Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the pancreas — multimodality imaging findings with serial imaging follow-up: A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUNDSarcomatoid carcinoma of the pancreas is extremely rare and has an extremely poor prognosis. Although a few cases of sarcomatoid carcinoma of pancreas have been reported, most are focused on a histopathological review. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports documenting multimodality imaging characteristics and chronological changes with emphasis on radiologic features.CASE SUMMARYA 64-year-old woman was admitted to Chungnam National University Hospital with acute appendicitis. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen revealed a 2.6 cm × 2.8 cm multilobular cystic mass in the pancreatic tail. The pancreatic lesion showed suspected mural nodules and thin septa. Hence, mucinous cystic neoplasm of pancreas was considered. After 7 mo, the patient was readmitted for repeated epigastric abdominal pain and nausea. Follow-up contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a marked enlargement (5.4 cm × 4 cm), with a predominant internal solid component. The mass showed low signal intensity on a T1-weighted image and heterogeneously intermediate high signal intensity on a T2-weighted image. It showed diffusion restriction and peripheral rim enhancement on an arterial phase image, and progressive enhancement on portal venous and delayed phase images. Distal pancreatectomy was performed. Based on the morphology and immunohistochemical staining of the specimen, pancreatic sarcomatoid carcinoma was diagnosed.CONCLUSIONWe present the computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography computed tomography findings, pathologic features, and chronological changes for preoperative diagnosis.     

胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的超声表现

目的探讨胰腺实性假乳头状瘤（SPTP）的声像图特征及其超声诊断价值。方法回顾性分析24例SPTP患者二维及彩色多普勒超声结果，并与病理相对照，分析肿瘤的发生部位、形态、边界、内部回声、血流分布等特征。结果24例SPTP多见于20-30岁女性，发生部位无特异性，声像图均表现为边界清晰、形态规则的胰腺外生性肿瘤，75％为囊实性，25％为实性。3例恶性SPTP无特征性声像图表现。4例胰尾肿瘤误诊为其他脏器病变。结论超声检查结合临床资料可对SPTP作出正确诊断，对于胰尾SPTP应予以重视以免误诊。     

胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的多层螺旋CT诊断

目的探讨MSCT对胰腺实性假乳头状瘤(solid-pseudopapillary tumor of pancreas,SPTP)的诊断价值,以提高该病的诊断率。方法回顾分析经手术病理证实的9例SPTP的MSCT影像及临床资料。结果发病部位胰头2例,胰体尾部7例;2例肿块内可见钙化,1例内可见出血;9例肿瘤实质性成分为动脉期轻度强化,门脉期均呈渐进性强化,均未见胰、胆管的扩张,肿瘤边界清晰。结论 SPTP的MSCT表现有一定特征性,结合临床资料可与胰腺其他肿瘤相鉴别。     

多层螺旋CT在胰腺实性假乳头状瘤诊断中的应用

目的探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）对胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的诊断价值,以提高对该病的认识。方法回顾性分析了16例经手术病理证实的胰腺实性假乳头状瘤患者的CT资料,16例中12例为年轻女性,男性4例。均行GEDiscovery Ultra 16层螺旋CT平扫及增强,增强扫描包括动脉期、静脉期及平衡期,然后利用后处理软件对图像进行多平面重组（MPR）。结果位于胰头6例,胰体2例,胰尾3例,胰体尾均累及4例,胰头、胰尾多发1例。CT平扫均为混合性肿块,增强后动脉期实性部分不同程度强化,以后逐渐强化明显,部分与增强后正常胰腺一致,可见包膜强化,囊性部分无强化。2例见斑点状钙化,1例伴肝内外胆管扩张,4例囊内自发性出血。结论结合临床特点MSCT增强扫描对胰腺实性假乳头状瘤具有较高的诊断价值。     

