高龄老年人发生持续急性肾损伤危险因素及临床特点分析

目的了解短暂急性肾损伤(AKI)与持续AKI发生率;比较两组AKI患者的临床特征,分析老年人发生持续AKI相关危险因素。 方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2018年12月就诊于解放军总医院国家老年疾病临床医学研究中心≥75岁住院患者的病例资料744例。根据发生AKI后48 h时血肌酐(Scr)恢复情况将患者分为短暂AKI与持续AKI进行分析。采用SPSS 17.0软件进行统计分析。多因素Logistic回归分析老年人发生持续AKI的相关危险因素。 结果744例老年AKI患者中,男性701例,占94.2%,中位年龄88 (84～91)岁。8.3%的患者为短暂AKI (62/744),91.7%的患者为持续AKI (682/744)。两组患者比较,持续AKI患者较短暂AKI患者的高血压病史比例高(72.4%与83.9%, P＝0.041) ,90 d病死率高(37.4%与8.1%, P<0.001)、AKI 3期所占比例高(33.1%与8.1%, P<0.001),确诊时Scr (130.0与116.1 μmol/L, P<0.001)、Scr峰值(147.6与117.9 μmol/L, P<0.001)、血尿素氮(13.1与9.3 mmol/L, P<0.001)、尿酸(368.1与338.3 μmol/L, P＝0.006)、血钠(141与138 mmol/L, P<0.001)水平高。持续AKI患者伴有机械通气(42.5%与12.9%, P<0.001)、低蛋白血症(34.1±5.6与36.1±5.3 g/L, P＝0.006)、贫血(111±22与119±20 g/L, P＝0.009)等情况明显增多。多因素Logistic回归分析显示：Scr峰值(OR＝1.011; 95%CI: 1.004～1.019; P＝0.002)、血钠高(OR＝1.055; 95% CI: 1.015～1.097; P＝0.007)、机械通气(OR＝2.912; 95%CI: 1.334～6.357; P＝0.007)是高龄老年患者发生持续AKI的独立危险因素。 结论高龄老年患者持续AKI的发生率高达92%,早期诊断和治疗危险因素可减少肾脏的持续损伤。     

老年脓毒症相关急性肾损伤后肾功能恢复及危险因素分析

目的了解老年脓毒症相关急性肾损伤(sepsis-associated acute kidney injury, SA-AKI)患者的肾功能恢复率、临床特点及危险因素。 方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2019年12月就诊于解放军总医院国家老年疾病临床医学研究中心≥75岁的SA-AKI患者的临床资料。根据出院时肌酐(serum creatinine,Scr)恢复情况,患者分为恢复组(出院时Scr≤125%基线值)和未恢复组(出院时Scr>125%基线值)。AKI定义和诊断标准采用2012年改善全球肾脏病预后组织(Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes,KDIGO)制定的标准。持续型AKI定义为AKI发生48 h时Scr无下降(>基线Scr水平)。 结果192例患者中位年龄为87(84～90)岁,男性183例,占95.3%。患者出院时21.9%(42/192)患者肾功能未恢复,78.1%(150/192)肾功能恢复。肾功能恢复组与未恢复组相比,性别比例(P<0.05)、基线Scr(P<0.001)和基础eGFR(P<0.001)差异有统计学意义。肾功能未恢复组患者AKI确诊时Scr(P<0.05)、Scr峰值(P<0.001)水平较高,肾脏替代治疗(P<0.05)和机械通气(P<0.001)需要率明显增加,持续型AKI所占比例高(P<0.001)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示两组在基础eGFR(70～79: OR＝0.258,95%CI：0.088～0.757,P<0.05;80～89: OR＝0.132,95%CI：0.041～0.421,P＝0.001;≥90：OR＝0.096,95%CI：0.015～0.627,P＝0.014)、机械通气(OR＝6.715;95%CI：2.665～16.918;P<0.001)和持续型AKI(OR＝6.706;95%CI：2.741～16.404;P<0.001)等方面差异显著。 结论高龄老年SA-AKI患者肾功能大多数可恢复,基础eGFR升高是高龄老年SA-AKI患者肾功能恢复的保护因素,机械通气和持续型AKI是高龄老年SA-AKI患者肾功能恢复的危险因素。     

