奥氮平口溶膜的制备与质量评价

摘 要 目的：制备奥氮平口溶膜处方并评价其质量。方法: 采用溶剂浇铸法制备奥氮平口溶膜,分别以羟丙甲基纤维素（HPMC）和聚乙二醇400（PEG400）用量作为考察因素,以口溶膜的拉伸强度、延展率、10 min药物溶出度作为评价指标,通过Box Behnken效应面法优化了奥氮平口溶膜的处方;评价口溶膜的拉伸强度、延展率、耐折度、崩解时限和药物溶出度,并与市售奥氮平口崩片进行体外溶出度对比研究。结果:当HPMC和PEG400用量分别为11.0%和2.3%,制得的奥氮平口溶膜成膜性能较强,具有较高的硬度和柔韧性,50 s内可迅速溶解,药物溶出速度较快,与市售奥氮平口崩片体外溶出相似。结论:奥氮平口溶膜处方设计合理,工艺可行,质量稳定可控,值得进一步开发研究。     

正交设计试验多目标同步优化氨利口腔膜剂处方

目的：对氨利口腔膜剂进行处方优化.方法：以聚乙烯醇（PVA17-88）、羧甲基纤维素纳（CMC-Na）、甘油为成膜材料,以膜的柔软性、成膜性、光滑性、均匀性、溶出度作为考察指标,采用正交设计优化处方.结果：最佳成膜材料处方为PVA17-88 3.0 g,CMC-Na 2.0 g,甘油2.5 ml.按照最优处方制备的膜剂符合《中国药典》的有关规定,膜剂体外释药曲线符合Higuchi方程.结论：该膜剂处方和制备工艺可行.     

塞来昔布分散片的制备及其体外溶出度研究

目的：制备塞来昔布分散片并考察其体外溶出度。方法：以微晶纤维素（MCC）为填充剂,采用湿法制粒法制备分散片;以MCC、羧甲基淀粉钠（CMS—Na）的处方用量及羟丙基甲基纤维素（HPMC）的浓度为因素,并采用正交实验设计优化处方;采用《中国药典》溶出度法第二法,以磷酸盐缓冲液为介质进行体外溶出度考察。结果：最佳处方为MCC30％、CMS—Na5％、HPMC3％;所制片剂呈白色、片面光洁,崩解时限20s,含量、分散均匀性均符合2010年版《中国药典》相关要求,30min内溶出度大于90％。结论：该分散片制备方法简单,分散均匀,溶出速度快且完全。     

阿西美辛分散片的制备及其溶出度评价

目的:制备阿西美辛分散片,并对其进行体外溶出度评价。方法:以阿西美辛为主药,微晶纤维素(MCC)为填充剂,采用湿法制粒法制备片剂;取MCC、羧甲基淀粉钠(CMS-Na)的处方用量及羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)的浓度为因素,崩解时限为指标筛选处方;采用《中国药典》溶出度法第二法,以磷酸盐缓冲液为介质进行体外溶出度考察。结果:最佳处方为MCC 40%、CMS-Na 5%、HPMC 1%;所制片剂呈淡黄色、片面光洁,崩解时限20s,含量、分散均匀性均符合2010年版《中国药典》相关要求;30min内溶出度大于90%。结论:该制剂制备方法简单,分散片溶出速度快且完全。     

三清降糖分散片的处方优化

目的：制备三清降糖分散片并优化其处方工艺。方法：以崩解时限为指标,对填充剂、崩解剂类型进行单因素考察,并通过正交试验优化;高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定优选处方所制分散片黄芩苷含量和溶出度。结果：优化处方为30%微晶纤维素、20%预胶化淀粉作为填充剂,6%交联聚维酮作为崩解剂,2%微粉硅胶作为润滑剂。按优化处方粉末直接压片制备的三清降糖分散片3 min内分散均匀,15 min溶出度达到90%以上。结论：按优选处方制得的三清降糖分散片,遇水崩解迅速、分散均匀性好,质量可控。     

