经颅多普勒超声在重型颅脑创伤救治中的临床应用

重型颅脑创伤（sTBI）的临床监测手段多以体格检查、影像学检查为主,而这些手段无法迅速有效地诊断、监测sTBI病理生理过程。经颅多普勒超声（TCD）可以无创、实时地测量大脑大动脉的血流状态,获得脑血流动力学信息,通过分析脑血流速度及方向、血管自身调节功能、远端血管阻力变化来监测脑血管狭窄、痉挛程度并评估颅内压、识别脑死亡。本文围绕TCD在sTBI救治中的临床应用综述如下。     

抑郁症患者的脑电图与经颅多普勒超声检查分析

随着现代生活节奏的日益加快，抑郁症发病率正逐渐上升，轻者备受折磨，重者导致轻生，这已成为医学界攻关的一个严峻课题。对抑郁症进行脑电图（EEG）和经颅多普勒超声（TCD）检查分析鲜有报道，我们应用上述方法检查了78名抑郁症患者，现报告如下。     

高血压病的脑诱发电位与经颅多普勒,CT等对照研究：附160例分析

对１６０例高血压病患者进行体感诱发电位、脑干听觉诱发电位检查，按不同性别、年龄分为成年组（３０－５９岁）及老年组（６０－８０岁），与经颅多普勒、ＣＴ脑扫描或磁共振对照研究，探讨其实用价值。体感诱发电位总异常率７３．８％，脑干听觉诱发电位总异常率６５．０％，结论表明诱发电位对发现高血压病患者下脑部病损有重要价值，有利于脑血管疾病的早期防治。     

脑电图、经颅多普勒超声、体感诱发电位检测对昏迷患者脑功能评判的价值

目的探讨脑电图(EEG)、经颅多普勒超声(TCD)、体感诱发电位(SEP)检测对昏迷患者脑功能评判的价值。方法采用EEG、TCD、SEP3种检测方法,对72例昏迷患者(浅昏迷12例,中度昏迷17例,睁眼昏迷4例,深昏迷39例)进行检测脑功能并评分。结果首次检测EEG25例呈电静息、TCD28例无血流信号、SEP26例P14皮质电位消失,均在深昏迷组。复查EEG时17例最终为电静息;另有24例TCD具有振荡波、钉子波频谱改变。脑功能评分:EEGV级42例、Ⅳ级10例、Ⅲ级14例;TCDV级28例、Ⅳ级9例、Ⅲ级6例、Ⅱ级9例;SEPⅢ级27例。死亡28例及多种原因放弃治疗的25例患者以深昏迷组为多。结论昏迷程度越深,EEG、TCD、SEP分级越高,预后越差;EEG、TCD、SEP检测对评价昏迷患者脑功能状态、预测预后提供了客观、可靠的依据。     

经颅多普勒与定量脑电图联合用于缺血性卒中预后的研究进展

缺血性卒中是最常见的脑血管病,具有较高的致残率及病死率。神经影像学检查在卒中的诊断、鉴别诊断和选择诊疗方案中都有重要的临床价值,但在监测卒中后脑缺血的进展及评估预后时有一定局限性。经颅多普勒与定量脑电图都具备无创、易于床旁及动态监测的特点,在临床评估脑血管病及患者脑功能状态方面具有较高的应用价值。本文就经颅多普勒与定量脑电图在缺血性卒中预后评估中的应用价值进行综述,以期为急性期缺血性卒中有效评估患者临床预后以及未来研究方向提供一些参考。     

TCD在监测颅脑损伤后脑血管痉挛中的应用

目的探讨经颅多普勒（TCD）监测在颅脑损伤后脑血管痉挛（CVS）中的应用。方法回顾性分析64例颅脑损伤病人的临床资料,运用TCD连续监测脑血流变化。探讨病人GCS评分和改良Fisher分级与CVS的相关性。结果本组出现不同程度CVS 19例（29.7%）,伤后24 h内表现为脑血流速度增加,伤后3-5 d达高峰,随后逐渐下降。根据GCS评分,轻型、中型、重型颅脑损伤病人中CVS的发生率分别为23.5%、33.3%和83.3%,其CVS的发生率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。改良Fisher分级3级病人发生CVS的比例显著高于2级和4级病人（P〈0.05）。结论 TCD连续监测可早期诊断CVS,并指导治疗,减少缺血性神经功能损害,改善预后。     

