慢性肾功能衰竭患者红系祖细胞功能及贫血机制的研究

用慢性肾功衰患者透析前、透析后的各自混合血浆分别与ＣＲＦ患者及正常人骨髓红系祖细胞培养，测定血清红细胞生成素，放免法测定血清叶酸和铁蛋白，并计数外周血片异形红细胞数。结果表明：①未透析患者红系祖细胞在正常混合血浆培养下与正常对照无差别（Ｐ＞０．０５）；②透析前、后的血浆均对红系祖细胞有抑制作用（Ｐ＜０．０５）；③但未透、腹透和血透三组之间对红系祖细胞的影响无明显差别（Ｐ＞０．０５）；④未透ＣＲＦ患     

慢性肾功能衰竭患者血小板胞浆游离钙浓度及血栓素B2？…

用Ｆｕｒａ－２荧光测定法和ＲＩＡ，对２４例慢性肾功能衰竭（ＣＲＦ）维持血透患者（男１６例，女８例，年龄２６￣７１岁，平均５０．９岁）血小板的胞浆游离钙浓度和血栓素Ｂ２（ＴＸＢ２）含量进行了测定。ＣＲＦ组透析前、后血小板胸浆游离钙浓度均高于正常对照组（Ｐ均〈０．００１），透析后低于透析前（Ｐ〈０．００２）；透前、后血小板ＴＸＢ２均低于正常（Ｐ分别小于０．００１和０．０５），管析后高于透析前（Ｐ〈０．     

尿毒症患者急性缺氧状态下血清红细胞生成素浓度的变化

７例尿毒症贫血患者在自发急性缺氧状态下，其血清红细胞生成素（ＥＰＯ）浓度显著提高（平均７倍），且与ＰＯ２呈负相关。缺氧状态纠正后血清ＥＰＯ浓度下降。提示尿毒症贫血患者的ＥＰＯ氧依赖调控系统功能尚存在，但处于不敏感的低调状态。进一步了解其机遇，则可能通过促进内源性ＥＰＯ的生成，有助于悄毒症贫血的治疗。     

中西药混合透析对慢性血透病人的疗效观察

中西药混合透析对慢性血透病人的疗效观察张振远，刘新盛，吕兰芝，程淑美，胡学荣，朱正炎，许让翻，孙本友，吕梅芳，栾晓晨（中国人民解放军９１医院，兖州２７２０００）关键词：中西药混合透析；急性并发症；肾性高血压；贫血；心衰ＯＢＳＥＲＶＡＴＩＯＮＯＮＥＦＦ...     

血清红细胞生成素测定的临床意义

采用放射免疫分析法测定９２例血液和肝肾疾病患者的血清红细胞生成素（ＥＰＯ），结果显示，在缺铁性贫血，急性淋巴细胞生白血病，肝硬化伴有消化道出血的情况上，其ＥＰＯ的浓度显著增高。８０％的慢性肾功能不全伴有肾性贫血患者血清ＥＰＯ浓度下降；急淋缓解期和肝硬化患者血清ＥＰＯ浓度正常。提示：测定血清ＥＰＯ浓度对上述疾病的诊断、疗效观察和随访具有较高的临床价值。     