甲氧氯普胺口崩片的制备及体外溶出度考察

摘 要 目的： 制备甲氧氯普胺口崩片并优化处方,并对其体外溶出度进行考察。方法: 采用全因子试验设计,以填充剂配比（X₁）、崩解剂（X₂,%）用量为影响因素,以脆碎度（Y₁,%）、崩解时限（Y₂,s）、甲氧氯普胺在15 min的溶出度（Y₃,%）为片剂考察指标优化处方;并考察其在4种溶出介质中的溶出行为。结果: 甲氧氯普胺口崩片的最优处方组成为：填充剂甘露醇与微晶纤维素比例为2.5∶1、崩解剂占片重为6.5%。甲氧氯普胺口崩片在4种溶出介质中累积溶出度均大于80%。结论:甲氧氯普胺口崩片处方设计合理,制备工艺可行,质量可控。     

酮洛芬肠溶口腔崩解片的处方优化

目的优化酮洛芬肠溶口腔崩解片的处方,考察不同压片力和不同微晶纤维素与甘露醇比例对空白崩解片孔隙率、抗张强度和崩解时限的影响。方法采用乳化溶剂扩散法制备酮洛芬肠溶微球;以微球为原料,采用粉末直接压片法制备口腔崩解片。用Statistica统计软件对处方组成进行优化,确定微晶纤维素与甘露醇的比例。结果微晶纤维素用量一定时,随压片力的增大,空白崩解片的孔隙率减小,抗张强度增大,崩解时限延长;压片力一定时,随微晶纤维素用量的增加,空白崩解片的孔隙率和抗张强度增大,崩解时限延长;根据处方优化的结果,选择微晶纤维素与甘露醇质量比为3∶1。当片剂中加入质量分数为8%的PVPP作为崩解剂时,空白崩解片的抗张强度略微增加,崩解时限显著缩短。结论根据优化后的处方,采用粉末直接压片法制备的酮洛芬肠溶口腔崩解片符合设计要求。     

苯磺酸左旋氨氯地平口腔速溶膜剂的制备及质量评价

目的研究苯磺酸左旋氨氯地平口腔速溶膜剂处方和制备工艺,并对其进行质量评价。方法采用溶剂浇铸法,以苯磺酸左旋氨氯地平为主药,羟丙基甲基纤维素为成膜材料,制备口腔速溶膜剂;建立该膜剂含量测定方法;以膜剂的拉伸强度、含量、溶出度等对其进行质量评价。结果自制的苯磺酸左旋氨氯地平口腔速溶膜剂成膜较好,有良好的硬度和韧性,厚度在0.05 mm左右,20 s内可崩解,含量均匀,且溶出较快,10 min可释放药物质量分数80%以上,达到速释效果。结论自制苯磺酸左旋氨氯地平口腔速溶膜剂有望制成速释降压制剂,值得进一步研究。     

不同介质中利培酮口溶膜剂溶出曲线相似性比较

摘 要 目的：考察不同溶出介质对利培酮口溶膜剂溶出度的影响,为其制剂质量判断提供依据。方法: 分别考察自制利培酮口溶膜剂和参比制剂在水、0.1 mol·L^-1 盐酸溶液、pH 4.5醋酸 醋酸钠缓冲液、pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲液4种溶出介质中的体外溶出行为,以HPLC法进行测定,并采用溶出相似（f2）因子法评价自制制剂和参比制剂溶出曲线的相似性。结果: 在4种介质中,自制制剂与参比制剂的f2因子均大于50。结论: 自制制剂与参比制剂在4种介质中的溶出行为相似,表明该制剂的处方工艺稳定可行。     

均匀设计优化盐酸青藤碱肠溶控释片片芯处方

目的：考察处方因素对体外释药行为的影响，筛选最佳片芯处方制备盐酸青藤碱膜控型肠溶控释片。方法：采用均、匀设计优化片芯中乙基纤维素和微晶纤维素的用量，湿法制粒压片，滚转包衣锅法制备盐酸青藤碱膜控型肠溶控释片，进行体外释放度测定。结果：最佳片芯处方为：乙基纤维素52．1g，微晶纤维素39．5g。按处方制备3批样品，在pH6．8磷酸盐缓冲液中释放符合零级方程，零级释药相关系数（r=0．9975），10h内累积释药90％以上。结论：制备的盐酸青藤碱肠溶片基本符合设计要求。     

