Surgical management of thyroid carcinoma with laryngotracheal invasion

Thyroid carcinoma that invades the airway can, in most cases, be treated by partial laryngectomy or partial tracheal resection. Total laryngectomy or circumferential tracheal reconstruction may be required in patients with extensive disease. Closure of subglottic and tracheal defects can be accomplished with the sternocleidomastoid myoperiosteal flap in a simple, single-staged procedure. Patterns of invasion and appropriate reconstruction are described.     

累及喉、气管的甲状腺乳头状癌临床治疗分析

目的 探讨累及喉、气管的甲状腺乳头状癌的临床治疗经验。 方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2019年12月山东大学齐鲁医院耳鼻咽喉科收治的87例累及喉、气管的甲状腺乳头状癌患者的基本资料,统计分析其采用的肿瘤切除方式、气管修补方法、术后拔管率及3年和5年生存率。 结果 87例患者均进行了手术治疗,肿瘤切除方式包括:气管壁肿瘤锐性剃除(60例),气管壁楔形切除(15例),气管袖状切除(3例),喉部分切除(1例),全喉切除(4例),姑息切除(4例)。气道重建方法包括:拉拢缝合(5例),胸大肌肌皮瓣修补(1例),胸锁乳突肌锁骨骨膜瓣修补(1例),端端吻合(3例),喉成型术(1例),气管造瘘术(12例)。随访时间为4-122个月,随访到79例,其中15例行气管切开,气管切开术后拔管率66.7%(10/15),3年生存率为100%,5年生存率为93.0%。 结论 对于累及喉、气管的甲状腺乳头状癌,通过准确的术前评估和合理的手术治疗,可以显著改善患者生活质量,获得良好的生存期。     

环状软骨上部分喉切除治疗甲状软骨受侵的喉癌

目的探讨喉环状软骨上部分切除术（supracricold partial laryngectomy,SCPL）治疗甲状软骨受侵的局部晚期喉癌的操作方法和治疗效果。方法回顾性分析中国医学科学院肿瘤医院头颈外科1996～2006年3月10年间采用SCPL治疗的甲状软骨受侵的喉鳞状细胞癌（简称喉癌）20例,其中声门上型9例,声门型10例,声门下型1例,术中整块切除喉内病变、大部分甲状软骨与受侵的喉前组织,残喉上下拉拢缝合。总结术后病理结果,随访喉功能保留及生存情况。结果17例患者术后成功拔除胃管和气管套管,拔管率85％,全组病例局部复发3例,死亡3例,Kaplan—Meier法估计3年生存率84．7％,局部控制率85％。T3（12例）和T4（8例）病变2组生存率无统计学差异（P=0.415）。结论部分甲状软骨受侵的局部晚期喉癌仍可通过部分喉切除保留喉功能,环状软骨上部分喉切除为一种简便有效的术式。     

Locally advanced thyroid cancer

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to summarize existing literature with respect to locally advanced thyroid cancer and define the intricacies of preoperative evaluation, surgical management of involved sites and postoperative treatment. RECENT FINDINGS: Locally invasive thyroid cancer is an uncommon disease process, which carries significant morbidity and mortality. Current treatment modalities include appropriate surgery, radioactive iodine treatment and external beam radiation therapy. Proper evaluation of the extent of disease, with complete gross tumor removal, is paramount in managing this difficult problem. Surgical treatment is still the mainstay for locally advanced thyroid cancer. SUMMARY: Little progress has been made in advancing the treatment of locally advanced thyroid cancer. Patient identification, evaluation and proper surgical management with adjuvant therapy, still remain the most effective course of treatment. Aggressive surgical treatment including removal of all gross tumor and still preserving vital structures along with adjuvant therapy is likely to offer the best results. There is a very high incidence of locoregional and distant failure in this group of patients. The understanding and recognition of histopathological variations, such as poorly differentiated thyroid cancer is also important. New molecular markers are needed to help identify and predict aggressive tumor behavior.     

