超声心动图对感染性心内膜炎的诊断价值分析

目的分析超声心动图对感染性心内膜炎(IE)的诊断价值。方法选取内蒙古医科大学附属医院2015年3月—2016年3月收治的IE患者89例,均进行超声心动图检测,观察瓣膜受累情况、赘生物附着部位并测量其大小。结果血培养阳性患者30例(33.7%),其中革兰阴性杆菌9例,革兰阳性球菌21例。经超声心动图检查发现心脏瓣膜赘生物形成患者85例(95.5%),其中主动脉瓣30例、左房室瓣21例、主动脉瓣和左房室瓣13例、右房室瓣11例、肺动脉瓣10例;赘生物直径10 mm者45例、11~15 mm者33例、16~20 mm者5例、21 mm者2例。结论超声心动图检查能能快速发现并准确定位IE患者心脏瓣膜赘生物,诊断价值良好。     

心脏超声对感染性心内膜炎诊断价值的再评价

目的:探讨心脏超声在感染性心内膜炎(IE)诊断中的应用价值。方法:入选2013-01至2015-06就诊于本中心初步诊断为心血管植入式电子装置(CIED)感染的患者共478例。其中,根据症状、常规血培养、心脏超声检查疑似IE者9例,进一步接受正电子发射计算机断层摄影术(PET-CT)检查,以明确诊断及分型。然后,根据诊断分别进行针对性治疗,随访一年,检验心脏超声检查对CIED患者IE诊断的准确性。结果:3例患者因心脏超声未发现赘生物而初步诊断为菌血症,但经PET-CT检查后最终诊断为IE。2例患者心脏超声提示瓣膜赘生物而初步诊断为IE,但经PET-CT检查后发现心腔内电极导线及瓣膜均未见赘生物,其中1例伴随血培养阳性,最终诊断为菌血症,另1例无感染征象者最终诊断为非感染患者。4例患者在电极导线拔除术后因心脏超声可见赘生物而初步诊断为IE,但PET-CT检查发现心腔内无感染征象,最终确定为"非感染性纤维残留组织"。根据最终诊断分别采取针对性治疗,随访至少1年,所有患者均未出现新增感染及感染复发。结论:心脏超声对心腔内赘生物的判定存在误差,尤其对于接受电极导线拔除术后的疑似IE患者,应结合其他检查方法进行确定诊断,制定正确的治疗策略。     

超声心动图诊断感染性心内膜炎的临床价值

目的探讨超声心动图在感染性心内膜炎诊断中的临床价值。方法应用超声心动图观察心脏瓣膜赘生物的形态、大小、回声、分布及其瓣膜损害情况及追踪患者在上级医院的诊疗结果并进行比较。结果超声心动图能直接提供心脏瓣膜赘生物的附着部位及数目、大小、形态、活动情况及相应的血流动力学变化。结论超声心动图能对感染性心内膜炎心脏瓣膜赘生物进行定性诊断,对临床制定治疗方案及预后判断有重要意义。     

心脏超声与MRI诊断肥厚型心肌病伴感染性心内膜炎分析

目的探讨心脏超声与MRI诊断肥厚型心肌病伴感染性心内膜炎(IE)的价值。方法选择2015年2月—2016年2月我院收治的33例肥厚型心肌病伴感染性心内膜炎病人作为研究对象,入选病人均进行心脏超声及心脏MRI扫描。将心脏超声及心脏MRI扫描进行对比分析,对比两种检查方法对心肌肥厚、赘生物的检出情况。结果超声与MRI对于室间隔、心前壁、心后壁的心肌肥厚厚度检测结果比较无统计学意义(P0.05);而心侧壁及后尖部心肌肥厚度检测,MRI检测结果明显高于超声检测结果,比较具有统计学意义(P0.05)。超声共检测出赘生物31例,检出率为93.94%,MRI共检测出24例赘生物,检出率为72.73%,MRI赘生物检出率明显低于超声检查(P0.05);超声检查赘生物的大小为(6.07±1.17)mm,MRI检查赘生物的大小为(7.31±1.04)mm,超声检查对直径较小赘生物的检出率明显高于MRI检查,尤其是直径小于5mm的赘生物,比较具有统计学意义(P0.05)。超声检查对于主动脉瓣及肺动脉瓣的赘生物检出率明显高于MRI检查(P0.05);而对于二尖瓣及三尖瓣赘生物的检出率,两种检查方式比较无统计学意义(P0.05)。超声诊断的灵敏度为62.35%,特异度为74.11%,准确性为93.94%;MRI诊断的灵敏度为70.41%,特异度为62.24%,准确性为72.73%;联合诊断的灵敏度为80.91%,特异度为80.14%,准确性为96.96%。结论 MRI检查可较好显示心肌肥厚程度及病变部位,但对于赘生物的检查不如超声准确,因此,联合心脏超声及MRI检查,对确诊肥厚型心肌病伴感染性心内膜炎具有重要意义。     