胰腺实性-假乳头状瘤的CT诊断

目的探讨CT对胰腺实性-假乳头状瘤的诊断价值。方法回顾分析经手术、病理证实的6例胰腺实性-假乳头状瘤的CT表现和诊断。结果6例肿瘤位于胰头2例,胰体、尾部4例。6例瘤体均为囊、实混合性,增强后实质部分均有强化,囊性部分无强化;特征性表现为“浮云征”。肿瘤大部分位于胰腺,多有完整包膜,不伴有胆总管扩张。结论胰腺实性-假乳头状瘤cT表现有一定特征,CT检查对其诊断与鉴别诊断具有重要价值。     

胰腺实性-假乳头状瘤的声像图特征分析

目的 探讨超声对胰腺实性-假乳头状瘤(SPTP)的诊断价值.方法 分析20例SPTP的超声和病理特点.结果 20例女性SPTP患者,肿瘤均为单发,直径1.5～25.0 cm,平均7.9 cm;肿瘤位于胰头10例,体尾部6例,尾部3例,占据胰腺大部分1例;15例肿瘤包膜完整,边界清晰,5例肿瘤边界不清晰;11例呈实性类圆形较均匀弱回声,9例呈囊实混合性回声,其中6例以实性结构为主,3例以囊性结构为主;不伴有胆管及胰管扩张.7例肿瘤为恶性,3例肿瘤发生侵袭性生长或肝转移.结论 总结SPTP超声特征和了解病理结构有助于提高其诊断水平.     

胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的诊断体会（附16例报告）

目的总结胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的诊断经验。方法对16例胰腺实性假乳头状瘤病例的临床资料进行回顾性研究。结果病人年龄15～58岁，平均（34．6±13．1）岁，其中女性15例，男性1例。查体发现11例（68．75％），隐痛2例（12．5％），腹部包块2例（12．5％），急性腹痛1例（6．25％）。肿瘤位于胰头6例，胰颈部1例，胰体尾部9例。术前影像学检查方法为B超和CT检查。结论胰腺实性假乳头状瘤无特异性临床表现，CT有助于诊断。     

Schwannoma mimicking pancreatic carcinoma: A case report

BACKGROUNDSchwannoma of the pancreas is extremely rare. We report a case of pancreatic schwannoma that was difficult to distinguish from pancreatic carcinoma before surgery.CASE SUMMARYA 66-year-old male underwent a right-lobe hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Post-surgical computed tomography showed a 10 mm long solid mass with ischemia, with no expansion into the main pancreatic duct. Upon magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, the tumor had high signal intensity in diffusion weighted images, consistent with pancreatic carcinoma. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) was performed to obtain more information about the tumor, and showed a 14 mm solid and hypoechoic mass in the pancreatic body. Contrast enhanced EUS revealed that the tumor showed a hyperechoic mass in the early phase, and the contrasting effect continuation was very short; findings also consistent with pancreatic carcinoma. Thus, we preoperatively diagnosed his condition as a pancreatic carcinoma and performed distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy. Microscopic examination showed that the tumor was in fact a benign schwannoma. Histology showed a proliferation of spindle-shaped cell in a vague fascicular and haphazard pattern, with palisading arrangement.CONCLUSIONSchwannoma of the pancreas is very rare, however, clinicians should consider schwannoma as the differential diagnosis for pancreatic tumors.     

胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的影像表现

目的 探讨胰腺实性假乳头状瘤(SPTP)的影像学特征。方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的34例SPTP患者的CT和MR资料。结果 SPTP位于胰头部14例(14/34, 41.18%), 胰腺颈部及体部各4例(4/34, 11.76%), 胰尾部12例(12/34, 35.29%)。21例囊实性(21/34, 61.76%), 7例囊性为主(7/34, 20.59%), 6例实性为主(6/34, 17.65%)。CT平扫囊性部分呈低密度, 实性部分呈等低密度;MR平扫T1WI呈不均匀混杂信号, T2WI以高信号为主。增强扫描实性部分及包膜静脉期及平衡期强化, 囊性部分不强化。2例中心见点片状钙化, 6例边缘呈环状钙化;2例胰管扩张;3例十二指肠受压、2例左肾受压、4例脾脏及脾静脉受压、3例胃受压。结论 SPTP CT及MRI具有一定特征, 有助于提高术前诊断SPTP准确率。     