盐酸美克洛嗪口腔速溶膜剂的处方工艺研究

目的：对盐酸美克洛嗪口腔速溶膜进行了处方研究和优化。方法：采用正交试验方法,以HPMC E3用量、PEO用量、黄原胶用量和固含量比例为影响因素,以厚度均匀性、溶解时间、最大载荷和断裂伸长率为评价指标,对盐酸美克洛嗪口腔速溶膜进行了处方优化;采用流延法的制备工艺并对主要工艺参数进行了研究。结果：HPMC E3用量、PEO用量、固含量比例分别是影响膜剂强度、溶解时间、厚度均匀性的关键因素。通过工艺研究确定了乳化分散、涂膜厚度、涂膜速度、干燥温度等关键工艺的参数。结论：经过处方工艺研究制得了符合质量要求的膜剂产品。     

Comparative investigations on different polymers for the preparation of fast‐dissolving oral films

Objectives The aim was to compare different film‐forming materials used for the preparation of fast‐dissolving oral films. Methods Films were prepared with and without caffeine and caffeine citrate as model drugs. The disintegration/dissolution behaviour of films was investigated using the newly developed slide frame method and Petri dish method. Films were also characterised by dynamic vapour sorption. Key findings All films dissolved within 40 s. Drug‐loaded films disintegrated more slowly than the equivalent drug‐free formulations. Disintegration/dissolution was fastest with films made from the carboxymethyl cellulose C 30 PA 09 (drug‐free < 5 s, drug‐loaded < 10 s). Dissolution times for drug‐loaded oral films made from C 30 PA 09 and HM 6 PA 2910 (hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose) differed significantly (α= 0.05). Dynamic vapour sorption studies revealed higher water absorption ratios for carboxymethyl cellulose films, and these were sticky and difficult to handle. Conclusions This case study showed that hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose was the most suitable film‐forming material for drug‐free and caffeine‐loaded films, providing fast dissolution films that were not sticky and were easy to handle.     

Long-acting risperidone: a review of its use in schizophrenia

Long-acting risperidone (Risperdal Consta) is a novel, intramuscular formulation of the atypical antipsychotic risperidone, which has shown efficacy in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia.Long-acting risperidone is pharmacokinetically equivalent to and causes less plasma drug concentration fluctuation than the oral formulation. This novel formulation is an aqueous suspension of microspheres comprising risperidone and a biodegradable copolymer. Significant release of risperidone from the microspheres begins 3 weeks after the first injection: thus, administration of another antipsychotic is necessary during this period only. Steady-state plasma concentrations are reached after the fourth injection. Elimination is complete 7-8 weeks after the last injection.Long-acting risperidone 25 or 50mg every 2 weeks demonstrated significantly greater antipsychotic efficacy than placebo and equivalent efficacy to oral risperidone 2-6 mg/day in two randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, 12-week trials of patients with schizophrenia. Additionally, in one of these trials, improvements in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) were superior with long-acting risperidone than placebo. Compared with baseline, improvements in the symptoms of schizophrenia in stable patients were significant with long-acting risperidone 25 or 50mg (12-month trial) and 25, 37.5 or 50mg (12-week trial) every 2 weeks, in two noncomparative, multicentre trials. Patient satisfaction with their medication and patient HRQOL mental health scores improved significantly in the 12-month trial.Long-acting risperidone is generally well tolerated, with a low incidence of injection site pain and an otherwise similar profile of adverse effects to the oral formulation. The overall incidence of extrapyramidal disorders in clinical trials was low (< or= 10%) with similar, yet minimal, changes in extrapyramidal symptom severity between patients treated with long-acting risperidone, oral risperidone or placebo. Tardive dyskinesia was reported in the 12-month trial, in 0.7% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Long-acting risperidone is effective and generally well tolerated in patients with schizophrenia, including those patients with stable symptoms. Long-acting risperidone is the first atypical antipsychotic available in a formulation which offers a sustained, steady release of drug and is thus an attractive, new option in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia.     