经胸超声检查不典型感染性心内膜炎的效果观察

目的探讨经胸超声检查不典型感染性心内膜炎的效果。方法选取2009年1月~2016年3月我院所收治的不典型感染性心内膜炎患者20例作为研究对象,均接受外科手术治疗手段,通过胸超声心动图检查后再进行手术,比较超声检查结果与手术后手术结果,对超声心动图检查的准确性进行分析。结果所有患者中,有赘生物存在18例,超声心动图检测有赘生物存在15例,检出率为90%,超声诊断正确率为75%,手术结果在瓣膜损害和赘生物附着部位检测正确率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在临床检测不典型感染性心内膜炎患者,经胸超声心动图可以能准确快速地发现赘生物,符合手术检查的结果率较高,效果良好,说明经胸超声心动图检查有较强特异性,可成为主要的检查手段。     

超声造影在诊断心脏占位性病变中的应用价值

目的:探讨超声造影(contrast-enhanced ultrasound, CEUS)在心脏占位性病变中的诊断价值。方法:选取26例经常规经胸超声心动图(transthoracic echocardiography, TTE)发现心脏占位性病变的患者,均行TTE及CEUS检查,判断病变性质,分析TTE及CEUS检查的表现特点。结果:26例患者中有6例确诊为血栓,14例确诊为良性肿瘤及赘生物,6例确诊为恶性肿瘤。TTE检查结果确诊5例血栓、9例良性肿瘤及赘生物,误诊1例血栓为黏液瘤,其余11例未能定性。CEUS检查结果与手术病理及临床诊断结果相一致。良、恶性病变造影增强程度及灌注方式比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:在诊断心脏占位性病变中,TTE根据病灶形态、边界及有无心包积液结合病史可做出初步诊断,CEUS根据造影剂增强程度及灌注方式可有助于鉴别血栓和肿瘤性病变、肿瘤性病变的良恶性,从而提高诊断的准确率。     

超声心动图诊断感染性心内膜炎的临床价值分析

目的探讨感染性心内膜炎的临床特征和超声心动图对其的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析61例感染性心内膜炎患者的临床资料和超声心动图表现,并与手术、病理结果进行比较。结果感染性心内膜炎基础病因主要为先天性心脏病和风湿性心脏病,但比例有所下降;临床表现不典型病例增多,血培养的阳性率仅为22.9%。超声心动图对赘生物的检出率为85.2%,有助于早期诊断。赘生物分布位置、回声等具有其超声特点,超声心动图可检出瓣膜穿孔、腱索断裂、瓣周脓肿等并发症。结论超声心动图能够准确检出感染性心内膜炎赘生物和其并发症,对指导临床治疗和判断预后具有重要的临床应用价值。     

经胸超声心动图预测活动性感染性心内膜炎并发栓塞事件的价值

本研究有2个目的:(1)确定不同观察者判断感染性心内膜炎赘生物的超声心动图特征的不一致性;(2)评定这些赘生物的特征预测栓塞事件的价值。 方法 1989年至1991年间Duke大学医学中心研究50例疑有或确诊为感染性心内膜炎病人。符合以下标准中的任一项可诊断为感染性心内膜炎:(1)有感染性心内膜炎的病理组织学证据;(2)持续血培养阳性且排     

细菌性心内膜炎用超声心动图发现赘生物的可靠性及临床意义

本文报告用M型超声心动图检查36例感染性心内膜炎病人的经验。对它发现赘生物的可靠性作了评价。作者认为,超声心动图上有赘生物表现的病人,具有发生严重并发症和死亡的高度危险性。作者复习了1976—1980年感染性心内膜炎病人的病史和超声心动图资料。其中男23例,女13例;平均年龄20、25岁(2—90岁)。M超声心动图诊断赘生物的标准是出现不均匀蓬草状回声,伴有或不伴     