神经电生理技术在脓毒症相关性脑病中的应用

脓毒症相关性脑病(sepsis-associated encephalopathy,SAE)是指由全身性炎性反应引起的一种弥漫性大脑功能障碍,在临床上常被漏诊。目前,仍缺乏统一而确定的SAE诊断标准,其诊断主要依据于临床表现、电生理检查及神经影像学检查。神经电生理技术可早于计算机断层摄影术(computed tomography,CT)和磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)等影像学检查监测到SAE患者病情的变化,且具有无创性、可重复进行床旁操作以及快捷的优点。本文对脑电图或连续脑电图监测、体感诱发电位、经颅多普勒超声等神经电生理技术在SAE中的应用进展进行综述。     

蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛实验研究

目的　在兔蛛网膜下腔出血 (SAH)模型上 ,尝试建立经颅多普勒超声 (TCD)及血管造影 ,监测椎基动脉脑血管痉挛 (CVS)的新方法。方法　兔枕大池一次性注血 ,同时行逆行颈总动脉插管椎基动脉造影及开骨窗TCD监测。结果　逆行性脑血管造影能清晰显示椎基底动脉系统 ,注血前后血管直径差异明显 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,平均血流速度注血后明显增快 ,但中、重度痉挛之间基底动脉血流速度变化无明显差异。结论　一侧颈总动脉逆行插管椎基动脉造影 ,操作简便 ,结果可靠。采取开骨窗以提高TCD超声频率的方法 ,可获得兔基底动脉稳定的频谱图并易于重复。     

高颅压患者经颅多普勒超声及体感诱发电位检测

目的 :了解颅内压 (ICP)增高对脑血循环及脑电生理的影响。方法 :对 86例高颅压患者治疗前、后的经颅多普勒超声、体感诱发电位、脑压及血压进行对比研究。结果 :ICP轻度升高脑血流速度增快 ,ICP中重度升高血流速度迅速减慢 ;SEP各波潜伏期延长 ,波幅降低 ,以N2 0 最明显。结论 :ICP与PI、RI、潜伏期、波幅有显著相关性 ,TCD及SEP所测得参数改变可间接推断ICP变化 ,并有助于病情及预后的判断     

经颅多普勒超声检查对蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的诊断价值

目的探讨经颅多普勒超声(TCD)检查对蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后脑血管痉挛(CVS)的诊断价值。方法应用TCD对30例SAH患者脑血流状况进行动态监测,并结合临床表现、头颅影像学资料进行分析。结果经TCD证实,本组17例(56.7%)发生CVS,其中10例无症状,7例出现CVS症状。头颅CTFisher分级中,Ⅲ、Ⅳ级SAH患者中CVS的发生率明显高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ级(均P<0.05)。结论TCD监测是早期发现SAH后CVS的一种敏感的检查手段。     

Short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials in brain death

Summary Simultaneous recording of somatosensory evoked potentials to median nerve stimulation above the upper and lower neck in brain-dead patients revealed that all cervical responses were preserved in 10%, whereas a marked reduction in amplitude or even loss of N 13b at the level of the C2 spinous process was observed in 90%. Of the patients, 55% revealed an additional loss of N 13a, recorded at the level of the C7 spinous process; in 15% all cortical and spinal evoked potentials were missing, but Erb's point waves were still normal. These results suggest two different origins of the main negative waves (N 13a and N 13b), recorded above the upper and lower cervical spinal cord. N 13a (C7) is supposed to arise in the dorsal horn at the C6/7 level, N 13b (C2) in the cervicomedullary junction.     

Persistence of isolated flow in the internal carotid artery in brain death

The criteria for the confirmation of brain death (BD) using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) state that flow should not be observed in the internal carotid artery (ICA). In 94 brain-dead patients examined by TCD, 19 (20%) had flow in the ICA despite cerebral circulatory arrest. There was no difference in the clinical characteristics of patients with or without isolated flow in the ICA. Shunting of blood from the ICA into the external carotid system or the arrest of blood flow at a higher level than the carotid siphon may explain our findings. Our results show that the current TCD criteria can result in a high rate of false negatives. We suggest that the TCD criteria for the diagnosis of brain death should be reviewed.     

脑电图在评估脑死亡中的应用

目的评价脑电图(EEG)在判定脑死亡中的作用。方法选择浙江省各大医院临床诊断为脑死亡患者88例。其中男性54例,女性34例,年龄16～82岁,平均(43．6±18．5)岁。采用意大利EB Neuro公司Belight便携式脑电图仪,按国际10／20标准,用针电极进行描记,对88例临床诊断脑死亡患者相隔12 h行2次EEG检测。结果以脑电静息,即不出现>2μV的脑波活动作为脑死亡的EEG诊断标准。88例中有81例(92．04％)患者在相隔12 h行2次EEG检查,其结果均呈脑电静息表现。其中6例(6．82％)患者EEG检查存在低幅脑波活动。另1例(1．14％)首次EEG检查干扰太大影响结果判断,间隔12 h检查即显示脑电静息。结论EEG用于评估脑死亡具有较高的敏感性,在严格控制仪器参数及检测条件和动态观察的情况下,可将其作为判断脑死亡的一项重要辅助检查手段。     