Spotlight on long-acting risperidone in schizophrenia

Long-acting risperidone (Risperdal Consta?) is a novel, intramuscular formulation of the atypical antipsychotic risperidone, which has shown efficacy in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Long-acting risperidone is pharmacokinetically equivalent to and causes less plasma drug concentration fluctuation than the oral formulation. This novel formulation is an aqueous suspension of microspheres comprising risperidone and a biodegradable copolymer. Significant release of risperidone from the microspheres begins 3 weeks after the first injection; thus, administration of another antipsychotic is necessary during this period only. Steady-state plasma concentrations are reached after the fourth injection. Elimination is complete 7–8 weeks after the last injection. Long-acting risperidone 25 or 50mg every 2 weeks demonstrated significantly greater antipsychotic efficacy than placebo and equivalent efficacy to oral risperidone 2–6 mg/day in two randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, 12-week trials of patients with schizophrenia. Additionally, in one of these trials, improvements in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) were superior with long-acting risperidone than placebo. Compared with baseline, improvements in the symptoms of schizophrenia in stable patients were significant with long-acting risperidone 25 or 50mg (12-month trial) and 25, 37.5 or 50mg (12-week trial) every 2 weeks, in two noncomparative, multicenter trials. Patient satisfaction with their medication and patient HRQOL mental health scores improved significantly in the 12-month trial. Long-acting risperidone is generally well tolerated, with a low incidence of injection site pain and an otherwise similar profile of adverse effects to the oral formulation. The overall incidence of extrapyramidal disorders in clinical trials was low (≤10%) with similar, yet minimal, changes in extrapyramidal symptom severity between patients treated with long-acting risperidone, oral risperidone or placebo. Tardive dyskinesia was reported in the 12-month trial, in 0.7% of patients. Conclusion: Long-acting risperidone is effective and generally well tolerated in patients with schizophrenia, including those patients with stable symptoms. Long-acting risperidone is the first atypical antipsychotic vailable in a formulation which offers a sustained, steady release of drug and is thus an attractive, new option in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia.     

Fast disintegrating films containing anastrozole as a dosage form for dysphagia patients

The objective of the present research was to ensure safety during oral administration of medications to dysphagia patients, by preparing fast disintegrating films (FDF) containing anastrozole (ANS) which disintegrate rapidly when placed on the tongue. Films were prepared by solvent-casting method using various polymers such as hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC E5 LV), hydroxy propyl cellulose (HPC), poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) and sodium alginate (Na Alginate). Among the formulations examined, film prepared using HPMC E5 LV (F1) exhibited shorter disintegration time (15 sec) with satisfactory mechanical properties. Fourier transformer infrared (FTIR) & differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed no chemical incompatibility between drug and excipients used in the formulation. Surface morphology revealed even distribution of ANS in the film. Dissolution of drug from F1 formulation was rapid with more than 90% drug release in 240 sec. Pharmacokinetic parameters showed no statistical difference between F1 (test) and drug solution (control) indicating comparable plasma level-time profiles. The film showed an excellent stability for 24 weeks when stored at refrigerated temperature (2–8°C). These findings suggest that the fast disintegrating film as a promising candidate for delivery of ANS in dysphagic patients.     

苯甲酸利扎曲普坦口腔速崩片的制备

目的 制备苯甲酸利扎曲普坦口腔速崩片.方法 选用微晶纤维素(MCC)和低取代羟丙基纤维素(LHPC)作为崩解剂,通过粉末直接压片工艺制备口腔速崩片.考察速崩片的性质.结果 当MCC/LHPC的比例为9:1时,其体外崩解时间在20 s以内,体内崩解时间在30 s以内.结论 所制片剂口感良好,优化的工艺可以工业化生产.     

Mucoadhesive buccal film containing ornidazole and dexamethasone for oral ulcers: in vitro and in vivo studies

A bilayered mucoadhesive buccal film containing a combination of ornidazole (OD) and dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DEX) was prepared using solvent casting to treat oral ulcers. Films were systematically evaluated in vitro to obtain the optimum formulation. The therapeutic effects of these films were investigated in the rabbit oral ulcer model and the in vivo release of OD and DEX in the human oral cavity was also evaluated. The backing layer contained ethyl cellulose and an optimal mucoadhesive layer containing both OD and DEX was produced. Films from the optimum formulation were 0.427?±?0.015?mm thick, weighed 55.89?±?0.79?mg, and had a surface pH of 6.34?±?0.01. The drug content of the optimum formulation approximated the theoretical value with good uniformity (2.959?±?0.106?mg/cm² for OD and 0.877?±?0.031?mg/cm² for DEX). The formulation showed favorable swelling characteristics and both drugs were released at >95% after 4?h. Moreover, the compound film had a statistically significant effect on mucosal repair and reduced ulcer inflammation without stimulating the human oral mucosa. C_max of OD in saliva was 37.04?μg/ml and that of DEX was 9.737?μg/ml. Given promising therapeutic effects, the compound film developed here could become a local drug delivery device for treating oral ulcers.     