超声心动图在小儿感染性心内膜炎临床诊断中的应用价值

目的分析小儿感染性心内膜炎(IE)的临床特点,探讨超声心动图在IE诊断中的临床价值。方法选取我院2012年4月~2015年3月收治的IE患儿40例作为研究对象,分析IE的心脏基础疾病及临床表现,总结超声心动图特点。结果 IE患儿40例中,先天性心脏病22例,扩张性心肌病3例,心内膜弹力纤维增生症4例,风湿性心脏病6例,无基础性心脏病5例。超声心动图检查,伴有赘生物36例,阳性率为90%。患儿多以发热为首发症状,同时伴有心功能不全8例,脾肿大12例,镜下血尿10例。结论先天性心脏病是小儿感染性心内膜炎最常见的基础心脏病,超声心动图检查有助于IE的临床诊断,具有重要的临床价值。     

Diagnostic value of transesophageal compared with transthoracic echocardiography in infective endocarditis

To compare the diagnostic value of transesophageal and transthoracic echocardiography in infective endocarditis, paired transesophageal and transthoracic echocardiograms were obtained prospectively for 66 episodes of suspected endocarditis in 62 patients. Echocardiographic results were compared with the presence or absence of endocarditis determined by pathologic or nonechocardiographic data from the subsequent clinical course. All echocardiograms were interpreted by an observer told only that the studies were from patients in whom the diagnosis of endocarditis was suspected. The diagnosis of endocarditis was eventually made in 16 of the 66 episodes of suspected endocarditis (14 by pathologic and 2 by clinical criteria). In 7 of 16 transthoracic and 15 of 16 transesophageal echocardiograms, endocarditis was diagnosed at a probability level of "almost certain," giving a sensitivity of 44% and 94%, respectively (p less than 0.01). For the remaining episodes, 49 of 50 transthoracic and all transesophageal studies yielded normal results, giving a specificity of 98% and 100%, respectively. This study suggests that transesophageal echocardiography is highly sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis and significantly more sensitive than transthoracic echocardiography. Although echocardiography cannot rule out endocarditis, the high diagnostic sensitivity of transesophageal echocardiography results in a low probability of the disease when the study yields negative results in a patient with an intermediate likelihood of the disease.     

Echocardiographic and pathologic characteristics of primary cardiac tumors: a study of 149 cases

To investigate the characteristics and pathological features of primary cardiac tumors and to evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity of echocardiography in primary cardiac tumors, all pathologic and echocardiographic records at the Chinese PLA general hospital and its satellite hospitals between January 1st, 1990 and January 1st, 2000 were reviewed to identify patients with a confirmed diagnosis of primary cardiac tumors. A total of 149 patients who had complete echocardiographic records and who were diagnosed with primary cardiac tumors were included in the study. Pathologic and echocardiographic records were reviewed retrospectively to evaluate the presence, location and histologic type of the tumors. The majority (n=118, 79.2%) of cases had been diagnosed with benign tumors. Myxoma was the most common histologic type accounting for 50.0% of total cardiac tumors. Lipoma was the second most common type of benign tumor. Among cases with malignant tumors (n=31, 20.8%), unclassified sarcoma (n=7), angiosarcoma (n=6) and rhabdomyosarcoma (n=6) were the common histologic types of primary malignant tumor. Non-myxomatous benign tumors were more likely to have occurred in the ventricle than myxomas (17/43, 39.5% vs. 7/75, 9.3%; P=0.00). The proportion of pericardium involvement in the malignant tumors (8/31, 25.8%) was significantly higher than that in the myxomas (0/75, 0%; P=0.00) and non-myxomas (2/43, 4.7%; P=0.01). The diagnostic sensitivity of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography was 93.3% (139/149) and 96.8% (30/31), respectively. The study, using a relatively large sample, confirms that myxoma was the most common primary cardiac tumor. The locations of tumor involvement varied by types of tumor. Echocardiography may be a useful tool for early diagnosis of primary cardiac tumors.     

The Potential Impact of Contemporary Transthoracic Echocardiography on the Management of Patients with Native Valve Endocarditis: A Comparison with Transesophageal Echocardiography

Background: Between 1987 and 1994, several studies demostrated transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) to be less sensitive than transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in detecting native valve endocarditis. Recent technologic advances, especially the introduction of harmonic imaging and digital processing and storage, have improved TTE image quality. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of contemporary TTE. Methods: Between 2003 and 2007, 75 patients underwent both TTE and TEE for clinically suspected infective endocarditis. The diagnostic accuracy of TTE was assessed using transesophageal echocardiography as the gold standard for diagnosis of endocarditis. Results: Of the 75 patients in this study, 33 were found to be positive by TEE. The sensitivity for detection of infective endocarditis by TTE was 81.8%. It provided good image quality in 81.5% of cases; in these patients sensitivity was even greater (89.3%). Conclusion: Contemporary TTE has improved the diagnostic accuracy of infective endocarditis by ameliorating image quality; it provides an accurate assessment of endocarditis and may reduce the need for TEE.     