Cryoablation for liver metastasis from solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas: A case report

BACKGROUND Solid pseudopapillary tumor(SPT) of the pancreas is a rare pancreatic tumor and 10% to 15% of cases are associated with metastasis. Cryoablation is a new method that can induce tumor necrosis, and treatment of tumors by cryoablation can cause anti-tumor immune responses.CASE SUMMARY A 16-year-old woman with SPT of the pancreas developed liver metastases 5.3 years after complete resection of the primary pancreatic tumor. She was admitted with chief complaints of abdominal pain in the upper abdomen and a weight loss of approximately 5 kg over 4 mo. Carbohydrate antigen(CA) 125,carcinoembryonic antigen, and CA 199 were normal. An abdominal computed tomography scan found multiple nodules in the right lobe of the liver that measured approximately 13.5 cm × 10.8 cm × 21.4 cm. Immunohistochemical staining results showed that CD10 and CD56 were positive, and the patient was diagnosed with SPT of the pancreas with liver metastasis. The patient underwent percutaneous cryoablation and interventional embolization. During the 5-year follow-up, the patient remained disease-free after cryoablation, with relatively normal immune function.CONCLUSION Herein, we for the first time report the treatment of liver metastasis from SPT of the pancreas using cryoablation plus interventional embolization, which could be a promising alternative therapy for pancreatic SPT liver metastasis.     

胰母细胞瘤CT检查1例报告并文献复习

目的探讨胰腺母细胞瘤的影像病理特征及鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析1例胰腺母细胞瘤病例的诊治过程,并复习文献。结果 CT显示肿块位于胰腺体尾部偏后方,肿瘤有包膜、边缘清晰,主要由等密度实性成分构成,增强实性部分呈中度强化,散在囊变坏死不强化,肿瘤侵犯脾静脉。组织学可见肿瘤由上皮细胞构成,鳞状小体为其特征性表现。免疫组化CK、CgA和Syn均为阳性。结论胰母细胞瘤是一种罕见的胰腺外分泌腺肿瘤,多发生于儿童,成人罕见,在影像学诊断中应与胰腺其他肿瘤鉴别。     

儿童胰腺实性假乳头状瘤超声表现

目的 观察儿童胰腺实性假乳头状瘤(SPTP)超声表现。方法 回顾性分析10例SPTP患儿，男2例、女8例，年龄7～13岁、中位年龄11岁；均为单发病灶，4例位于胰头、6例位于胰体尾，最大径30～130 mm,中位最大径53 mm,观察其超声表现。结果 超声显示10例SPTP边界均清晰，呈圆形或类圆形，形态尚规整，其中8例具有完整包膜；2例内部回声呈实性、8例呈囊实性；5例见囊内出血，6例钙化均以边缘钙化为主。CDFI于肿瘤实性成分内探及少许血流信号，囊性成分内未见明显血流信号。10例均未见明显胰管、胆管梗阻或扩张，无周围侵犯或转移；2例肿瘤包膜破裂出血，可见大量血性腹腔积液，1例胰源性门脉高压见胃底静脉纡曲扩张。结论 儿童SPTP超声表现具有特征性，结合临床所见有助于确诊。     

Pancreatic cavernous hemangioma: CT,MRI, US,and angiography characteristics

A large pancreatic cavernous hemangioma was found in a 30-year-old man with abdominal distention. Plain and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasonography (US), and angiography were performed prior to operation. Contrast-enhanced CT and angiography showed a large poorly enhanced hypovascular tumor at the head of the pancreas. But MRI and US disclosed findings compatible with a cavernous hemangioma.     