侵及气道和消化道的晚期甲状腺癌的外科治疗

目的　探讨侵及气道和消化道的晚期甲状腺癌的外科治疗方法。方法　回顾性分析了1988～ 1998年经治的 18例晚期甲状腺癌患者 ,均有气道、消化道的侵犯。结果　晚期甲状腺癌侵及气道、消化道的发病率占全部甲状腺癌的 3 5 % (18/ 5 16 ) ,腔内受侵率为 2 7% (14 / 5 16 )。其中 ,仅 1个器官受累 10例 ,占 5 5 6 % (10 / 18) ,其中最常见的是气管 ;其他依次是食管、喉、喉咽 ;2个及 2个以上器官受累 8例 ,占 4 4 4 % (8/ 18)。生存 1、3、5和 10年者分别为 17、14、9和 6例。分化型甲状腺癌的 5年生存率 (6 1 5 % )明显高于未分化癌 (2 0 0 % ) ,但统计学处理差异没有显著性意义 (P >0 0 5 ) ,其远期生存率与肿瘤的分期差异也无显著性意义 (P >0 0 5 ) ,这可能与临床例数太少有关。结论　侵犯气道消化道的晚期甲状腺癌需要广泛切除受侵的部分 ,选用有效的手术方式 ,同时给予辅助治疗 ,可获得良好的远期效果     

Thyroid suppression and medical ablation for differentiated thyroid cancer

Patients with thyroid cancer benefit from treatment with exogenous thyroid hormone for two reasons: it provides adequate levels of thyroid hormone to peripheral tissues, and it reduces the level of thyrotropin, which may be an important growth factor in patients with differentiated malignant neoplasms. The use of radioactive iodine for thyroid cancer is highly controversial. Its most appropriate applications are in follicular cancers, in older patients, and in distant functioning metastases. Its value in papillary cancer is questionable, particularly in young patients. There is a great need for effective basic and clinical research on the natural course of differentiated thyroid cancer and the effects of specific therapies.     

腺外浸润的晚期甲状腺癌的外科治疗

为评价腺外浸润的晚期甲状腺癌的手术疗效和预后,回顾性分析了16例手术治疗的甲状腺癌病例,其中侵及范围为气管、食管、喉、喉返神经、下咽和颈部大血管等。1例行根治性手术,其它均行功能性手术,对喉、气管、食管及下咽的缺损进行了修复重建。全部病例均有1年以上的随访。结果发现,11例喉气管重建者均拔管;2例下咽食管成形者吞咽功能良好。1例术后4年双肺转移死亡,余15例未发现复发及转移。其中生存1年、3年、5年、10年和15年者分别为16例、14例、7例、3例和1例。探讨了晚期甲状腺癌腺外浸润范围对确定手术方式的意义及术后综合治疗的重要性。尽管晚期病变腺外浸润周围诸多重要器官和结构,但积极行功能性外科手术仍有助于提高疗效及患者生存质量。     

侵及气道和消化道的晚期甲状腺癌的外科治疗

OBJECTIVE: To study the surgical management of the advanced thyroid carcinoma with aero-digestive invasion. METHODS: To analyze 18 cases of advanced thyroid carcinoma which had aerodigestive invasion retrospectively, the patients were treated from 1988 to 1998. RESULTS: The rate of aerodigestive invasion occur was 3.5% (18/516), The inner cavity invaded rate was 2.7% (14/516). The most invaded organ was trachea; The others were esophagus and larynx, pharynx; Two and/or more organs invaded rates were 44. 4% (8/18). The cases that survived 1, 3, 5 and 10 year were 17, 14, 9 and 6. The 5 years survival rates of the differentiated thyroid cancer (61.5%) were more higher than the undifferentiated thyroid cancer (20.0%), but there were no statistical difference between them (P > 0.05) and the same in clinical stage (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Intraluminal extension is a more serious problem in which usually extensive resection of the aerodigestive tract is required. Effective surgical treatment combined with postoperative auxiliary management for this kind of patients may achieve a good long term results.     

