胃酸在十二指肠液反流诱发食管腺癌中的作用

目的　探讨胃酸在十二指肠液反流诱发食管腺癌 (EAC)过程中的作用。方法　采用SD大鼠 ,通过手术产生三个实验组 :胃食管反流 (GER)组、十二指肠食管反流 (DER)组以及十二指肠胃食管反流 (DGER)组 ,并设无反流的假手术 (SO)对照组。术后 2 0周观察各组动物食管黏膜病变。结果　SO组未见明显病理学改变。各反流组均引发不同程度的食管炎。DER和DGER组基底细胞增生、鳞状上皮不典型增生和溃疡发生率显著高于GER组 (P <0 .0 1)。GER组没有出现Barrett’s食管 (BE)和食管腺癌 (EAC)。DER和DGER组BE发生率分别为 91.4 %和 84 .4 % ,EAC发生率分别为 2 5 .7%和5 3.1% ,均显著高于GER组 (P <0 .0 1)。DGER组EAC发生率显著高于DER组 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　胃、十二指肠液反流均造成食管黏膜损伤 ,后者更为严重 ;十二指肠液反流在BE、EAC发展中发挥着尤为关键性的作用 ;胃酸在十二指肠液反流诱发EAC过程中起促进作用 ,显著增加十二指肠液反流诱发EAC的危险性     

十二指肠胃食管反流在胃食管反流病中的作用

目的　研究十二指肠胃食管反流 (DGER)在胃食管反流病发病机制中的作用及其对非糜烂性反流病 (NERD)的诊断价值。方法　 95例患者根据内镜检查的结果分为反流性食管炎和NERD组 ,对其均进行 2 4h食管 pH和胆汁联合监测。 结果　反流性食管炎患者DGER的各项指标 :吸光度值 >0 14时间百分比 (% )、总反流次数和反流 >5min的次数分别为 19 0 5± 2 3 4 4、30 5 6±34 0 4和 5 90± 6 37,均显著高于NERD组相应的 7 2 6± 11 0 8、15 6 8± 2 0 92和 2 5 9± 3 5 7(P <0 0 5 ) ,而酸反流差异无显著性 ,随着反流性食管炎的程度加重DGER发生率增高 ;18 2 %的NERD患者存在单纯DGER ,联合胆汁监测可使NERD诊断阳性率由 6 5 9%升高到 84 1%。结论　DGER可以单独发生 ,在引起反流性食管黏膜损伤或症状方面都有作用 ,2 4h食管 pH和胆汁联合监测有助于NERD的诊断。     

核素扫描与胆红素同步监测诊断胃内胆汁反流

十二指肠胃反流(duodenogastric reflux，DGR)是消化道常见的一种病理生理现象，指十二指肠内容物包括胆汁、胰液、十二指肠液反流到胃内。多年来胆汁反流一直缺乏准确和理想的检测方法，目前常用的方法各有优缺点.其中核素扫描和胆红素监测两种方法的应用较为肯定，但相关的对比研究国内外开展的不多。本研究通过这两种方法的对比旨在探讨对胆汁反流的诊断价值。     

胃酸和十二指肠胃食管反流在非糜烂性反流病中的作用

背景:胃酸和十二指肠胃食管反流(DGER)在我国非糜烂性反流病(NERD)患者发病中的作用尚不清楚。目的:探讨胃酸和DGER在NERD发病中的作用。方法:选取在消化专科门诊连续就诊的具有烧心和(或)反酸等反流症状的所有患者为研究对象,所有入选者填写一份问卷后,依顺序行胃镜检查、24h食管pH监测和24h食管胆汁联合监测。结果:共有82例NERD患者入选,平均年龄为42.7岁±11.7岁。其中,24例(29.3%)24h食管pH监测阳性[NERDpH(+)],58例(70.7%)24h食管pH监测阴性[NERDpH(-)];43例(52.4%)为DGER阳性,39例(47.6%)为DGER阴性。联合监测结果为,82例患者中15例(18.3%)病理性酸反流与DGER并存,9例(11.0%)存在单一的病理性酸反流,28例(34.1%)存在单一的DGER,30例(36.6%)则无病理性酸反流,且DGER阴性。采用24h食管pH监测组对NERD的诊断率为29.3%,而联合24h食管胆汁监测,则NERD的诊断率升高到63.4%。24例NERDpH(+)者中,15例(62.5%)存在DGER;58例NERDpH(-)者中,28例(48.3%)存在DGER;NERDpH(+)组与NERDpH(-)组DGER发生率无显著性差异(χ2=1.377,P=0.241)。结论:NERD的病理性酸反流比例相对较低,联合24h食管pH和胆汁监测可明显提高NERD的诊断率,DGER在NERD中的作用地位不容忽视。     

