CEUS与平面波超敏感血流显像分析甲状腺乳头状癌

目的 观察甲状腺乳头状癌（PTC）CEUS和平面波超敏感血流显像（AngioPLUS）特征。方法 回顾性分析我院经手术病理证实83例PTC的CEUS表现及AngioPLUS表现,根据CEUS病灶内部强化程度将患者分为低增强组、等增强组及高增强组,比较3组间病灶峰值强度（PI）、病灶与邻近甲状腺组织峰值强度差值（ΔPI）的差异,评价PI、ΔPI与CEUS显示病灶内部强化程度的相关性以及CEUS病灶内部强化程度、PI和ΔPI与AngioPLUS显示的病灶内部微细血流分布特征的相关性。结果 3组间ΔPI差异有统计学意义（χ²=52.35,P<0.001）,其中低增强组ΔPI小于等增强组（Z=-6.45,P<0.001）和高增强组（Z=-3.99,P<0.001）,等增强组ΔPI小于高增强组（Z=-3.73,P<0.001）。3组间PI差异有统计学意义（F=34.97,P<0.001）,其中低增强组PI小于等增强组及高增强组（P均<0.001）,而等增强组PI与高增强组间差异无统计学意义（P=0.322）。PI（r_s=0.650,P<0.001）、ΔPI（r_s=0.798,P<0.001）与CEUS显示病灶内部强化程度呈正相关。CEUS显示病灶内部强化程度（r_s=0.768,P<0.001）、PI（r_s=0.442,P<0.001）、ΔPI（r_s=0.647,P<0.001）与AngioPLUS显示的病灶内部微细血流分布特征呈正相关。结论 PTC病灶内部CEUS强化程度与AngioPLUS显示的病灶内部微细血流分布特征呈正相关,通过AngioPLUS显示的PTC病灶内部微细血流分布特征可间接评价其血流灌注。     

超声造影与18F-FDG PET/CT判断多发性大动脉炎活动性的相关性

目的 探讨超声造影（CEUS）和¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT在多发性大动脉炎（TA）活动性判断中的相关性。方法 收集TA患者36例，均接受CEUS及¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT检查，比较相关实验室指标及影像学参数，分析CEUS与¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT评价TA活动性结果之间的相关性。结果 CEUS明显增强组在病程、印度大动脉炎临床活动性评分（ITAS 2010）、颈动脉闭塞比、CEUS峰值强度、PET/CT视觉评分及最大标准摄取值（SUV_max）与对照组间差异存在统计学意义（P均<0.05）；CEUS分级标准与PET/CT视觉评分呈中度相关（r=0.697，P<0.001），与临床活动性NIH标准及SUV_max均呈低度相关性（r=0.385，P=0.018；r=0.477，P=0.014）；以¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT视觉评分作为判断TA活动性的标准，临床活动性NIH标准的敏感度和特异度分别为0.783及0.769，CEUS的敏感度和特异度分别为1.000及0.846，AUC分别为0.776和0.923。结论 CEUS判断TA活动性与¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT存在明显正相关；以¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT视觉评分作为TA活动性的判断标准，CEUS较临床活动性标准具有更高的敏感度和特异度，可作为判断TA活动性的有效指标。     

超声与血清学指标评估兔类风湿关节炎的对比分析

目的 探讨超声与血清学指标评估兔类风湿关节炎（RA）的应用价值。方法 将雄性新西兰大白兔30只随机分为模型组（25只）和对照组（5只）。对模型组采用卵蛋白诱导法,建立兔RA模型,对照组注射生理盐水。进行超声检查及血清C-反应蛋白（CRP）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）及白介素-1（IL-1）检测。对滑膜血流信号、滑膜厚度进行分级,对滑膜炎症的严重程度进行病理评分,并进行统计分析。结果 模型组中23只兔完成实验,共46个关节。模型组于2～3周发生关节腔积液及滑膜增生,随后增生加剧,第8周达到高峰并进入平台期;对照组均无滑膜增生。模型组46个关节中,血流为0级1个,Ⅰ级4个,Ⅱ级22个,Ⅲ级19个;对照组滑膜血流均为0级。模型组TNF-α、CRP、IL-1自第5周起开始缓慢上升,至第8周到达高峰期,并保持相对稳定;对照组TNF-α、CRP、IL-1均呈现稳定低水平。模型组轻、重度滑膜炎的滑膜厚度和血流分级差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。滑膜厚度与病理评分呈正相关（r=0.798,P<0.05）,血流分级与病理评分呈正相关（r=0.557,P<0.05）,TNF-α、IL-1、CRP与滑膜病理评分均呈正相关（r=0.450、0.503、0.529,P<0.05）。结论 超声可较血清学指标更早、更准确诊断关节滑膜炎病变。     