Management of thyroid gland invasion in laryngopharyngeal cancer

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The incidence of thyroid gland involvement in laryngopharyngeal cancer ranges from 0 to 23%. Therefore, ipsilateral hemithyroidectomy and isthmusectomy are routinely performed with total laryngectomy in many clinics. Hemithyroidectomy causes hypothyroidism in 63% of patients, and if combined with radiotherapy, the incidence increases to 89% of patients. But there is no consensus about using thyroid surgery in the treatment of laryngopharyngeal cancer. The purpose of this study was to identify criteria to use in the decision of whether, in cases of laryngopharyngeal cancer, hemithyroidectomy should be performed with total laryngectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 28 patients with a mean age of 63.2 years (range 42-77 years). All patients were treated by thyroidectomy with total laryngectomy. We evaluated the incidence of thyroid gland invasion, clinical predisposing factors, pathologic features, and prognosis in cases of laryngopharyngeal cancer. RESULTS: The incidence of thyroid gland invasion was 14% (4/28). Subglottic extension was the only statistically significant factor in thyroid invasion. All cases of laryngopharyngeal cancer that invaded the thyroid gland had vocal cord fixation, anterior commissure invasion, and were advanced stage. The most common mechanism of spread to the thyroid was by direct extension through thyroid cartilage and anterior commissure. While the prognosis of patients with thyroid gland invasion was worse than that of patients with no invasion, the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Prophylactic thyroidectomy should be performed in cases of laryngopharyngeal cancer where there is subglottic extension of the tumor.     

Window resection of the trachea and secondary reconstruction for invasion by differentiated thyroid carcinoma

Objective

In cases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma, the presence or absence of invasion into the circumferential organs is an important prognostic factor. Surgical procedures include circular resection of the trachea with end-to-end anastomosis and window resection with secondary closure. We have used window resection with secondary closure since 1993, and herein retrospectively analyze the treatment outcomes for this surgical procedure in order to determine the indications for procedure selection.

Methods

Subjects comprised 41 cases of invasion by differentiated thyroid carcinoma into the trachea, for which surgery was performed at the Department of Head and Neck Surgery of the National Cancer Center Hospital East from 1993 to 2007. The mean age was 65.7 ± 7.9 years, and the median length of the observation period was 43 months. There were 17 cases (41.4%) cases of secondary relapse.

Results

The 5-year and 10-year overall survival rates for this surgical procedure were 78.9% and 74.5%, respectively, while the 5-year and 10-year local control rates were 92.4% and 73.4%, respectively. The pathological resection stump was positive in 27 cases (65.8%), but no significant differences in treatment outcome were observed between the stump-positive group and the stump-negative group. There were 26 cases in which closure of the tracheal fistula was performed by the time of observation. When the tracheal defect had a diameter equivalent to 7 rings of the trachea or less and a circumference half that of the tracheal cartilage or smaller, including partial cricoid cartilage, it was possible to perform closure with only a local flap. For larger defects, reconstruction was performed using hard tissues or materials, such as hydroxyapatite, titanium mesh, and costal cartilage. There were 2 cases that required re-window because of dyspnea after closure.

Conclusion

The treatment outcomes for this surgical procedure for invasive cases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma into the trachea resulted in a low rate of local recurrence and similar survival rates as described in other reports. Even for cases of resection exceeding half the circumference of the trachea, closure of the tracheal fistula can be performed using hard tissues or materials; however, in such cases, we believe that closure should be attempted progressively in a two-stage reconstruction.     