老年患者胃癌根治术后急性肾损伤的危险因素

目的 分析老年患者胃癌根治术后急性肾损伤(AKI)的危险因素。方法 回顾性收集接受胃癌根治手术老年患者691例的临床资料,男563例,女128例,年龄≥65岁,ASAⅠ—Ⅲ级。临床资料包括性别、年龄、体重、BMI、ASA分级、吸烟及饮酒史、术前合并症、手术时间、术中用药情况、术中液体出入量、术中尿量、术后住院时间、总住院时间等。根据患者术后是否发生AKI分为两组：AKI组和非AKI组。采用多因素Logistic回归分析发生术后AKI的危险因素。结果 有16例(2.3%)患者发生术后AKI。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,合并冠心病(OR=5.587,95%CI 1.355～23.029,P=0.017)和术中尿量减少(OR=0.997,95%CI 0.995～1.000,P=0.023)是老年患者胃癌根治术后AKI的独立危险因素。结论 术前合并冠心病及术中尿量减少是老年胃癌根治术患者术后发生AKI的独立危险因素。     

结直肠癌患者术后急性肾损伤的相关因素分析

目的分析影响结直肠癌患者术后发生急性肾功能损伤(AKI)的相关因素。方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2021年6月在郑州大学附属肿瘤医院接受结直肠癌手术376例患者的临床资料, 根据改善全球肾脏病预后组织AKI诊断标准将患者分为AKI组(n=29)和非AKI组(n=347), 比较两组患者的人口学信息、围手术期状况、实验室检查结果, 采用多因素Logistic分析结直肠癌患者术后发生AKI的独立危险因素。结果 376例患者中有29例(7.7%)患者术后发生AKI。多因素分析显示:术前合并高血压(OR=3.487, 95%CI:1.081～11.251, P=0.037)、术前贫血(OR=3.158, 95%CI:1.114～8.953, P=0.031)、术中输注晶体量不足(OR=0.998, 95%CI:0.997～0.999, P=0.007)、术中最低平均动脉压值较低(OR=0.915, 95%CI:0.863～0.970, P=0.003)及术后Hb中～重度下降(OR=4.105, 95%CI:1.487～11.335, P=0.006)是结直肠癌患者术后发生AKI的独立危险因素...     

心脏瓣膜置换患者术后急性肾损伤风险预测模型的建立与验证

目的建立心脏瓣膜置换术后急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury, AKI)的风险预测模型并进行验证。方法选择2016年1月1日至2021年12月31日在徐州市中心医院接受心脏瓣膜置换术的患者为研究对象, 采用Logistic回归模型筛选患者发生AKI的独立危险因素, 并建立列线图预测模型。采用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)、校准曲线及决策曲线分析法(DCA)对预测模型进行验证。结果共619例心脏瓣膜置换患者入选本研究, 其中术后发生AKI 74例(11.95%)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示, 高龄(OR=3.826, 95%CI 2.267～6.458)、合并高血压(OR=2.376, 95%CI 1.162～4.861)、体外循环时间延长(OR=1.049, 95%CI 1.024～1.074)、血白细胞计数升高(OR=1.066, 95%CI 1.027～1.106)、血小板计数降低(OR=0.994, 95%CI 0.990～0.997)及淋巴细胞比例降低(OR=0.873, 95%CI 0.774～0.985)是心脏瓣膜置换患者术后发生AKI的独立危险...     

