术中自体输血的应用及护理

术中自体输血不仅能提供手术所急需的部分血源，而且避免因输用库存血液而引起的传染性疾病和一些并发症，减轻患者的经济负担。我院自１９９４年６月以来，施行术中自体输血６９例，治疗效果均为良好。现将术中自体输血的应用及护理介绍如下：１临床资料６９例自体输血病...     

自体输血的临床应用

随着HIV等病毒的出现,自体输血得到了积极的推荐和使用。目前,术前预存自体血输血、术中自体血回输及术后引流血回输3种方式,并成为衡量一个国家输血水平的标志之一。20世纪末日本术前备血比例达80%~90%;澳大利亚60%的择期手术患者进行预存式自体输血;我国自体输血率要求在20%以上;美国要求择期手术患者自身输血占总输血量的80%~90%。近年来,国内的自体输血得到了极大的推广和应用,已成为围术期血液保护的重要措施。围术期2~3种自体输血方式联合应用,节约了血液资源,减少异体血的输注,确保了患者的输血安全。     

异体输血和自体输血对手术病人免疫功能的影响

目的：探讨自体输血和异体输血对患者免疫功能和术后感染的影响。方法：复习关于自体输血和异体输血对手术病人免疫功能和术后感染方面的文献,并进行总结。结果：输血对免疫功能影响的研究,可指导临床医师更好更有效的用好血液,提高治疗水平。结论：异体输血对手术患者免疫功能抑制明显,且容易发生术后感染,而自体输血对手术患者免疫功能影响较小,术后感染发生率低。     

两种不同输血方式对择期行脊柱椎间融合器植入植骨融合术患者的影响研究

目的：研究择期行脊柱椎间融合器植入植骨融合术患者采用两种不同输血方式对患者的影响。方法方便选取60例该院2013年6月—2015年8月期间行脊柱椎间融合器植入植骨融合术的患者,将所有患者按随机数字表法分为两组各30例。其中30例患者术中采用自体输血方式进行输血作为自体输血组;另30例患者术中采用异体输血方式进行输血作为异体输血组。观察两组患者手术情况、血常规情况以及不良反应情况等。结果自体输血组术中输液量、术中出血量均大于异体输血组,治疗费用明显低于异体输血组(P<0.05)。术后自体输血组RBC、PLT以及Hb均大于异体输血组,WBC小于异体输血组(P<0.05)。两组患者不良反应包括过敏反应、荨麻疹以及非溶血性发热等,自体输血组、异体输血组发生率分别为13.33%、26.67%,自体输血组明显较低(P<0.05)。结论自体输血可进一步降低输血不良反应,提高血红蛋白及红细胞,在大量输血情况下尤为适用,值得临床应用及推广。     

自体输血的临床应用进展

自体输血是指采取或回收患者的血液于术中或术后输回患者体内的方法,自体输血主要分为预贮式,稀释式和回收式三种方式,本文就这三种自体输血的方式在临床中的应用进行了综述。     

异位妊娠破裂术中自体输血

目的推广异位妊娠破裂术中自体输血的应用。方法回顾性分析异位妊娠破裂术中自体输血47例与异体输血52例的临床资料,治疗效果及住院经费。结果47例自体输血的住院经费明显低于52例异体输血的住院经费,而临床资料及治疗效果无明显差异。结论异位妊娠破裂术中自体输血经济、实用,特别适于经济落后地区。     

等容血液稀释自体输血对肿瘤患者围术期内环境和凝血功能的影响

目的观察和比较术中等容血液稀释自体输血和异体输血对肿瘤患者围术期机体内环境和凝血功能的影响。方法选择直肠癌、结肠癌和胃癌根治术患者40例,随机分为两组。A组术中输异体全血400mL;B组于手术切皮前放血400mL,同时输入等量羟乙基淀粉,术中自体血回输给患者。结果A组输血后1h及术后24hpH值和HC03一下降较B组明显（P〈0．05）;B组稀释后Hb明显低于A组（P〈O．05）;血常规其余各值、PT、APTT、FIB在各测定点两组变化一致,两组间均无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论在一定范围内,等容血液稀释自体输血有利于维持肿瘤患者围术期内环境稳定,等容血液稀释自体输血与异体输血相比对凝血功能的影响差异不显著。     

回收式自体输血与异体输血在骨伤科患者术后感染的分析

目的探讨回收式自体输血与异体输血在骨伤科术后感染中的相关性。方法选取2011年3月—2012年3月该院骨伤科进行手术的患者,其中对回收式自体输血68例,异体输血48例进行回顾性分析。结果 68例回收式自体输血患者共回输血液23 800 mL,平均350 mL,最大回输血量800 mL,最小回输血量150 mL。48例异体输血患者最大输血量是1 200mL,最小量是400 mL,平均是533 mL,其中有6例由于手术中出血量大,异体输血的同时也进行了自体回输血。两组输血患者均未出现溶血性输血反应。自体输血组出现术后感染肺炎1例,泌尿道感染1例;异体输血组出现静脉炎1例,肺炎4例,术后高热2例,泌尿道感染2例,上呼级道感染1例。两组患者输血后感染率对比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论自体输血应用于骨伤科手术可有效减少输血不良反应,减少术后感染,安全可靠,且节约了血液资源,值得临床广泛推广。     

异体或自体输血对肿瘤患者围手术期T淋巴细胞亚群、NK细胞影响的比较研究

目的 :探讨异体输血和急性等容量血液稀释自体输血对肿瘤患者围手术期T淋巴细胞亚群、NK细胞的影响。方法 :食道癌及胃癌根治术患者 10 0例 ,随即等分为 2组 ,异体输血组 (Ⅰ组 )术中输异体全血 4 0 0ml,自体输血组 (Ⅱ组 )入手术室放血 4 0 0ml,同时输入等量贺斯 ,术中自体血回输给患者。分别于入手术室、术后第 1天及第 5天抽取静脉血 ,测定T细胞亚群和NK细胞的数量。结果 :两组术后第 1天CD3+ 、CD4 + 、CD4 + /CD8+ 、NK细胞较术前显著减少 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1) ,异体输血组较自体输血组减少更明显 (P <0 0 5 )。术后第 5天异体输血组CD3+ 、CD4 + 、CD4 + /CD8+ 、NK细胞仍较术前显著减少 ,自体输血组基本恢复正常。结论 :围术期异体输血患者免疫功能的抑制较急性等容量血液稀释自体输血者严重 ,自体输血对免疫抑制轻 ,术后免疫功能恢复快     

自体输血在外科手术的应用进展

自体输血是指采集或回收患者的血液在术中或术后输回患者体内的方法。自体输血主要分为贮存式、回收式和稀释式3种方式。现对这3种方式的自体输血在外科手术中的应用进行探讨。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.