应用7关节超声评分评价类风湿关节炎达标治疗

目的 探讨7关节超声评分在类风湿关节炎达标治疗中的应用价值。方法 收集活动期40例类风湿关节炎患者,遵循临床达标治疗原则,分析治疗前后28关节疾病活动度（DAS28）、滑膜炎、肌腱腱鞘炎及7关节超声评分的变化,并对滑膜炎、腱鞘炎及7关节超声评分变化量与DAS28变化量行相关性分析。结果 与治疗前相比,类风湿关节炎患者治疗后DAS28、滑膜炎、肌腱腱鞘炎及7关节超声评分均减低,差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.001）;治疗前后骨侵蚀差异无统计学意义（P=0.317）。治疗前后滑膜炎、肌腱腱鞘炎及7关节超声评分变化量与DAS28变化量均呈弱正相关（r_s=0.363、0.318、0.317,P=0.021、0.045、0.047）。结论 7关节超声评分可为评价类风湿关节炎达标治疗效果提供参考,但不推荐仅以超声缓解作为达标治疗的检测指标。     

超微血管成像技术评估类风湿活动性关节炎:与CDFI和CEUS对比

目的 通过与CDFI和CEUS比较,探讨超微血管成像（SMI）评估类风湿性关节炎（RA）患者腕关节滑膜血流信号分级的临床应用。方法 收集100例RA患者（左侧或右侧腕关节,共100个腕关节）。采用高频超声观察腕关节的滑膜厚度。再分别采用CDFI、SMI和CEUS对滑膜增生最严重部位的血流信号进行分级评估,计算血流信号显示率,并进行统计学分析。结果 SMI和CEUS的滑膜内血流信号显示率均高于CDFI[92.00%（92/100）、92.00%（92/100）、80.00%（80/100）]。CDFI与SMI评价增厚滑膜内血流信号分级的差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。CEUS与SMI评价增厚滑膜内血流信号分级的一致性高（Kappa=0.76,P<0.05）。结论 SMI在观察RA患者增生滑膜血流信号方面优于CDFI,并且与CEUS具有很好的一致性。SMI可评估RA活动性,且安全、简便、高效、经济。     

超声评估早期类风湿关节炎手指关节滑膜炎分布特点

目的 采用高频超声及CDFI评估早期类风湿关节炎（RA）患者掌指关节（MCP）及近端指间关节（PIP）滑膜炎情况。方法 对34例早期RA患者340个MCP关节、340个PIP关节进行超声检查,利用灰阶超声对滑膜增生程度进行评分,并利用CDFI观察血流情况,比较不同关节以及同一关节掌侧及背侧关节面受累程度差异。结果 100个（100/340,29.41%）MCP和32个（32/340,9.41%）PIP被检出滑膜增生,差异有统计学意义（u=3.58,P<0.05）。68个MCP2中,41.18%（28/68）出现滑膜增生,68个PIP3中13.23%（9/68）出现滑膜增生,各MCP及PIP间受累程度差异无统计学意义（Hc＝3.66、2.02,P均>0.05）;MCP主要是以背侧滑膜增生为主（70/100,70.00%）,PIP以掌侧增生（18/32,56.25%）明显（χ²=25.02,P<0.005）;MCP（18/20,90.00%）和PIP（3/5,60.00%）均以背侧血流的检出率更高,差异无统计学意义（P=0.166）。结论 高频超声结合CDFI可对RA患者指关节活动性滑膜炎进行评估,临床重点观察MCP背侧滑膜炎情况的诊断意义更大。     