Design of freeze-dried Soluplus/polyvinyl alcohol-based film for the oral delivery of an insoluble drug for the pediatric use

Abstract

Spironolactone (SL) is a poorly water-soluble drug. Being poorly soluble affects its dissolution rate which in turn affects its oral bioavailability. This work aimed to prepare freeze-dried SL-Soluplus®/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) oral thin film in an attempt to enhance the drug solubility on one hand and at the same time prepare a solid dosage form convenient for the pediatric use. SL-Soluplus®/PVA films were prepared using polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) as a plasticizer applying the solvent-casting technique. The prepared films were evaluated for their thickness, tensile strength, and in vitro dissolution studies. Box–Behnken design (17 runs) was applied to optimize the effects of the formulation variables on the film properties. The optimized film formulation was freeze-dried after casting so as to enhance the drug dissolution. Moreover, the optimized freeze-dried film was re-characterized in vitro and evaluated in vivo in human volunteers to investigate its palatability and satisfaction. The results showed that the optimized formulation composed of 10% polymer concentration containing Soluplus®:PVA (0.33:0.66) and plasticized with 30% PEG 400 possessed the highest desirability value (0.836). Freeze-drying of the optimized formulation succeeded to improve SL in vitro dissolution due to the preparation of a more porous film compared to the non-freeze-dried one. In vivo evaluation of the optimized freeze-dried film showed high satisfaction among the participating volunteers concerning the ease of administration and sensation thereafter, where all the film specimens dissolved without the need for water and no film residues remained in the mouth following film dissolution. In conclusion, freeze-dried Soluplus®/PVA-based oral thin film proved to be a successful carrier for the oral delivery of insoluble drugs like SL for pediatrics.     

Lack of bioequivalence between generic risperidone oral solution and originator risperidone tablets

Risperidone is an atypical anti-psychotic, available in various formulations. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to compare the bioavailability of a generic oral solution of risperidone (Test formulation) and Risperdal tablets (Reference formulation). Both formulations contained 1 mg risperidone per dosing unit. METHODS: The study was carried out in 32 healthy volunteers under fasting conditions. Risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone concentrations in plasma were determined using HPLC/MS/MS. RESULTS: The results show that the 90% confidence intervals for the geometric mean ratios of the solution and the tablet formulations were not within the acceptance range of 80 125% for risperidone, whereas the confidence intervals for 9-hydroxyrisperidone were within the acceptance range of 80 - 125%. CONCLUSION: Bioequivalence between the generic 1 mg/ml risperidone solution and the originator tablet formulation was not proven in this study.     

Glycerogelatin-based ocular inserts of aceclofenac: Physicochemical,drug release studies and efficacy against prostaglandin E2-induced ocular inflammation

An attempt has been made in the present study to formulate soluble ocular inserts of aceclofenac to facilitate the bioavailability of the drug into the eye, as no eye drop solution could be formulated. Glycero-gelatin ocular inserts/films were prepared and physicochemical parameters and drug release profiles of glycerol-gelatin films of aceclofenac were compared with surface cross-linked films of similar compositions. Ocular irritation of the developed formulation was also checked by HET-CAM test and efficacy of the developed formulation against prostaglandin-induced ocular inflammation in rabbit eye was determined. The non-cross-linked films showed poor mechanical, physicochemical properties, and very little potential of sustaining drug release, however cross-linking the films enhanced tensile strength by 70%, but elasticity decreased by 95%. The cross-linked ocular inserts showed less swelling than non-cross-linked. Formulation AF8 (20% gelatin and 70% glycerin, treated by cross-linker for 1?h) demonstrated the longest drug release for 24?h. As per the kinetic models all films showed a constant drug release with Higuchi diffusion mechanism. Formulation was found to be practically non-irritant. The optimized formulation was tested and compared with eye drops of aceclofenac for anti-inflammatory activity in rabbits against PGE₂-induced inflammation. In vivo studies with developed formulation indicated a significant inhibition of PGE₂-induced PMN migration as compared to eye drops. In conclusion, ocular inserts of aceclofenac was found promising as it achieved sustained drug release and better pharmacodynamic activity.