老年住院患者急性肾损伤的临床特点

目的 探讨院内老年急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)患者的临床特点.方法 本研究收集2015年1月至2015年12月首都医科大学附属北京潞河医院住院期间发生AKI患者的临床资料,分析老年患者发生AKI的临床特点.结果 共纳入202例院内AKI患者,老年AKI患者103例,死亡率44.66％,非老年AKI患者99例,死亡率33.33％.肾脏缺血及感染是老年AKI患者最常见的病因.多因素Logistic回归分析显示,BNP(OR=4.531,95％ CI1.112 ～10.312,P＜0.001)、C反应蛋白(OR=1.071,95％CI1.047～ 1.096,P＜0.05)、平均动脉压(OR=2.28,95％ CI 1.761～2.983,P＜0.001)、合并脓毒血症(OR=2.28,95％ CI 1.761 ～ 2.983,P＜0.001)、合并MODS(OR=27.316,95％ CI 13.936 ～ 48.344,P＜0.001)是老年AKI患者死亡的独立危险因素.结论 老年住院患者AKI病死率高,其中BNP、低平均动脉压、高C反应蛋白、合并脓毒血症及合并MODS为住院老年AKI患者死亡的独立危险因素.     

心肺转流下心脏瓣膜术后急性肾损伤的危险因素分析

目的探讨成人心肺转流(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)下心脏瓣膜手术后急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)的危险因素。方法回顾性分析1 349例心脏瓣膜手术患者的临床资料,采用多因素Logistic回归分析心脏瓣膜术后AKI的危险因素。结果 1 349例心脏瓣膜手术患者AKI发生率为28.4%,多因素Logistic回归分析显示,每增加1岁(OR=1.05,95%CI 1.03~1.06,P0.001)、糖尿病史(OR=2.11,95%CI 1.22~3.68,P=0.008)、贫血(OR=1.50,95%CI1.05~2.21,P=0.026)、术前血清肌酐(Scr)值每增加1mg/dl(OR=1.01,95%CI 1.01~1.02,P=0.001)、手术时间每增加1h(OR=1.28,95%CI 1.15~1.41,P0.001)、术中输注血浆(OR=1.50,95%CI 1.14~1.97,P=0.004)是心脏瓣膜术后发生AKI的独立危险因素。结论心肺转流下心脏瓣膜术后急性肾损伤的独立危险因素是高龄、糖尿病史、贫血、术前肌酐高、手术时间长以及术中输注血浆。     

成人原位肝移植受者术后急性肾损伤的危险因素分析

目的分析成人原位肝移植受者术后发生急性肾损伤(AKI)的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2019年1月至2021年4月于郑州大学第一附属医院进行原位肝移植手术的232例受者的临床资料, 其中男性195例, 女性37例, 年龄(49.1±9.4)岁。依据术后7 d内是否发生AKI分为两组:AKI组(n=112)和非AKI组(n=120)。对比两组患者基本信息、术前血液学指标、手术时间、术后住院时长等临床资料。对原位肝移植术后AKI的相关因素进行单因素分析, 将差异有统计学意义的因素纳入多因素logistic回归分析。结果在232例接受原位肝移植的患者中, 有112例在术后发生AKI, 发生率为48.3%(112/232), 其中AKI 1期64例(57.1%, 64/112), AKI 2期30例(26.8%, 30/112), AKI 3期18例(16.1%, 18/112)。logistic回归分析结果显示, 高血压(OR=5.874, 95%CI:1.931～17.863, P=0.002)和高终末期肝病模型(MELD)评分(OR=1.041, 95%CI:1.010～1.074, P=0...     

甲状腺功能减退对内科危重症患者急性肾损伤的发生及临床预后的影响

目的探讨在内科危重症患者中甲状腺功能减退与急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)的发生之间的关系,同时分析甲状腺功能减退对发生AKI的内科危重症患者临床预后的影响。方法纳入广州中医药大学顺德医院重症医学科住院的危重症患者共496例,其中28例诊断患有甲状腺功能减退症(甲减组),468例未诊断出甲状腺功能减退症(非甲减组)。分析两组患者AKI的发生率,采用Logistic回归分析探讨甲状腺功能减退症与危重症患者并发AKI之间的关系;统计两组患者中发生AKI的患者的资料,分析甲状腺功能减退对AKI患者临床预后包括死亡率、连续性肾脏替代治疗比例和住ICU时间的影响。结果甲状腺功能减退危重患者AKI的发生率高于非甲状腺功能减退危重患者(57.1%vs 29.9%,χ~2=9.085,P=0.003),以AKI 2期和3期为主;合并甲状腺功能减退的AKI患者住院期间住院死亡率(56.3%vs 31.4%,P=0.047)和ICU住院时间[10(7,13)d vs 7(4,9)d,P=0.035]均高于非甲状腺功能减退的AKI患者,差异均具有统计学意义;而两组患者行连续性肾脏替代治疗的比例未见统计学差异(31.3%vs 21.4%,P=0.372)。多因素Logistic回归分析甲状腺功能减退(OR:1.478,95%CI:1.217～1.579,P=0.027)、较高的APACHE II评分(OR:1.898,95%CI:1.765～2.089,P=0.008)、使用肾毒性抗生素(OR:1.428,95%CI:1.312～1.521,P=0.042)和脓毒症(OR:2.283,95%CI:2.197～2.489,P=0.035)是内科危重症患者发生AKI的独立危险因素。结论甲状腺功能减退可增加内科危重症患者AKI的发生风险,并且可增加AKI危重症患者的死亡率和ICU住院时间,影响危重症AKI患者的临床预后,应该引起临床医生足够的重视。     