Cystic tumor in the left atrium: an unusual aspect of a myxoma

Most cardiac tumors are benign, whereas up to 50 % of the diagnosed cases are histologically myxomas. The common clinical signs are rhythm disturbances, myocardial ischemia, pulmonary edema, syncope and cardiac arrest. They do normally lead to the diagnostic hypothesis of an intracardiac mass. The primary modality for imaging is echocardiography which usually confirms the suspected diagnosis. But in rare cases there are masses which cannot be exactly identified by this technique. Here we present a patient with an atypical echocardiography of an unusual intracardiac tumor.     

36例胎儿心脏肿瘤的超声与病理对比研究

目的:与病理对照探讨胎儿超声心动图对胎儿心脏肿瘤的诊断价值。方法:收集我院及多中心2011年至2018年,经超声心动图诊断的胎儿心脏肿瘤65例,其中36例胎儿终止妊娠并于我院病理科进行尸体解剖及遗传学检测。结果:病理诊断横纹肌瘤33例,纤维瘤1例,血管瘤1例,下腔静脉瓣增生1例,超声心动图定性诊断的准确率为91%。35例心脏肿瘤中,30例肿瘤的诊断准确,准确率为85.7%,4例将单发占位误诊为单发占位,1例将多发占位误诊为多发占位。对36例胎儿进行结节性硬化症遗传学检测,阳性22例,阴性12例,组织降解2例。结论:胎儿超声心动图诊断的胎儿心脏肿瘤,以横纹肌瘤最为常见。超声心动图容易将心室内的粗大肌束误诊为心脏肿瘤,应注意鉴别。对胎儿心脏肿瘤的病例应及时行结节性硬化症遗传学检测。     

The usefulness of echocardiography in the surgical management of infants with congenital heart disease.

Between January 1988 and August 1991, at The Children's Heart Center, Atlanta, 83 infants with congenital heart defects were diagnosed by echocardiography and underwent surgery without cardiac catheterization. The diagnostic categories included 46 infants with left heart obstructive lesions, 19 infants with cyanotic heart lesions, and 18 infants with miscellaneous lesions. Forty-five infants (55%) underwent surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass. There were three errors in diagnosis, yielding a diagnostic accuracy of 95%. Many infants with congenital heart disease can be accurately and completely diagnosed by echocardiography and can safely undergo surgery without cardiac catheterization.     

Can structured clinical assessment using modified Duke's criteria improve appropriate use of echocardiography in patients with suspected infective endocarditis?

BACKGROUND: Although echocardiography has been incorporated into the diagnostic algorithm of patients with suspected infective endocarditis, systematic usage in clinical practice remains ill defined. OBJECTIVE: To test whether the rigid application of a predefined standardized clinical assessment using the Duke criteria by the research team would provide improved diagnostic accuracy of endocarditis when compared with usual clinical care provided by the attending team. METHODS: Between April 1, 2000 and March 31, 2001, 101 consecutive inpatients with suspected endocarditis were examined prospectively and independently by both teams. The clinical likelihood of endocarditis was graded as low, moderate or high. All patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography and appropriate transesophageal echocardiography if deemed necessary. All diagnostic and therapeutic outcomes were evaluated prospectively. RESULTS: Of 101 consecutive inpatients (age 50+/-16 years; 62 males) enrolled, 22% subsequently were found to have endocarditis. The pre-echocardiographic likelihood categories as graded by the clinical and research teams were low in nine and 37 patients, respectively, moderate in 83 and 40 patients, respectively, and high in nine and 24 patients, respectively, with only a marginal agreement in classification (kappa=0.33). Of the 37 patients in the low likelihood group and 40 in the intermediate group, no endocarditis was diagnosed. In 22 of 24 patients classified in the high likelihood group, there was echocardiographic evidence of vegetations suggestive of endocarditis. Discriminating factors that increased the likelihood of endocarditis were a prior history of valvular disease, the presence of an indwelling catheter, positive blood cultures, and the presence of a new murmur and a vascular event. General internists, rheumatologists and intensive care physicians were more likely to order echocardiography in patients with low clinical probability of endocarditis, of which pneumonia was the most common alternative diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Although prediction of clinical likelihood varies between observers, endocarditis is generally found only in those individuals with a moderate to high pre-echocardiographic clinical likelihood. Strict adherence to indications for transthoracic echocardiography and transesophageal echocardiography may help to facilitate more accurate diagnosis within the moderate likelihood category. Patients with low likelihood do not derive additional diagnostic benefit with echocardiography although other factors such as physician reassurance may continue to drive diagnostic demand.     