A case of stage IA pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma accompanied with focal pancreatitis demonstrated by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography

A patient with slight dilatation of the main pancreatic duct was followed-up with ultrasonography every 6 months as a high-risk case of pancreatic cancer. Twelve years later, a faint hypoechoic area 13 mm in diameter was first detected on the body of the pancreas. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography revealed a well-demarcated hypoenhanced area 8 mm in diameter and a hyperenhanced area with an unclear margin. The former was suspected to be a small pancreatic cancer lesion, and the latter to be focal pancreatitis accompanying cancer. However, contrast-enhanced dynamic CT did not suggest any tumor, diagnosis of adenocarcinoma was confirmed with pancreatic juice cytology through endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. Surgical resection was performed, and the lesion was pathologically diagnosed as invasive ductal carcinoma as follows: pTS1 (1.0 cm), infiltrative type (pT1), stage IA. When comparing the images from contrast-enhanced ultrasonography with the pathological findings, the hypoenhanced area corresponded to ductal adenocarcinoma, and the hyperenhanced area to focal pancreatitis. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography was able to reveal detailed information on the focal lesion in the pancreas, and it was effective for the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.     

Composite pheochromocytoma masquerading as solidpseudopapillary neoplasm of pancreas

Pheochromocytoma and ganglioneuroma form rare composite tumours of the adrenal medulla comprising less than 3% of all sympathoadrenal tumours. We present a case of intraoperatively detected adrenal medullary tumour of composite pheochromocytoma and ganglioneuroma diagnosed on histopathology, in a normotensive patient. A 50-year-old male with a past history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease presented with abdominal pain and significant weight loss since one month. Ultrasound and contrast-enhanced computed tomography abdomen revealed a large lobulated lesion in the distal body and tail of pancreas suggestive of solid and papillary neoplasm of body and tail of pancreas. Intra-operatively, a 15 cm × 10 cm solid lesion with cystic areas was seen arising from the left lower pole of the adrenal gland pushing the pancreas which appeared unremarkable. In our case, exploratory laparotomy with tumour excision was done. Extensive sectioning and microscopic examination of this adrenal tumour confirmed a diagnosis of composite Pheochromocytoma with Ganglioneuroma on histopathology. Immunophenotyping with S-100 further supported the diagnosis. The goal of this report is to increase the awareness of this rare disease and to further identify its variable presentation.     

胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的临床诊治研究

[目的]总结胰腺实性假乳头状瘤(SPTP)的临床特点及外科治疗经验,提高SPTP的术前诊断及治疗水平.[方法]回顾性分析2000年6月至2010年12月于山东大学附属省立医院接受手术治疗的50例SPTP患者的临床资料.50例患者中,男4例,女46例,男女比例1∶11.5,平均年龄23.7岁(11 ～48岁).17例有上腹部不适、疼痛或腹泻症状,30例因腹部肿块就诊,3例以梗阻性黄疸为首发症状.所有患者术前实验室检查均为阴性,术前诊断主要依靠腹部超声、CT等影像学检查.所有患者均手术治疗,术后均未行化疗和放疗.[结果]术后病理5例为低度恶性SPTP,1例为恶性SPTP.肿瘤位于胰头部26例,位于胰颈部4例,位于胰体部2例,位于胰体尾部10例,位于胰尾部8例,肿瘤平均直径为7.9 cm(3～ 19 cm).术后8例发生胰瘘,2例出现胃瘫,均对症处理后好转.所有患者术后恢复良好,平均随访39个月(2～87个月),均未出现肿瘤复发及转移迹象.[结论]SPTP是一种少见的低度恶性或交界性肿瘤,主要见于20～30岁的年轻女性,大多数情况手术切除均能治愈,预后良好.     

胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的超声特点与病理对照分析

目的 评价胰腺实性假乳头状瘤(SPTP)的超声表现特征与病理的相关性。方法 回顾性分析经手病理学检查证实的11例胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的超声影像资料,分析术前超声影像,包括肿块的位置、肿瘤囊性和实性成分、边缘、形态、直径、主胰管扩张、包膜和钙化等情况,并评价超声表现与病理的相关性。结果 11例SPTP患者均为女性,平均年龄34.5岁。肿瘤直径1.2～12cm；肿瘤位于胰腺体尾部6例,胰头2例,胰体2例,胰颈1例。6例呈囊实性,含纤维包膜,与周围正常胰腺分解清楚；5例呈实性,无包膜。4例显示钙化。多普勒显示4例含少量至中量血流。结论SPTP的超声表现反应其病理特征。青年女性胰腺囊实性肿瘤应考虑SPTP,但是较小的病变可能表现为实性,给诊断带来挑战。     

Usefulness of intraoperative contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in laparoscopic enucleation of small pancreatic metastases from renal cell carcinoma: A case report

Pancreatic metastasis from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is relatively rare. Surgical resection of the lesion is recommended if no residual tumor remains. Although there is no clear standard for surgical procedures, enucleation can be considered for small lesions. Lesion identification is important for enucleation, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound which takes advantage of the characteristics of hypervascular lesions was useful in a 68-year-old woman who underwent a left nephrectomy for RCC 11 years ago that was pathologically diagnosed as clear cell carcinoma. Recent computed tomography checkup showed a hypervascular tumor of 6 mm in the uncinated process and 10 mm in the pancreatic tail. Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration was performed for the tail lesion, a diagnosis of clear cell carcinoma was made, and laparoscopic enucleation of the pancreatic tumors was performed aided by intraoperative contrast-enhanced ultrasound. The postoperative course was uneventful, and no pancreatic fistula occurred.     

儿童胰腺实性假乳头状瘤CT表现

目的 探讨儿童胰腺实性假乳头状瘤（SPTP）的CT特征。方法 回顾性分析经病理确诊的20例SPTP患儿的CT及手术病理资料。结果 CT显示20例SPTP均为单发,5例（5/20,25.00%）位于胰腺头颈部,15例（15/20,75.00%）位于胰腺体尾部。1例（1/20,5.00%）肿瘤平扫呈均匀稍低密度,增强后无明显强化,病理显示该瘤灶内全部为坏死组织;19例（19/20,95.00%）肿瘤平扫呈不均匀稍低密度,增强后不均匀强化。3例（3/20,15.00%）肿瘤内见结节状或边缘壳样钙化;肿瘤不同程度压迫周围组织,3例（3/20,15.00%）胆总管继发性轻度扩张;均未见局部浸润。术后病理结果显示1例肿瘤为多发,4例肿瘤浸润周围组织器官;肿瘤内部均可见不同程度坏死和出血。结论 SPTP的CT表现具有一定特征性,有助于临床诊断。     

Epithelioid angiomyolipoma of the pancreas: A case report and review of the literature

BACKGROUNDAngiomyolipomas (AMLs), belonging to the family of mesenchymal tumors, are considered benign lesions that occur mostly in the kidney or as a part of tuberous sclerosis. Epithelioid AML (EAML) is a rare type of AML that appears to have malignant potential. Extrarenal AMLs usually occur in the liver according to the retrieved literature reports. There have been only two previous reports of monofocal primary AML of the pancreas; however, no cases of primary monotypic EAML of the pancreas have been reported.CASE SUMMARYAn asymptomatic 59-year-old woman incidentally revealed a tumor during abdominal ultrasound examination. Routine blood tests and physical examination were within normal limits. Abdominal ultrasound revealed a 1.9-cm hypoechogenic mass in the tail of the pancreas, clearly visualized by endoscopic ultrasound. However, contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography scans did not demonstrate the lesion. A subsequent gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging scan showed that the lesion had some characteristic manifestations. The lesion was initially thought to be a neuroendocrine tumor (asymptomatic PanNET). After surgical resection, histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of EAML. At the 6-mo follow-up, no recurrence, spread, or metastasis was identified on computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging.CONCLUSIONThe preoperative diagnosis of pancreatic AML is extremely difficult. Imaging techniques are essential for providing valuable morphological features for differential diagnosis.