心血管手术相关急性肾损伤患者行连续性肾脏替代治疗后的预后因素分析

目的探讨心血管手术相关急性肾损伤患者行连续性肾脏替代治疗后不同预后的相关因素。 方法本研究纳入2015年1月至2018年12月在南京医科大学第一附属医院住院行心血管手术治疗且接受连续性肾脏替代治疗的患者,按90 d是否死亡和90 d内RRT治疗天数(≤14 d,15～90 d,>90 d)将患者分为4组,分析90 d死亡、90 d透析依赖、90 d延迟摆脱透析的相关影响因素。 结果本研究共纳入210例患者,平均随访400 d。其中90 d死亡114例,90 d生存且14 d内摆脱透析37例,90 d生存15～90 d内摆脱透析46例,90 d生存且透析依赖13例。多因素Cox回归显示：90 d死亡的独立危险因素包括高龄(HR＝1.029,95%CI: 1.013～1.045,P<0.001)、术前血清肌酐低(HR＝0.993,95%CI: 0.987～0.998,P＝0.008)、CRRT前APACHE Ⅱ高评分(HR＝1.043, 95%CI: 1.004～1.084,P＝0.028)、CRRT前SOFA评分高(HR＝1.130, 95%CI: 1.052～1.213,P<0.001)、CRRT前脓毒症(HR＝2.327, 95%CI: 1.591～3.403,P<0.001)、CRRT前过低的舒张压(HR＝0.979,95%CI: 0.963～0.996,P＝0.013)。90 d存活患者透析依赖的独立危险因素包括术前较低的eGFR(HR＝0.962,95%CI: 0.940～0.984,P<0.001)。90 d存活患者中延迟摆脱透析的危险因素有血清白蛋白低(OR＝0.837,95%CI: 0.717～0.977,P＝0.024)、机械通气时间长(OR＝1.434,95%CI: 1.175～1.749,P<0.001)、CRRT前尿量少(OR＝0.739,95%CI: 0.623～0.876,P<0.001)。 结论心血管手术相关急性肾损伤并行连续性肾脏替代治疗患者中,90 d死亡与高龄、CRRT前疾病的严重程度、脓毒症和过低的舒张压有关;90 d存活患者透析依赖与患者术前较差的肾功能有关;90 d存活患者延迟摆脱透析与血清白蛋白低、机械通气时间长、CRRT前尿量少有关。     

Clinical analysis of 1 371 patients with acute kidney injury after acute myocardial infarction