食管pH和胆汁监测用于十二指肠胃食管反流的诊断及对治疗的评价

目的探讨十二指肠胃食管反流(DGER)的诊断方法和胆汁反流在胃食管反流病(GERD)中的临床意义.方法用便携式pH监测仪及胆红素监测仪(Bilitec 2000)对20例健康人及52例有烧心、反酸等症状的患者行24 h食管腔内pH和胆红素同步监测,以光吸收值≥0.14作为发生胆汁反流的阈值,计算24 h反流总时间%等指标.并对15例酸和胆汁混合反流者用铝碳酸镁加西沙必利治疗4周,然后复查两项监测.结果20例健康人中未发现病理性酸反流,52例患者中有47例(包括食管炎12例)存在病理性酸反流,诊为GERD.胆汁反流总时间%在健康人组及反流症状组分别为(0.47±0.71)%及(2.67±3.23)%(P＜0.05),在食管炎及非食管炎者分别为(5.41±4.93)%及(1.68±1.76)%(P＜0.05).47例GERD中15例(32%)为酸及胆汁混合反流,另32例为单纯酸反流,前者有食管炎8例而后者仅为4例(P＜0.05).15例混合反流经治疗后酸和胆汁反流总时间%均明显降低,8例食管炎中有7例炎症消退,1例减轻.结论Bilitec 2000是评价DGER的有用工具,32%的GERD存在酸和胆汁混合反流;胆汁反流在GERD食管黏膜损害中起重要作用.     

胃十二指肠混合反流在食管黏膜损伤中的作用

胃食管反流病 (GERD)临床常见。研究表明 ,近 5 0 %有反流症状的患者有食管黏膜损伤即反流性食管炎 (RE)。胃酸能导致食管炎 ,但十二指肠胃食管反流 (DGER)在食管黏膜损伤中的作用尚存有争议[1] 。本文对有典型胃食管反流症状伴食管黏膜损伤和无食管黏膜损伤的患者进行同步食管 2 4hpH及胆汁监测。旨在了解混合反流在食管黏膜损伤中的作用。一、对象与方法1.对象 :正常对照组 10例 ,无任何胃食管反流症状 ,上消化道内镜检查无异常发现。 4 3例有典型胃食管反流症状(烧心或反食或两者并存 )患者 ,根据内镜检查结果和LA内镜下食管炎的分…     

应用(99m)~Tc p-Butyl-iminodiacetic acid作为十二指肠胃反流的非侵入性检查

胃次全切除术后伴消化不良、上腹痛、恶心、胆汁性呕吐等症状者,认为与十二指肠内容物反流入胃而致胃粘膜屏障明显受损有关。客观地测定十二指肠胃反流可有多种方法,但均为侵入性而又不够精确,另外这些方法均需插胃管或作胃镜检查,这两个操作本身即可导致反流。本文报告应用~(99m)Tc p-Butyl-iminodiacetic acid(~(99m)Tc p-Butyl-IDA)测定十二指肠胃反流的方法和结果。方法受试者空腹过夜后仰卧于肝胆闪烁扫描机下,有准直器(Collimator)的r照相与经过磁带记录的电子计算机相连。扫描范围包括心脏下缘、胃、十二指肠及肝脏。静注2mCi的~(99m)Tc p-Butyl-IDA后,每5     

十二指肠胃食管反流研究进展

胃和 (或 )十二指肠内容物反流入食管产生症状或并发症时 ,称为胃食管反流病 (ＧＥＲＤ)。十二指肠内容物经幽门反流入胃内称为十二指肠胃反流 (ＤＧＲ) ,如进一步反流入食管则形成十二指肠胃食管反流(ＤＧＥＲ) ,若反流量大、频率高、持续时间长 ,则可能引起病理性损害。现就十二指肠胃食管反流的病因和致病机制、临床意义、检测方法及防治措施作以下综述。　　十二指肠胃食管反流的病因和致病机制若发生十二指肠胃食管反流则首先要有十二指肠胃反流 ,许多结构或功能紊乱均可引起十二指肠胃反流 ,如胃部分切除术后、胃十二指肠运动异常、胆…     