慢性肾功能衰竭患者血小板胞浆游离钙浓度及血栓素B_2含量的观察

用Ｆｕｒａ－２荧光测定法和ＲＩＡ，对２４例慢性肾功能衰竭（ＣＲＦ）维持血透患者（男１６例，女８例，年龄２６～７１岁，平均５０．９岁）血小板的胞浆游离钙浓度和血栓素Ｂ２（ＴＸＢ２）含量进行了测定。ＣＲＦ组透析前、后血小板胞浆游离钙浓度均高于正常对照组（Ｐ均＜０．００１），透析后低于透析前（Ｐ＜０．００２）；透前、后血小板ＴＸＢ２均低于正常（Ｐ分别小于０．００１和０．０５），透析后高于透析前（Ｐ＜０．００１）。血小板胞浆钙浓度变化与ＴＸＢ２生成不相关。Ｐ＜０．００１：与透析前比，ΔＰ＜０．０５，ΔΔＰ＜０．００２在相关分析上，Ｐｔ［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ与血小板ＴＸＢ２在正常对照组不相关（ｒ＝－０．２７，ｐ＜０．１），透析前、后也均不相关（ｒ＝０．３４和－０．２２，ｐ分别＜０．２和０．５）。讨论Ｃａ２＋是重要的细胞内信使，多种形式的细胞损伤或细胞处于病理生理状态下，常伴有胞浆钙水平的增高。血小板胞浆Ｃａ２＋在刺激信号的转导中发挥重要的作用，促使血小板的变形、聚集、释放，调节血小板的花生四烯酸代谢［３］。有关研究已证实，血小板［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ的变化能诱发内源性花生四烯酸代谢物的释放，参与ＴＸＡ２生成的调节；而ＴＸＡ２对［Ｃａ     

慢性肾功能不全患者血清及尿液超氧化物歧化酶含量的变化

用放射免疫分析测定７５例肾病患者血清和尿液含铜锌离子超氧化物歧化酶（Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ－Ｓｕｐｅｒｏｘｉｄｅｄｉｓｍｕｔａｓｅ，简称Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ－ＳＯＤ或ＳＯＤ－１）的含量，并与５１名健康人对比。结果显示，慢性肾功能不全（ＣＲＦ）血透组患者血清ＳＯＤ－１含量显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１），随着血液透析期的延长，其含量有渐升趋势；非血透组略有降低（Ｐ＞０．０５；其它肾病组明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。三组患者尿液ＳＯＤ－１含量呈不同程度增高（Ｐ均＜０．０１），并随着病变的严重程度而增幅更明显，血／尿ＳＯＤ－１比值也随之降低。本文初步分析了这些变化的原因及意义。     

流行性出血热患者红细胞变形性的研究：附124例临床分析

观察１２４例流性出血热（ＥＨＦ）患者治疗前红细胞变形能力（ＲＣＤ）明显低于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）；治疗前明显低于治疗后（Ｐ〈０．０１）。ＲＣＤ于发热期开始下降，休克期及少尿期下降更显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）。进入多尿期开始上升，至恢复期已基本转为正常（Ｐ〉０．０５）。病情越重，ＲＣＤ下降越显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）。治愈者完全恢复正常，无效者未见明显改善。本病ＲＣＤ下降与ＥＨＦ病毒所致全身性微血管损伤有关。在     

紫外线照射全血对红细胞免疫功能及脂质过氧化的影响

为了研究Ｂ波段紫外线（ＵＶＢ）照射全血对红细胞免疫功能及全血抗氧化能力的影响，利用１．５Ｊ／ｃｍ２的ＵＶＢ对全血进行照射，结果发现照射后红细胞Ｃ３ｂ受体花环促进率（ＲＦＥＲ）明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０５），而红细胞Ｃ３ｂ受体（ＲＣＲ）花环率升高更为明显（Ｐ＜０．０１），红细胞免疫复合物（ＲＢＣ－ＩＣ）花环率及与红细胞Ｃ３ｂ受体花环抑制率（ＲＦＩＲ）在照射前后无明显改变（Ｐ＞０．０５），红细胞超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性在照射后明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０１），而血浆中丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量无明显改变（Ｐ＞０．０５）。说明紫外线照射能改善红细胞免疫功能及全血的抗氧化能力。     

骨髓增生异常综合征与相关血液病红细胞免疫比较实验研究

本文采用红细胞酵母菌花环法检测红细胞免疫功能。结果表明ＭＤＳ患者ＲＣＲ及ＥＲＰＮ显著下降，ＲＩＣＲ显著升高，血清中ＲＦＩＲ显著升高，而ＲＦＥＲ则降低。ＣＡＡ患者红细胞免疫功能的变化与ＭＤＳ基本相同，但ＭＩＣＲ无显著变化。ＡＬ患者红细胞免疫功能的改变与ＭＤＳ也基本相同，但异常改变更为显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示：测定红细胞免疫功能对上述３种疾病临床判断病情、鉴别诊断及分析预后有一定意义。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.