腔镜甲状腺近全切除序贯131I消融治疗分化型甲状腺癌

目的 探讨腔镜甲状腺近全切除序贯131I消融治疗分化型甲状腺癌的效果。方法 2008年1月至2011年3月,西南医院乳腺中心对27例术前检查无明显淋巴结转移、直径小于4cm、未侵出甲状腺被膜的低危分化型甲状腺癌患者进行腔镜手术治疗,术后完成131I消融治疗1～3次,此后口服左甲状腺素治疗,将TSH调至正常低限。结果 27例均完成腔镜甲状腺近全切除术。采用胸乳径路17例,腋乳径路10例。手术时间60～180min,平均105min。出血量10～80mL,平均20mL。术后住院时间4～8d,平均5.6d。术后出现暂时性喉返神经麻痹2例,均于3个月后恢复。经4～38月(平均12月)随访,患者均未出现转移或复发征象。TSH刺激条件下TG＞10ng/mL者2例(分别为16.44ng/mL和31.0ng/mL),其余25例TG为0～7.74ng/mL(平均2.36ng/mL)。患者对颈部外观均非常满意。结论 腔镜甲状腺近全切除术序贯131I消融治疗分化型甲状腺癌安全有效,并可避免常规开放手术所致巨大疤痕,适用于无明显淋巴结转移的低危分化型甲状腺癌患者。     

The incidence of thyroid gland invasion in advanced laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

IntroductionInvasion of the thyroid gland is not a general feature of advanced laryngeal carcinoma. There is no need for performing thyroidectomy in all total laryngectomy cases.ObjectivesTo evaluate the frequency of the thyroid gland invasion in patients with advanced laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma submitted to total laryngectomy and thyroidectomy and to determine whether clinical and pathological characteristics of laryngeal carcinoma can predict glandular involvement.MethodsA retrospective case series with chart review, from March 2009 to January 2018, was undertaken in the the Princess Norah Oncology Center, King Abdul-Aziz Medical City, Jeddah/KSA. An inception cohort of 56 patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma was considered. Nine cases were excluded. All patients had advanced stage cancer of the larynx (clinically T3‒T4) and underwent total laryngectomy in association with thyroidectomy. Total thyroidectomy was performed in all bilateral lesions or if there was suspicion of contralateral lobe involvement. Hemithyroidectomy was performed in all lateralized lesions. Retrospective histopathologic analysis of thyroid specimens was subsequently performed. The frequency of thyroid gland invasion was calculated and analysis of demographic, clinical and pathological characteristics associated with thyroid gland invasion was performed.ResultsIn all, 47 patients underwent total laryngectomy (40 treated with primary laryngectomy and seven treated with salvage laryngectomy following radiation failure or chemoradiation failure). Hemithyroidectomy was performed in 42 patients and the total thyroidectomy was performed in five patients. The overall frequency of invasion of the thyroid gland was 4.3%. Glandular involvement was seen in one advanced transglottic squamous cell carcinoma and one subglottic. In spite of thyroid cartilage invasion in 25.5% of cases detected in the preoperative radiological imaging, only one case demonstrated microscopic thyroid gland invasion.ConclusionsThyroidectomy may only be required during total laryngectomy for selected cases of advanced transglottic tumors and tumors with subglottic extension more than 10 mm.     

甲状腺癌侵犯颈段气管的气管缺损与修复

目的总结甲状腺癌侵犯颈段气管的气管缺损修复经验,提高术中气管缺损修复的治疗效果。方法收集2011年8月—2019年2月诊治的32例甲状腺癌侵犯颈段气管患者资料,其中6例术中采用锐性削除受侵气管外壁,8例气管袖式切除+端端吻合,6例胸锁乳突肌锁骨骨膜瓣,8例胸锁乳突肌锁骨骨膜瓣联合生物膜,2例前臂皮瓣+自体软骨移植,2例气管造瘘+Ⅱ期修复。结果6例锐性削除气管外壁患者中,有1例患者术后第6天出现气管瘘,予以换药后出院;余26例患者中,24例于术后6个月内恢复正常呼吸功能,1例前臂皮瓣+自体软骨移植患者术后出现局部气管狭窄,黏痰堵塞,带管生存,1例带蒂胸锁乳突肌骨膜瓣+生物膜患者术后气管局部塌陷伴双侧声带麻痹,带管生存。结论对于侵犯气管的甲状腺癌患者,根据不同的侵犯范围,选取合适的气管切除和缺损气管的修复方式,才能取得较高的手术成功率和较好的治疗效果。     