Objective To investigate the risk factors of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods A total of 1 371 adult patients diagnosed AMI in the First People's Hospital of Changzhou from January 2008 to December 2012 were analyzed retrospectively. AKI was defined according to the 2012 KDIGO AKI criteria. Based on the occurrence of AKI, the patients were divided into AKI group and non-AKI group. According to the AKI timing, the patients were divided into subgroups including conservative treatment groups, coronary angiography(CAG) groups and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) groups, respectively. Related risk factors of AKI were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Results Of the 1 371 patients,410(29.9%) developed AKI. Compared to the non-AKI group, in-hospital mortality increased significantly in the AKI group (17.1% vs 3.9%, χ2=68.0, P＜0.001). Multifactor retrospective analysis showed that decreased baseline eGFR (OR=2.049, 95%CI: 1.246-3.370), increased fasting plasma glucose(FPG) (OR=1.070, 95%CI: 1.018-1.124), diuretics (OR=1.867, 95%CI: 1.220-2.856) and Killip class 4 status (OR=1.362, 95%CI: 1.059-3.170) were all independent risk factors of AKI, while increased DBP on admission was a protective factor (OR=0.986, 95%CI: 0.974-0.998) for the conservative management group. Decreased baseline eGFR (OR=2.371, 95%CI: 1.500-3.747), increased FPG(OR=1.009, 95%CI: 1.005-1.012), diuretics (OR=1.674, 95%CI: 1.042-2.690), intraoperative hypotension (OR=2.276, 95%CI: 1.324-3.575) and acute infection (OR=1.678, 95%CI: 1.023-2.754) were independent risk factors of AKI for the CAG group. Decreased baseline eGFR (OR=2.246, 95%CI:1.340-3.981), increased FPG (OR=1.059, 95%CI: 1.018-1.124), diuretics (OR=1.723, 95%CI: 1.122-2.650), and low cardiac output syndrome after operation (OR=2.331, 95%CI: 1.277-3.286) were independent risk factors of AKI for CABG group. Conclusions AKI is a common complication and associated with increased mortality after AMI. Decreased baseline renal function, increased FPG and diuretics were common independent risk factors of AKI after AMI.     

Correlation analysis between homocysteine level and acute kidney injury after cardiac valve replacement surgery

Objective To investigate the relationship between preoperative serum homocysteine (Hcy) level and acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac valve replacement surgery. Methods The data of the inpatients who accepted cardiac valve replacement surgery, age ≥18 years, no renal replacement therapy before surgery, non-renal decompensation and preoperative serum creatinine (Scr)＜178 μmol/L, survival within 48 h after surgery, and with preoperative serum Hcy data in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2017 was retrospectively analyzed. AKI was diagnosed in patients whose Scr increased more than 26.5 μmol/L (0.3 mg/dl) within 48 hours or 1.5 times higher than baseline within 7 days after surgery. According to this, patients were divided into AKI group and non-AKI group, and the affecting factors for AKI were compared between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the independent influencing factors of AKI. The relationship between serum Hcy level and AKI incidence was analyzed by Spearman correlation analysis. Whether the AKI occurred and serum Hcy levels were used as variables to map the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), and was used to assess the value of preoperative serum Hcy level for predicting AKI after cardiac valve replacement surgery. Results A total of 810 subjects were included in the study, including 375 males and 435 females. They were (50±11) years old (19-78 years old). Among them, 329 patients with AKI occurred within 7 days after heart valve replacement, and the incidence rate was 40.6% (male 45.9%, female 36.1%). The serum Hcy level in the AKI group was higher than that in the non-AKI group [(15.74±4.55) μmol/L vs (13.87±3.85) μmol/L, t=6.106, P＜0.01]. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed age (OR=1.030, 95%CI 1.014-1.045, P＜0.001), extracorporeal circulation time (OR=1.011, 95%CI 1.007-1.016, P＜0.001), Scr (OR=1.014, 95%CI 1.005-1.023, P=0.002), serum Hcy (OR=1.059, 95% CI 1.017-1.103, P=0.006), high level of Hcy (＞13.64 μmol/L) (OR=1.465, 95%CI 1.059-2.027, P=0.021) and moderate to severe hyperhomocystinemia (16≤Hcy≤100 μmol/L) [with normal HHcy (Hcy＜10 μmol/L) as reference, OR=2.180, 95%CI 1.245-3.816, P=0.006] were independent influencing factors of AKI after cardiac valve replacement surgery. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the incidence of postoperative AKI increased with the increase of preoperative serum Hcy level (rs=0.927, P＜0.001). The results of ROC curve showed that the area under the curve of the preoperative serum Hcy level predicting AKI after heart valve replacement was 0.701, and the cutoff value was 13.64 μmol/L, with the sensitivity 61.3%, specificity 70.9%. Conclusions Preoperative serum Hcy level is an influencing factor for AKI after cardiac valve replacement surgery. The higher the level of preoperative serum Hcy, the higher the incidence of AKI after cardiac valve replacement surgery. Patients with preoperative serum Hcy levels＞13.64 μmol/L have an increased risk of AKI after cardiac valve replacement surgery.     