胃酸和十二指肠胃食管反流在Barrett‘s食管中的作用

目的 研究胃食管反流（GER）和十二指肠胃食管反流（DGER）在Barrett's食管发生中的作用。方法 20例经内镜和组织学诊断的Barrett's食管患者及10例内镜检查正常的无症状健康自愿者,经一整夜空腹后,以Bilitec2000胆反流和pH监测仪24h同步监测食管pH值和胆红素浓度。结果 Barrett's食管酸暴露总时间百分及经胆红素吸收值≥0.14为胆反流的时间百分较对照组显著增高,酸反流和DGER同时存在占Barrett's食管食管中的绝大部分（65％）,而其中4例有并发症的Barrett's食管则全部存在混合反流,大部分DGER事件发生pH＜4的环境中。结论 酸反流和DGER在Barrett's食管中发生率高且大部分反流同时发生,酸和DEGR在Barrett's食管发生中可能起协同作用。     

十二指肠液反流对食管上皮的病理学影响及铝碳酸镁的保护作用

近年研究发现 ,十二指肠胃食管反流 (duodenogas troesophagealreflux ,DGER)与重度反流性食管炎 (RE)、Bar rett食管、食管腺癌形成密切相关[1] 。本实验利用SD大鼠制备十二指肠食管反流模型 (DER) ,应用铝碳酸镁进行药物干预 ,探讨十二指肠液反流对食管上皮的病理学影响及铝碳酸镁的保护作用。一、材料和方法1.实验动物及材料 :雄性SD大鼠 16 0只 ,体重 2 2 0～ 2 80g。 2 0只为正常空白对照 (C组 ) ,14 0只行全胃切除 +食管空肠吻合术。铝碳酸镁由德国拜耳公司提供 (商品名 :达喜 ,5 0 0mg/片 ) ,以生理盐水配成混悬液。2 .动物模…     

Comparison of gastric aspiration and HIDA scintigraphy in detecting fasting duodenogastric bile reflux

Gastric aspiration and HIDA scintigraphy have been compared to assess duodenogastric bile reflux. Gastric aspiration was performed on two separate occasions with a total examination time of 3 h. The highest 1-h output and the highest concentration of bile acids were recorded. HIDA scintigraphy was carried out for 90 min after an injection of 60 MBq 99mTc-dimethyl-iminodiacetic acid (HIDA). Forty-six patients with different gastrointestinal disorders were studied; 24 patients were positive and 13 negative in both tests. Accordingly, the methods agreed in 37 to 46 patients (80.4%). It is concluded that gastric aspiration is as reliable as HIDA scintigraphy to assess fasting bile reflux.     

Duodenogastric Reflux before and after Surgical or Medical Therapy for Duodenal Ulcer

Duodenogastric reflux was studied in 48 duodenal ulcer patients before and after medical (n = 8) or surgical therapy with either combined truncal vagotomy and gastrojejunostomy (n = 13) or pyloroplasty (n = 12), Polya partial gastrectomy (n = 8), or highly selective vagotomy (n = 7). Seven healthy subjects served as controls. The reflux was assessed both by using 99mTc diethyliminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scintigraphy and by measuring intragastric bile acid levels following endoscopic gastric juice aspiration. Before therapy, duodenal ulcer patients had significantly higher intragastric bile acid concentrations than did normal subjects (p less than 0.001). After truncal vagotomy and drainage, or partial gastrectomy, bile acid levels increased significantly, whereas they remained unchanged after medical therapy. Conversely, they were found to be significantly decreased after highly selective vagotomy. The results of HIDA scan measurements were compatible with those of gastric juice bile acids. We conclude that surgical treatment for duodenal ulcer by highly selective vagotomy is the only form of therapy, among the types considered, that leads to a reduction in duodenogastric reflux. It is of interest that medical therapy of the duodenal ulcer does not improve abnormal duodenogastric reflux, possibly contributing to both the failure of the medical treatment and recurrence of the ulcer.     

Quantitative evaluation of bile diversion surgery utilizing 99mTc HIDA scintigraphy

This is a report of 21 patients presenting with epigastric pain, bilious vomiting, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, iron-deficiency anemia, and weight loss, who had undergone Billroth II gastrectomy from 3 to 35 yr earlier. Eighteen of 21 patients were found to have significant enterogastric reflux indices varying from 60% to 95% demonstrated by 99mTc HIDA scintigraphy. Thirteen patients had diversion antireflux surgery in the form of a Roux-en-Y procedure, and 1 patient had a Henley loop jejunal interposition. Postoperative 99mTc HIDA scintigraphic studies showed the enterogastric reflux indices to have decreased significantly to a range of 2%-26% (p less than 0.00001). There was marked improvement of symptoms, including correction of anemia and weight gain in those patients who had been anemic or who had sustained earlier weight loss. The enterogastric reflux indices of 10 asymptomatic control patients after Billroth II gastrectomy ranged from 4% to 45%. 99mTc HIDA scintigraphy is useful in evaluating patients before and after bile diversion surgery, and demonstrates the quantitative decrease in enterogastric reflux after such surgery.     