Surgical treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer with tracheal invasion

Thirty patients with tracheal invasion of differentiated thyroid cancer underwent partial resection of the tracheal wall between 1978 and 1996 at National Cancer Center Hospital. In most cases, the defect in the tracheal wall was reconstructed secondarily using a local flap. This method was easy in comparison with end-to-end anastomosis of the trachea following circumferential resection of the wall. Partial resection of the tracheal wall proved to be a effective treatment for thyroid cancer invasion of the tracheal, because of low incidence of local recurrence. When the defect of the tracheal wall was too large to be reconstructed using a local flap, hydroxylapatite was employed and good results were obtained.     

Surgical strategy of locally advanced differentiated thyroid cancer

Approximately 20% of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) have direct tumor extension with invasion of the surrounding tissues such as the larynx, trachea, esophagus, or recurrent laryngeal nerve. Recent progress of molecular-targeted therapy, such as the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, improves survival outcome in patients with advanced DTC. However, induction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for locally-advanced DTC has presented novel fatal adverse events including fistula in patients with infiltration toward to the trachea, pharynx and esophagus, and fatal bleeding in patients with great vessel invasion. Surgery therefore still has an important role in DTC management, particularly in local control. The surgical strategy for laryngeal/tracheal invasion, which commonly occurs by DTC, is decided according to the extension (depths and area) of the tumor. The “shave procedure” is performed when the tumor has superficially invaded the larynx/trachea. However, intra-luminal extension requires resection and reconstruction of the larynx/trachea wall. Large veins, such as the internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein, are also frequently directly invaded by DTC. Three types of jugular vein reconstruction have been advocated to avoid fatal complications according to bilateral jugular vein ligation. The majority of carotid artery invasion by DTC can be managed with tumor resection of the sub-adventitial layer without reconstruction surgery using an artificial vessel. In this review article, we examine surgery for advanced DTC, showing the surgical strategy toward DTC that has invaded the laryngotracheal, recurrent laryngeal nerve, esophagus/hypopharynx, or great vessels.     

Panel dicussion: The management of advanced laryngotracheal stenosis. Use of the hyoid graft for treatment of laryngotracheal stenosis

The most common cause of laryngotracheal stenosis is trauma. The stenotic area may involve the larynx, subglottis, or trachea. A hyoid bone graft has been used in 22 cases for reconstruction of the stenotic area. The hyoid graft may be used with other concomitant laryngeal procedures. A vascularized sternohyoid — hyoid graft has been used in some cases. Of the 22 cases all but 3 have been successful. The advantages of the hyoid graft are:

• 1 Firm graft to maintain the architecture of the lumen.
• 2 Accessibility in the same operating field.
• 3 Patient's own graft material decreases immune rejection possibility.
• 4 The vascularized pedicle graft decreases possibility of hyoid resorption.

     

Aerodigestive dysfunction secondary to thyroid tumors

Although most thyroid tumors first manifest clinically by a neck mass, several patients with thyroid tumor have been treated whose initial complaint was a disturbance of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Because this association is not well recognized, the diagnosis of a thyroid tumor can be delayed, or even missed until the tumor grows much larger causing other symptoms. A series of 269 patients with thyroid tumors seen at UCLA from 1970-1980 was reviewed. Approximately 16% of these patients sought treatment because of aerodigestive dysfunction such as dyspnea, dysphagia, hoarseness, throat discomfort and hemoptysis. Such symptoms often indicate malignancy of substernal extension of tumor. The management of these tumors is discussed.