脓毒症急性肾损伤短期预后个体化预测模型列线图的建立及验证

目的分析脓毒症并发急性肾损伤患者（SA-AKI）短期不良预后的影响因素，建立个体化预测SA-AKI患者短期不良预后风险的列线图模型。 方法选取2017年1月1日至2019年6月1日重庆市梁平区人民医院急诊重症监护室收治的SA-AKI患者共363例为研究对象，通过电话或门诊复查等方式随访，并根据患者30 d内预后分为存活组（251例）和死亡组（112例）。采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析SA-AKI患者30 d死亡的影响因素，利用R软件建立预测SA-AKI短期不良预后的列线图模型。 结果单因素分析显示年龄（Z =-3.268、P = 0.005）、真菌感染（χ² = 12.318、P = 0.002）、APACHE Ⅱ得分（t = 9.587、P = 0.001）、SOFA得分（t = 6.328、P = 0.001）、未及时诊断AKI（χ² = 12.587、P = 0.001）、抗凝血酶Ⅲ（Z =-8.332、P = 0.001）和AKI分期（Z =-7.009、P = 0.001）7个因素可能是脓毒症急并发性肾损伤患者在30 d内死亡的相关危险因素。多因素Logistic回归分析显示：年龄（65～79岁：P = 0.041、OR = 3.573、95%CI：1.054～12.112；> 79岁：P = 0.028、OR = 3.681、95%CI：1.215～11.984）、真菌感染（P = 0.018、OR = 4.684、95%CI：1.356～15.367）、APACHE Ⅱ评分（P = 0.001、OR = 1.265、95%CI：1.164～1.532）、SOFA评分（P = 0.001、OR = 1.291、95%CI：1.117～1.532）、抗凝血酶-Ⅲ（60%～80%：P = 0.001、OR = 1.291、95%CI：1.117～1.532；< 60%：P = 0.001、OR = 15.329、95%CI：4.387～55.321）和AKI分期（2期：P = 0.022、OR = 2.998、95%CI：1.039～8.325；3期：P = 0.001、OR = 9.367、95%CI：5.235～22.327）均为SA-AKI患者30 d内死亡的独立影响因素。对列线图模型进行验证，其初始一致性指数（C-index）为0.943，经1 000次的模型内部验证后一致性指数（C-index）为0.945，校正曲线显示该列线图模型具有良好的区分度及一致性，可为SA-AKI患者的预后评估提供针对性指导。 结论基于年龄、真菌感染、APACHE Ⅱ评分、SOFA评分、抗凝血酶-Ⅲ和AKI分期6个因素为SA-AKI的独立影响因素，构建个体化预测SA患者并发KAI风险的列线图模型，可较为准确地预测SA-AKI患者短期不良预后发生的风险。     

Incidence and mortality of acute kidney injury in coronary care unit: a retrospective study from a single center