Clinical information determines the impact of transesophageal echocardiography on the diagnosis of infective endocarditis by the duke criteria

BACKGROUND: Although transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is more sensitive than transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in detecting echocardiographic evidence of infective endocarditis (IE), the impact of TEE on the clinical diagnosis of IE has not been clearly delineated. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied 112 patients with 114 suspected episodes of IE over a 6-year period who underwent both TTE and TEE during their diagnostic evaluation. Using the results of these studies along with clinical and microbiologic data, we attempted to determine the incremental value of TEE to the Duke Endocarditis Diagnostic Criteria. Patients were initially classified into a diagnostic category of the Duke criteria with TTE data, and then the diagnostic classification was reconsidered with TEE data. A diagnostic category reassignment occurred in 25 of 114 episodes of IE evaluated when TEE results were incorporated into the evaluation with the Duke criteria (22 patients were reclassified from possible IE to definite IE whereas 3 patients were reclassified from rejected to possible IE). Diagnostic reclassification occurred in 9 (11%) of the 80 episodes of suspected IE with native cardiac valves and 13 (34%) of 34 episodes with prosthetic cardiac valves. Most patients reclassified from possible IE to definite IE with TEE data (19 of 22) had an intermediate clinical likelihood of IE, whereas 92% of patients had negative TTE results. Pathologic examination of valvular tissue in 22 of the 114 episodes of suspected IE revealed that the positive predictive value of the Duke criteria with TEE data for diagnosis of IE was 85% in patients with native valves and 89% in patients with prosthetic valves. CONCLUSIONS: When clinical evidence of IE is present, TEE improves the sensitivity of the Duke criteria to diagnose definite IE. TEE data appears to be especially useful for the diagnostic evaluation of patients with suspected IE who have prosthetic valves.     

Echocardiographic diagnosis of left atrial myxoma

The presence of a left atrial myxoma in a young woman who presented with mitral valve obstruction was established by echocardiography before surgery. A systematic echocardiographic approach to such a patient is described, by which other diagnostic possibilities, including artifacts, may be eliminated. It is indicated that echocardiography should be performed in patients with suspected obstructive lesions at the mitral valve, unexplained syncope or suspected bacterial endocarditis, as well as in patients who have had atrial myxomas removed since these tumors occasionally recur.     

Advantages and limitations of 18-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis

IntroductionThe early diagnosis of infective endocarditis (IE) is a medical challenge and a multidisciplinary approach is essential to improve its frequently fatal prognosis. Our goal was to evaluate the usefulness of [¹⁸F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography (¹⁸F-FDG PET) in the diagnosis of this disease.Materials and MethodsWe prospectively assessed 43 patients (five female and 38 male) with clinical suspicion of IE between 2014 and 2017. All patients underwent transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and an ¹⁸F-FDG PET scan, and the results were compared. A positive PET finding was defined as increased FDG uptake on cardiac valves or intracardiac devices.ResultsOut of 43 patients with suspected IE, the diagnosis was confirmed in 30 cases (79.7%). ¹⁸F-FDG PET was positive in 24 patients, with 19 showing FDG uptake on cardiac valves (two native and 17 prosthetic) and five on cardiac devices, being concordant with echocardiographic findings in 11 cases. ¹⁸F-FDG PET sensitivity was 80%, specificity 92%, positive predictive value (PPV) 96% and negative predictive value (NPV) 66%. Echocardiography presented sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 36%, 84%, 84% and 36%, respectively.Conclusions¹⁸F-FDG PET proved to be a sensitive technique with a high diagnostic value in patients with prosthetic valves and intracardiac devices and suspected IE. Its utility decreased dramatically in patients with suspected IE on native valves, in which TEE presented higher sensitivity and thus better diagnostic value.