胆汁反流检测在胃食管反流病中的意义

目的 研究食管胆汁反流的发生情况,探讨其与酸、碱反流的关系及其对胃食管反流病（ＧＥＲＤ）的诊断意义。方法 应用便携式２４小时ｐＨ监测仪及胆汁监测仪同步检测反流性食管炎（ＲＥ）、胃切除术后者及健康志愿者共３４例的食管内２４小时ｐＨ变化及胆汁反流情况。结果 ＲＥ组食管酸暴露时间比对照组及胃手术后组均显著增加。各组间ｐＨ〉８总时间百分比结果相似,均较低。食管胆汁反流用胆红素吸收值≥０．１４的时间百分比表     

胆汁在胃食管反流病中的作用

随着24 h食管pH监测和胆汁监测技术的开展,胃、十二指肠液混合反流在胃食管反流病(GERD)的发生、发展中的作用已被逐步认识.胆汁反流在GERD发病过程中所扮演的角色,成为近年来人们研究的焦点之一.基础研究证明胆汁在不同酸碱环境、不同浓度对食管黏膜的损伤作用是不同的.不少临床试验对GERD进行研究发现,胆汁反流与症状和食管损伤严重度存在一定关系,但研究结果不尽一致,胆汁在GERD中的作用仍有争议.明确胆汁在GERD中的作用,有助于为预防此类疾病开辟新的道路.本文就有关胆汁反流在胃食管反流病中的作用的研究进展作一综述.     

Importance of duodeno-gastro-esophageal reflux in the medical outpatient practice

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The role of acid and duodeno-gastro-esophageal reflux (DGER), also termed bile reflux, in esophageal mucosal injury is controversial. Several recent developments, especially availability of the recent bilirubin monitoring device (Bilitec), have resulted in clarifications in this area. In order to better understand the role of acid and DGER in esophageal mucosal injury, we summarized the recent publications in this area. METHODOLOGY: Review of published medical literature (MEDLINE) on the clinical consequence of esophageal exposure to gastric acid or DGER. RESULTS: Recent data suggest that esophageal pH monitoring and pH > 7 is a poor marker for reflux of duodenal contents into the esophagus. DGER in non-acidic environments (i.e., partial gastrectomy patients) may cause symptoms but does not cause esophageal mucosal injury. Acid and duodenal contents usually reflux into the esophagus simultaneously, and may be contributing to the development of Barrett's metaplasia and possibly adenocarcinoma. Proton pump inhibitors decrease acid and DGER by reducing intragastric volume available for reflux and raising intragastric pH. The promotility agent cisapride decreases DGER by increasing LES pressure and improving gastric emptying. CONCLUSIONS: 1) The term "alkaline reflux" is a misnormer and should no longer be used in referring to reflux of duodenal contents. 2) Bilitec is the method of choice in detecting DGER and should always be used simultaneously with esophageal pH-monitoring for acid reflux. 3) DGER alone is not injurious to esophageal mucosa, but can result in significant esophageal mucosal injury when combined with acid reflux. 4) Therefore, controlling esophageal exposure to acid reflux by using proton pump inhibitors also eliminates the potentially damaging effect of DGER.     

Role of duodenogastroesophageal reflux in the pathogenesis of esophageal mucosal injury and gastroesophageal reflux symptoms.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) usually suffer from acid reflux and duodenogastroesophageal reflux (DGER) simultaneously. The question of whether DGER has an important effect on the development of GERD remains controversial. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of DGER in the pathogenesis of GERD and its value for the diagnosis of nonerosive reflux disease (NERD). METHODS: GERD was initially diagnosed using the reflux disease questionnaire. For further diagnosis, results of the upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (excluding a diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus) were considered in conjunction with simultaneous 24 h esophageal pH and bilirubin monitoring. RESULTS: According to endoscopic findings, 95 patients (43 men, 50+/-10 years of age) were divided into two groups: the reflux esophagitis (RE) group (n=51) and the NERD group (n=44). Three DGER parameters, the percentage of time with absorbance greater than 0.14, the total number of reflux episodes and the number of bile reflux episodes lasting longer than 5 min, were evaluated in the study. For the RE group, the values of the DGER parameters (19.05%+/-23.44%, 30.56+/-34.04 and 5.90+/-6.37, respectively) were significantly higher than those of the NERD group (7.26%+/-11.08%, 15.68+/-20.92 and 2.59+/-3.57, respectively, P<0.05 for all) but no significant difference was found in acid reflux. Of NERD patients, 18.5% were diagnosed with simple DGER. The positive diagnosis rate of NERD could be significantly elevated from 65.9% to 84.1% (P<0.05), if bilirubin monitoring was employed in diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: DGER may occur independently but plays an important role in the development of RE and GERD symptoms. Simultaneous 24 h esophageal pH and bilirubin monitoring is superior to simple pH monitoring in helping identify patients at risk for NERD.     