Objective To evaluate the incidence and mortality of acute kidney injury (AKI) in coronary care unit (CCU), and to identify the risk factors of the incidence of AKI and the mortality of CCU patients. Methods A total of 414 patients in CCU from January 1, 2014 to June 1, 2015 at Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University were enrolled. Based on the KDIGO-AKI criteria, these patients were classified into two groups: NAKI group (patients without AKI) and AKI group. Clinical characteristics and laboratory data of two groups were compared. The risk factors of the incidence of AKI and the mortality of CCU patients was analyzed by logistic regression, and then the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to evaluate the predictive value of these risk factors. Results (1) Among 414 patients, 136(32.9%) patients fulfilled the criteria for AKI, and 14.0% patients in AKI stage 1, 10.9% in AKI stage 2 and 8.0% in AKI stage 3. (2) The total CCU mortality was 15.0%. Mortality of AKI patients in the CCU was 33.3%, higher than 6.1% in patients without AKI (OR=7.735, 95%CI 4.215-14.196, P＜0.001). The mortality worsened with increasing severity of AKI (22.4% for AKI stage 1 group, 37.8% for AKI stage 2 group, 45.4% for AKI stage 3 group). (3) Anemia (OR=8.274, 95%CI 4.363-15.689), history of chronic illness (OR=2.582, 95%CI 1.400-4.760), APACHEⅡ scores (OR=1.813, 95%CI 1.739-1.895), male (OR=3.666, 95%CI 1.860-7.226) were the independent risk factors for AKI, while the normal mean arterial pressure (MAP) (OR=0.292, 95%CI 0.153-0.556) and normal estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (OR=0.166, 95%CI 0.090-0.306) are the protective factors for AKI (all P＜0.05). (4) AKI was the most powerful independent factor associated with the mortality of CCU patients (OR=7.050, 95%CI 2.970-16.735, P＜0.001). Other independent risk factors for CCU mortality included history of chronic illness, ejection fraction and APACHEⅡ≥15 scores (all P＜0.05), while the normal MAP and normal eGFR were the protective factors (all P＜0.05). (5) For predicting AKI, eGFR displayed an excellent areas under the ROC curve (AUC=0.815, P＜0.001), and for CCU mortality, APACHEⅡ scores had the highest overall correctness of prediction (AUC=0.757 P＜0.001). Conclusions CCU patients have high morbidity of AKI, which is the most powerful independent factor associated with the increased CCU mortality. The eGFR is the best predictor for AKI, and then through the evaluation of eGFR for CCU patients, we can evaluate high-risk groups, make early interventions and then improve the prognosis of CCU patients.     

Analysis of risk factors for progression of acute kidney injury to acute kidney disease

Objective To investigate the risk factors of clinically diagnosed acute kidney injury (AKI) patients progressing to acute kidney disease (AKD). Methods The clinical data of AKI patients admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the outcome of the patients, AKI patients were divided into non-acute kidney disease (NAKD) group and AKD group. Clinical characteristics and laboratory data of two groups were compared. The risk factors of AKD in patients with AKI were analyzed by logistic regression, and then the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was drawn to evaluate the predictive value of these risk factors. Results A total of 254 patients with AKI were enrolled, and 186 patients developed AKD with an incidence of 73.2%. The incidences of AKD in stage 1, stage 2 and stage 3 of AKI were 20.0%, 46.7% and 83.5% respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed increased peak serum creatinine (within 7 days after AKI diagnosis) (OR=2.561, 95%CI 1.584-4.140, P＜0.001), proteinuria (OR=2.952, 95%CI 1.162-7.500, P=0.023) and increased intact parathyroid hormone (OR=1.757, 95%CI 1.104-2.797, P=0.017) were independent risk factors for progression to AKD in patients with AKI. The ROC showed that increased peak serum creatinine (within 7 days after AKI diagnosis) was an important predictor of AKD in patients with AKI (AUC=0.798, P＜0.001). Conclusion Increased peak serum creatinine (within 7 days after AKI diagnosis), proteinuria and increased intact parathyroid hormone are independent risk factors for progression to AKD in patients with AKI, providing new evidences and ideas for clinical preventions and treatments of AKD.     