7关节超声评分评估类风湿关节炎病情进展

目的 探讨7关节超声评分（US7）在评估RA病情进展中的临床意义。方法 根据28关节疾病活动度（DAS28），将198例RA患者分为轻度活动期组（n=55）、中度活动期组（n=83）和重度活动期组（n=60），对严重侧腕关节，第2、3掌指关节，近端指间关节和第2、5跖趾关节行灰阶超声（GSUS）和能量多普勒超声（PDUS）检查及US7，比较3组间评分差异，分析其与病情严重程度的相关性，并采用Logistic回归分析寻找RA病情进展的预测因子。结果 随病情严重程度增加，DAS28、GSUS滑膜炎、PDUS滑膜炎、GSUS肌腱腱鞘炎、PDUS肌腱腱鞘炎及US7总分均显著增加（P均<0.001），且后5项指标与RA严重程度均呈正相关（P均<0.001）。US7系统中，PDUS滑膜炎是轻-中度活动期的独立预测因子，其与GSUS肌腱腱鞘炎均为中-重度活动期的独立预测因子（P均<0.05）。结论 US7与RA进展存在相关性；PDUS滑膜炎是鉴别RA严重程度的有效指标。     

CEUS评估类风湿关节炎活动期腕关节病变常规治疗后短期疗效

目的 探讨CEUS在评估类风湿关节炎（RA）活动期腕关节滑膜病变短期疗效中的应用价值。方法 对21例以腕关节病变为主的RA活动期患者,于常规治疗前、治疗2周后和治疗6个月后行腕关节CEUS检查和28个关节疾病活动性评分（DAS）,记录CEUS定量参数,包括AUC、峰值强度（PI）、达峰时间（TTP）和平均通过时间（MTT）,测量造影后滑膜厚度,并对滑膜进行CEUS分级,比较治疗前后差异,并分析上述指标与DAS评分的相关性。结果 治疗前、治疗2周后与治疗6个月后患者腕关节滑膜厚度、AUC和PI总体差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）,且组间两两比较差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。3个时间点之间滑膜CEUS血流信号分级总体差异有统计学意义（P=0.007）,且治疗前与治疗2周后（Z=-2.426,P=0.015）及治疗2周后与治疗6个月后（Z=-2.467,P=0.014）差异均有统计学意义。腕关节滑膜厚度（r=0.711,P=0.003）、AUC （r=0.632,P=0.007）、PI （r=0.563,P=0.019）与DAS均呈正相关。结论 CEUS可为评估活动期RA常规治疗后的短期疗效提供客观的影像学依据。     

常规超声定量评估骨龄

目的 与X线评估骨化率（OR）对比,评价常规超声评估标准骨龄（BA）的价值及其简易方法。方法 对215例患者（男88例,女127例）于1周内先后行左手及腕部X线检查和超声检查,测量桡骨、尺骨,第1、3、5掌骨,第1、3、5近节指骨,第3、5中节指骨及第1、3、5远节指骨共13块骨骼的骨化中心及骨骺长径,计算各目标骨骨化中心与骨骺长径之比,获得其OR及BA,分析OR与BA的相关性。结果 男、女性患者各目标骨的OR与BA呈中-高度相关（r_男为0.77~0.94,r_女为0.77~0.93,P均<0.001）,13块骨骼的OR总和与BA呈高度相关（r_男=0.96,r_女=0.96,P均<0.001）,桡骨、尺骨OR总和与BA呈高度相关（r_男=0.95,r_女=0.95,P均<0.001）。结论 常规超声具有定量评估BA的潜在价值;仅测量桡骨及尺骨或可作为超声评估BA的简易方法。     

多普勒超声在早期活动性中轴型脊柱关节病中的应用

目的 探讨多普勒超声诊断中轴型脊柱关节病（axSpA）患者活动性骶髂关节炎的价值。方法 回顾性分析51例早期axSpA患者的多普勒超声及MRI资料。依据MRI结果将axSpA患者分为活动性骶髂关节炎（活动）组及非活动性骶髂关节炎（非活动）组,比较2组骶髂关节的血流显示情况及血流阻力指数（RI）。以MRI结果为金标准,绘制ROC曲线,评价RI对axSpA患者活动性骶髂关节炎的诊断效能。结果 活动组32例共58个病变关节（6例为单发活动性骶髂关节炎）,非活动组19例共38个病变关节。活动组骶髂关节血流显示率（51/58,87.93%）高于非活动组（26/38,68.42%;χ²=5.505,P=0.019）。2组间血流分级差异无统计学意义（Z=-1.93,P=0.053）。活动组RI值（0.59±0.08）低于非活动组（0.71±0.09;t=-6.04,P<0.001）。以RI=0.64诊断axSpA患者活动性骶髂关节炎,敏感度为80.8%,特异度为74.5%,准确率为78.7%。结论 利用多普勒超声可通过骶髂关节周围及内部的异常血流来反映axSpA患者活动性骶髂关节炎,且准确率较高。     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade

SUMMARY: Organ transplantation has developed over the past 50 years to reach the sophisticated and integrated clinical service of today through several advances in science. One of the most important of these has been the ability to apply organ preservation protocols to deliver donor organs of high quality, via a network of organ exchange to match the most suitable recipient patient to the best available organ, capable of rapid resumption of life-sustaining function in the recipient patient. This has only been possible by amassing a good understanding of the potential effects of hypoxic injury on donated organs, and how to prevent these by applying organ preservation. This review sets out the history of organ preservation, how applications of hypothermia have become central to the process, and what the current status is for the range of solid organs commonly transplanted. The science of organ preservation is constantly being updated with new knowledge and ideas, and the review also discusses what innovations are coming close to clinical reality to meet the growing demands for high quality organs in transplantation over the next few years.     

2017年呼吸疾病主要进展

2017年,国内外学者在呼吸系统疾病的临床和基础领域均进行了深入研究,不仅对相关指南进行了更新,并且针对一些临床热点、难点问题达成专家共识,现就2017年呼吸疾病相关进展作一简单介绍。     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 vaccine‐related dermatological reactions: An interesting case series with a narrative review of the potential critical and non‐critical mucocutaneous adverse effects related to virus,therapy, and the vaccination

This narrative review article was conducted to lay out a summarized but exhaustive review of current literature over mucocutaneous manifestations in 4 dimensions of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic: virus itself, treatment‐related, vaccine‐induced, and alteration of chronic dermatologic diseases following infection. Virus and vaccine‐related were mainly self‐limited and non‐severe. Treatment‐related reactions could be life‐threatening.     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

Real‐life effectiveness of biological therapies on symptoms in severe asthma with comorbid CRSwNP

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different antibody therapies on nasal polyp symptoms in patients treated for severe asthma.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of patients with severe asthma and comorbid CRSwNP who were treated with anti‐IgE, anti‐IL‐5/R or anti‐IL‐4R. CRSwNP symptom burden was evaluated before and after 6 months of therapy.ResultsFifty patients were included hereof treated with anti‐IgE: 9, anti‐IL‐5/R: 26 and anti‐IL‐4R: 15 patients. At baseline median SNOT‐20 was similar among groups (anti‐IgE: 55, anti‐IL‐5/R: 52 and anti‐IL‐4R: 56, p = 0.76), median visual analogue scale (VAS) for nasal symptoms was 4, 7 and 8 (p = 0.14) and VAS for total symptoms was higher in the anti‐IL‐4R group (4, 5 and 8, p = 0.002). After 6 months SNOT‐20 improved significantly in all patient groups with median improvement of anti‐IgE: −8 (p < 0.01), anti‐IL‐5/R: −13 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −18 (p < 0.001), with larger improvement in the anti‐IL‐4R group than in anti‐IgE (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐5/R (p < 0.001) groups. VAS nasal symptoms improved by median anti‐IgE: 0 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −1 (p < 0.01) and anti‐IL‐4R: −3 (p < 0.001), VAS total symptoms by anti‐IgE: −1 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −2 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −2 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsTreatment by all antibodies showed effectiveness in reducing symptoms of CRSwNP in patients with severe asthma, with the largest reduction observed in anti‐IL‐4R‐treated patients.     

Recalcitrant giant orf recurrence after amputation: A case report and review of the literature

Orf is caused by a parapoxvirus. We present a recurrent, giant digital orf case in a female patient with a history of hairy cell leukemia. In spite of shave excision, the lesion progressed and recurred after digital amputation. Treatment with topical imiquimod cream and systemic subcutaneous interferon alfa‐2a was successful.