Bile and acid reflux in long and short segment Barrett's esophagus, and in reflux disease

Gastroesophageal acid reflux (GER) is the primary risk factor for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). In long segment Barrett's esophagus (LSBE) duodenogastroesophageal reflux (DGER) parallels acid reflux. The role of GER and DGER in short segment Barrett's esophagus (SSBE) remains to be determined. The aim of the present prospective study was to investigate the esophageal bile and acid reflux in patients with LSBE, SSBE and patients with GERD. Three groups of patients were studied: Patients with LSBE (n = 12), SSBE (n = 20) and patients with GERD without intestinal metaplasia (n = 33). Subjects underwent esophageal manometry and simultaneous 24-h pH and bile monitoring (Bilitec 2000). The thresholds for GER and DGER were a deMeester score > 14.7 and an absorbance value > 0.2 for 10.9% of total period, respectively. GER did not differ between the groups (p > 0.05). However, DGER differed between patients with LSBE, SSBE and GERD (14.7 vs 2.1 vs 2.1, respectively; p < 0.05). H. pylori status did not influence GER and DGER significantly. In contrast to patients with LSBE the DGER does not seem to play an important role in patients with SSBE and patients with GERD. This result indicates a different etiopathology of both long and short segment Barrett's esophagus.     

The Role of (Duodeno)gastroesophagopharyngeal Reflux in Unexplained Excessive Throat Phlegm

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER), through the occurrence of gastroesophagopharyngeal reflux (GEPR), is an established cause of several otorhinolaryngological (ORL) manifestations. It has been suggested that unexplained excessive throat phlegm might also be a manifestation of GER, but formal evidence is lacking. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of GER as well as duodenogastroesophageal reflux (DGER) in consecutive patients with chronic complaints of excessive throat phlegm. Fifty-nine consecutive patients with chronic unexplained excessive throat phlegm, transparent in 33 patients (TTP) and yellow in 26 patients (YTP), underwent gastrointestinal endoscopy, 24-hr dual esophageal pH monitoring, and fiberoptic DGER monitoring. Proximal esophageal DGER monitoring was performed in seven YTP patients and analysis of bile acids in throat phlegm was performed on 16 samples. The effect of high-dose acid suppressive therapy was evaluated at 2-week intervals. Endoscopy and pH monitoring established a diagnosis of pathological GER in 75% of the patients. Pathological DGER was present in 56% of the patients and this was associated with YTP. Proximal DGER exposure was high in all investigated subjects and chemical analysis revealed a median bile acid concentration of 0.184 M in nine YTP samples and no detectable bile acids in seven TTP samples. After a median of 4 weeks of acid suppressive therapy, most patients improved and 61% became asymptomatic. YTP patients were more likely to require maintenance acid suppressive therapy than TTP patients. Unexplained excessive throat phlegm is a sign suggestive of GER and GEPR, and unexplained yellow throat phlegm a sign suggestive of duodenogastroesophagopharyngeal reflux (DGEPR).     

The role of acid and duodenal gastroesophageal reflux in symptomatic GERD

OBJECTIVE: Mixed reflux of acid and duodenal contents frequently occurs in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The aim of this study was to establish the contribution of acid and duodenal gastroesophageal reflux (DGER) to symptoms in patients with presumed GERD. METHODS: A total of 72 patients (37 women), mean age 45 yr (+/-2 yr), underwent 24-h ambulatory pH and Bilitec monitoring. Patients pressed a marker button when experiencing typical symptoms. For each symptom episode, minimal pH and maximal bilirubin optical density in a 2- or 4-min interval were calculated. For each patient, the symptom index (SI) and symptom-association probability for acid and for bile reflux were determined. RESULTS: A total of 544 symptom episodes were identified. Using a 2-min interval, 28% were associated with acid reflux, 9% with DGER, and 12% with mixed reflux. No significant difference was found when a 4-min interval was used. A positive SI for acid reflux was present in 21% of the patients and for DGER in 14%. All patients with a positive SI for DGER had also a positive SI for acid reflux. A positive symptom-association probability for acid reflux was present in 22% of the patients, for DGER in 7% of the patients, and for mixed reflux in 10% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Symptom episodes in patients with presumed GERD are more related to acid reflux than to DGER. DGER does not play a major role in producing typical esophageal symptoms.