)进行检测。2　结果2 .1　流行概况　 1984～ 2 0 0 0年新泰市共报告 EHF病例2 0 6 7例 ,年平均发病率 9.5 0 /10万 ,死亡 14例 ,病死率为6 .8‰ ,发病率最高年份是 1998年 ,为 2 4 .87/10万 ,其次是1995和 1986年 ,发病率最低的年份是 1991～ 1993年 …     

甘肃省1990～2000年炭疽流行状况分析

为了解甘肃省炭疽疫情的流行状况 ,现将 1990～ 2 0 0 0年炭疽发病情况分析如下。根据甘肃省 1990～ 2 0 0 0年订正后的传染病年报表显示 ,累计报告炭疽病例 6 2 6例 ,死亡 3例 ,年平均报告发病率为 0 .2 4 10万 ,死亡率为 0 .0 0 1 10万 ,病死率 0 .4 8%。临床分型 :皮肤炭疽 6 2 5例 ,占 99.84 % ,肺炭疽 1例 ,占 0 .16 %。1990～ 1995年炭疽发病顺位居甲乙类传染病第 10～ 12位之间 ;1996年以后由于法定甲乙类传染病病种的修改 ,其发病顺位降至第 14～ 16位之间。 3例死亡者分别发生于 1990年(临夏回族自治州 )、1993年 (甘南藏族自治州…     

沂蒙山区伤寒监测及流行病学分析

沂蒙山区位于鲁东南地区 ,是山东省伤寒重点疫区之一。我们自 1992年起 ,在郯城、苍山两县设立伤寒监测点 ,进行了有关伤寒流行特征及监测 ,并将历年来伤寒疫情报告及流行病学调查资料汇总分析如下。流行概况　 195 6～ 2 0 0 0年 ,全市累计报告伤寒病人 9335例 ,年平均发病率为 2 2 7/ 10万 ,最高为 19 6 4/ 10万 (196 2年 ) ,最低为 0 11/ 10万 (1975年 )。基本情况是 195 6～ 196 5年平均发病率为 6 17/ 10万 ;196 6～ 1975年为 0 6 7/ 10万 ;1976～ 1985年为 3 2 4/ 10万 ;1986～ 1995年为 0 6 3/ 10万 ;1996～2 0 0 0年为 0 32 /…     

新泰市1993～2002年病毒性肝炎疫情分析

1 资料与方法 疫情资料来源于本站疫情室,人口资料来源于新泰市统计局.本文将病毒性肝炎分为甲、乙型及其它型. 2 结果 2.1 流行概况 1993～2002年新泰市报告病毒性肝炎7830例,年平均发病率58.60/10万,发病率呈逐年上升趋势.     

新泰市1995～2002年性病发病资料分析

为了解新泰市性病流行规律 ,为采取相应预防与控制措施提供依据 ,对新泰市 1995～ 2 0 0 2年性病疫情资料进行分析。1　资料来源新泰市 1995～ 2 0 0 2年性病发病情况来源于全市疫情报告系统 ,人口资料由新泰市统计局提供。2　结果2 1　发病情况　 1995～ 2 0 0 2年合计报告性     

1990-2002年四川省流行性脑脊髓膜炎流行病学分析

目的　了解四川省流脑流行特征 ,为巩固防治成果 ,进一步做好流脑防治工作提供科学依据。方法　采用描述性流行病学分析。结果　 1990 - 2 0 0 2年四川省累计发病 84 5 2例 ,年平均发病率为 0 79/ 10万 ,死亡 6 0 8人 ,病死率为 7 19% ,年平均死亡率 0 0 5 / 10万 ;全省 2 1个市州均有发病 ,年平均发病率居前 3位的地区分别是 :巴中市、遂宁市、绵阳市 ,其年平均发病率分别为 1 0 2 /10万、 1 0 0 / 10万、 0 93/ 10万 ;2～ 4月发病数占全年发病数的 5 6 6 2 % ,年龄组发病率居前 3位的是 5～ 9岁、 0～ 4岁、 15～ 19岁 ,分别为 2 2 4 / 10万、 1 76 / 10万、 1 0 0 / 10万 ;学生发病最多 ,占33 0 1% ,其次为学龄前儿童 ,占 32 6 0 % ;流行菌群以A群为主 ,B群、C群病例散在发生。结论　流脑发病呈高度散发 ,改变了流脑流行的周期性规律 ,发病仍具有明显的季节性 ,发病虽仍以 15岁以下人群为主 ,但发病年龄出现了明显高移 ,流行菌群趋于复杂     

天水市1996～2000年病毒性肝炎流行趋势分析

1996～ 2 0 0 0年天水市共报告病毒性肝炎 30 5 97例 ,占同期各类传染病报告的 5 7.2 4%,5年发病率依次为 139.5 3/10万、185 .5 8/10万、194.95 /10万、2 11.0 9/10万和 2 17.5 2 /10万 ,发病逐年增加。其中乙型肝炎发病最高 ,5年报告2 0 0 48例 ,占病毒性肝炎总和的 6 5 .5 2 %。甲型肝炎报告8411例 ,占构成比的 2 7.49%,丙型肝炎报告 12 78例 ,占4.18%,未分型 86 0例占 2 .81%。年龄分布 :0～岁组占16 .80 %,10～岁组 17.6 7%,2 0～岁组 2 5 .96 %,30～岁组19 .0 3%,40～岁组 10 .0 6 %,5 0～岁组 10 .48%;男性 18812例 ,女性 11785例 ,…     

北京市通州区2005-2015年儿童青少年法定传染病流行特征分析

了解北京市通州区儿童青少年法定传染病流行病学特征,为儿童青少年传染病防控提供依据.方法 采用描述流行病学方法,对来源于中国疾病预防控制信息系统中的通州区儿童青少年法定传染病流行病学特征进行分析.结果 通州区2005-2015年共报告0~ 24岁儿童青少年法定传染病23种67 457例,年平均发病率为2 113.27/10万.甲、乙类传染病年平均发病率为387.84/10万,2005年为434.57/10万,2015年为220.3/10万;其中0岁组发病率最高(1 167.95/10万),其次为5岁组(410.27/10万),10岁组发病率最低(80.15/10万).丙类传染病年平均发病率为1 725.44/10万.2005年为768.41/10万,2015年为1 814.06/10万;其中0岁组发病率最高(9 417.82/10万),10岁组最低(203.97/10万).结论 通州区儿童青少年甲乙类传染病发病率呈下降趋势,丙类传染病发病率呈先升后降的趋势.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.