Transcranial Doppler ultrasound in brain death: Experience in 140 patients

Abstract

The interpretation of clinical tests for brain death is often complicated by the presence of facial trauma, or the use of barbiturate therapy for reduction of intracranial pressure. We propose a non-invasive technique – transcranial Doppler (TCD) sonography for the diagnosis of brain death. One hundred and forty comatose patients, 111 of whom were believed to be brain dead underwent TCD examinations. TCD assessments of the middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) and the basilar artery were performed before formal clinical testing for brain death. The TCD spectra recorded in the brain dead (BD) patients consisted of short, sharp systolic peaks followed by retrograde flow during diastole or just systolic peaks with absent flow in either direction. There were no survivors among patients who displayed these two TCD patterns. The 29 comatose control patients always showed flow throughout the cardiac cycle – no retrograde flow was ever recorded in these patients all of whom survived. Of particular interest were the basilar artery results. In nine BD patients no MCA signals could be obtained while good quality signals were recorded from the basilar artery. The TCD results agreed essentially with 100% accuracy with clinical testing and four vessel cerebral angiography. This paper illustrates the usefulness of TCD examination of the MCAs and especially the basilar artery in the diagnosis of brain death.     

体感诱发电位对重型颅脑创伤患者预后预测作用的Meta分析

目的 分析体感诱发电位对重型颅脑创伤患者预后的评估作用.方法 将1980,1月～2012,4月发表在MEDLINE,EMBASE,OVID,Cochrane libraries数据库中相关的英文文献进行汇总和Meta分析,并将体感诱发电位对预后的评估价值与格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS评分)做比较.结果 检索共发现10篇文献符合入选标准并纳入meta分析,其中6篇进行了与GCS评分比较.体感诱发电位预测良好预后的灵敏度为0.69(95％ CI,0.63～0.74)、特异度0.73(95％CI,0.68-0.78)、阳性似然比2.71 (95％ CI,1.77～4.15);对不良预后的预测灵敏度为0.58(95％ CI,0.50 ～0.66),特异度0.82(95％CI,0.77 ～0.86),阳性似然比3.61(95％ CI,2.38-5.47).分析发现体感诱发电位在预测患者预后时特异度高于GCS评分,其中对不良预后预测的灵敏度与GCS相当,但对良好预后预测的灵敏度不如GCS.结论 体感诱发电位对重型颅脑创伤患者预后有良好的预测价值.     

Time dependent validity in the diagnosis of brain death using transcranial Doppler sonography

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the validity of transcranial Doppler (TCD) in confirming brain death from various pathological conditions. METHODS: An observational case-control study over a 2.5 year period, in which transcranial Doppler (TCD) examinations were done on 101 comatose patients for confirmation of brain death. Between October 2002 to May 2005, 44 clinically diagnosed brain death cases (29 male, 15 female; mean (SD) age, 46.5 (19.5) years; Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, 3.0 (0.0)) and 57 controls (36 male, 21 female; age 48.1 (16.5) years; mean GCS, 4.9 (1.7)) were examined. Reverse diastolic flow, very small systolic spikes, or no signals were considered characteristic of cerebral circulatory arrest. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of TCD examination of both the basilar artery and the middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) in confirming brain death were 77.2% and 100%, respectively. The sensitivity of TCD-diagnosed brain death increased with elapsed time. There was a trend for the basilar artery to have greater sensitivity (86.4% v 77.2%), higher positive predictive value (90.5% v 85.1%), and fewer false negatives (14% v 23.7%) than the MCAs for diagnosing brain death (all NS). The consistency of the basilar artery and the MCAs for diagnosing brain death was significant (kappa=0.877, p<0.001 and kappa=0.793, p<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: TCD can be a confirmatory tool for diagnosing brain death. The validity of TCD diagnosed brain death depends on the time lapse between brain death and the performance of TCD. TCD of both the basilar artery and the MCAs showed significant consistency in brain death diagnosis.     

Preserved cortical somatosensory evoked potentials in apnoeic coma with loss of brain-stem reflexes: case report

A comatose patient suffering from diffuse cerebellar haemorrhage developed apnoea and brainstem areflexia, i.e. the clincial signs of brain death. However, median nerve somatosensory evoked potential testing 2.5 h and 22 h after the onset of this clinical syndrome showed cortical potentials partly preserved; these were abolished 46 h after the beginning of the clinical signs of brain death. This case report underlines the need for electrophysiological confirmation of brain death in patients with primarily infratentorial lesions.