甘露醇是脑外伤患者发生急性肾损伤的独立危险因素

目的 探讨脑外伤患者发生急性肾损伤(AKI)的危险因素,并评价甘露醇在其中的作用。 方法 回顾性分析2006年1月至2008年12月间复旦大学华山医院神经外科急救中心收治的脑外伤患者AKI的发生情况,AKI诊断采用RIFLE分期标准。采用Logistic回归分析脑外伤患者发生AKI的危险因素,建立脑外伤患者AKI发生的预测模型,并运用接受者操作特性(ROC)曲线及曲线下面积评价该模型对预测脑外伤患者并发AKI的敏感性和特异性。采用倾向性得分匹配法（PSM）进一步分析甘露醇对脑外伤患者发生AKI的影响。 结果 共入选符合标准的脑外伤患者171例,其中AKI组53例,非AKI组118例。患者平均年龄（45.92±16.50）岁。单因素分析结果显示,年龄、高血压、急诊手术、系统性炎性反应综合征（SIRS）、Glasgow昏迷评分、序贯器官衰竭评估（SOFA）评分、SOFA呼吸评分、SOFA凝血评分、SOFA心血管评分、机械通气天数、红细胞悬液累计输注总量、血浆累计输注总量、呋塞米累计总剂量、托拉塞米累计总剂量、甘露醇累计总剂量是脑外伤患者发生AKI的危险因素。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,SOFA评分（OR=1.516,95%CI 1.222~1.881,P < 0.01）、托拉塞米累计总剂量（OR=0.016,95%CI 1.002~1.031,P = 0.016）、甘露醇累计总剂量（OR=2.687,95%CI 1.062~6.800,P = 0.037）是脑外伤患者发生AKI的独立危险因素。运用ROC曲线及曲线下面积评价由SOFA评分、托拉塞米累计总剂量和甘露醇累计总剂量3个变量组成的多因素Logistic回归模型对脑外伤患者发生AKI预测的敏感性和特异性,结果显示ROC曲线下面积为0.901（P < 0.01）,提示该模型对预测脑外伤患者AKI的发生具有良好的敏感性和特异性。倾向性得分匹配法分析结果显示甘露醇总剂量是脑外伤患者发生AKI的独立危险因素。 结论 AKI是脑外伤患者住院期间常见的并发症。SOFA评分、托拉塞米累计总剂量、甘露醇总剂量是脑外伤患者发生AKI的独立危险因素。     

Characteristics and risk factors of acute kidney injury progressed to chronic kidney disease: a prospective,observational cohort study

Objective To prospectively investigate the characteristics of acute kidney injury (AKI) that progressed to chronic kidney disease (CKD) (AKI to CKD) in patients hospitalized for AKI, determine the risk factors of AKI to CKD, and preliminarily evaluate the performance of clinical risk factor model for predicting AKI to CKD. Methods This was a prospective, observational cohort study. Patients hospitalized for AKI and without a prior CKD [estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)＜60 ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1] were enrolled in Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University from April 2015 to December 2019. Survived patients were followed 90 days after AKI and the renal function 90 days post AKI was determined. The primary endpoint was AKI to CKD, defined as new-onset CKD [eGFR＜60 ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1 90 days post AKI]. According to AKI progressed to CKD or not, AKI patients were divided into two groups (with or without AKI to CKD). The baseline clinical data of demographics, comorbidities, baseline renal function, AKI severity, receiving hemodialysis or not, and other lab parameters were compared between two groups. The logistic regression model was used to analyze the risk factors of AKI to CKD. Finally, receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to evaluate the performance of clinical risk factor model for predicting AKI to CKD. Results A total of 168 patients with AKI was enrolled in this study[male, n=91; female, n=77; age (44.0±18.4) years], in which 64 patients (38.1%) developed new-onset CKD 90 days post AKI and 104 patients (61.9%) did not. Compared to those without AKI to CKD, patients with AKI to CKD were older, and had a higher proportion of hypertension, lower levels of eGFR and hemoglobin, higher proportion of receiving hemodialysis, and higher level of discharged serum creatinine (all P＜0.05). There was no significant difference in the proportion of diabetes and use of RAS inhibitors, urine protein level, and other lab parameters between two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis shows that receiving hemodialysis (OR=2.516, 95%CI 1.251-5.060, P=0.010), hypertension (OR=2.446, 95%CI 1.124-5.324, P=0.024), and lower baseline eGFR (OR=0.975, 95%CI 0.950-0.999, P=0.043) were the independent risk factors for AKI to CKD. The clinical risk factor model including age, receiving hemodialysis, hypertension, and baseline eGFR produced moderate performance for predicting AKI to CKD, with the area under ROC curve of 0.712, 95%CI 0.634-0.790. Conclusions AKI survivors are at high risk for developing CKD. Receiving hemodialysis, hypertension, and lower baseline eGFR are independent risk factors for predicting AKI to CKD. More studies are needed to improve the performance of clinical risk factor model for early detecting high risk patients who will develop AKI to CKD.