肾移植术后非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术1例

病人　男 ,5 1岁。反复发作性胸痛 15年。 3年前冠状动脉造影显示左前降支近段局限性偏心性狭窄 70 %、中段不规则狭窄 90 % ,行近中段经皮经腔冠状动脉成形术(ＰＴＣＡ)。 1年前冠状动脉造影显示左前降支狭窄达 95 % ,旋支及右冠状动脉轻度狭窄 ,行左前降支ＰＴＣＡ加支架手术。病人有慢性肾炎史 33年 ,高血压史 2 7年。 5年前因慢性肾炎、肾功能衰竭接受同种肾移植手术 ,移植肾功能良好。本次入院冠状动脉造影显示 :左冠状动脉前降支放支架部位 2 0 %狭窄 ,第一对角支中段 70 %狭窄 ,回旋支远段 95 %狭窄 ,右冠状动脉近、中段全闭。超声心…     

终末期肝病/肝移植术后合并冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病患者不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术三例

正临床资料患者1,男,47岁,主因"间断后背疼痛2年余"入院。入院后行冠状动脉造影提示:冠状动脉左主干合并三支血管病变,其中左冠状动脉主干(LMd)病变40%～50%节段性狭窄,左前降支(LAD)o-m 70%～90%弥漫性狭窄,LADd 70%～80%节段狭窄,左旋支(LCX)o-d70%～90%弥漫性狭窄,右冠状动脉右旋支(RCA)p-d90%～99%节段狭窄,右冠状动脉后降支(PDA)o-m80%～90%弥漫狭窄。患者既往"乙型病毒性肝炎,肝硬     

心脏移植后的移植心冠状动脉血管病与急性排斥反应一例

目的 探讨移植心冠状动脉血管病与急性排斥反应的早期诊断。方法 对1例扩张型心肌病患者施行同种原位心脏移植术。术后定期随访，观察项目有：临床表现，血液生化，标准十二导联心电图，超声心动图，心内膜心肌活检，冠状动脉造影术。结果 术后5-6个月，患者出现乏力，活动后胸闷，心悸，发热等全身或心脏非特异性症状，并有持续存在的窦性心动过速，左心室射血分数（EF）降低，右心房内径增大，室间隔增厚，持续三尖瓣返流，外周血白细胞持续升高，增加免疫抑制剂用量后症状好转或消失，术后9个月，冠状动脉造影显示典型的冠状动脉血管病改变，以左前降支及其中，远段分支血管弥漫性狭窄病变为甚，心内膜心肌活检显示典型的急性排斥反应改变（I-A型）。结论 心脏移植术后系列超声心动图和心电图检查可作为早期移植心冠状动脉血管病和急性排斥反应的无创性检测方法。心内膜心肌活检和冠状动脉造影为确诊手段。     

前降支肌桥合并后降支肌桥1例

患者，男，50岁，阵发性胸闷、胸痛、心悸两年，血压：190／140mmHg。胸片：主动脉结增宽，左室增大，心胸比0．58；超声：左室壁增厚，左室前壁运动减低；心电图：ST段Ⅰ、Ⅱ、aVL、V5、V6下移〉0．05mV。T波Ⅰ、Ⅱ、aVL、V4～V6双向倒置；实验室检查：心肌酶学正常；诊断：①高血压3级，极高危组。②冠心病：不稳定性心绞痛。收治入院行冠状动脉造影检查：冠脉呈右优势型，前降支近-中段弥漫性狭窄最窄约80％，中段可见肌桥形成（图1A、B）。第1对角支近段约70％管状狭窄；回旋支近段弥漫性狭窄最窄约60％。右冠状动脉左室后支中段约60％管状狭窄，后降支可见肌桥形成（图1C、D）。在前降支近－中段狭窄处置入支架，患者状况良好，一周后出院。     

编织样右冠状动脉1例

正患者男,57岁,因突发胸痛3h入院。实验室检查示CKBB同工酶、高敏肌钙蛋白升高,心电图示V1-4ST段弓背上抬,行CAG,术中显示:左冠状动脉前降支闭塞;右冠状动脉近段血管壁扭曲,管腔呈"网状"充盈缺损改变,血流通畅,未见对比剂染色及滞留(图1)。临床诊断:①左冠状动脉前降支闭塞;②右冠状动脉近段改变——血栓?夹层?行左冠状动脉支架成形术后患者胸痛症状消失。根据患者临床、影像学表现,将右冠     

颈内动脉旁路移植、内膜剥脱同期冠状动脉旁路移植术一例

患者　女 ,6 3岁。因不稳定型心绞痛加重 15天伴左侧心力衰竭入院。冠状动脉造影示左前降支中段闭塞 ,左回旋支开口处 85 %狭窄 ,右冠状动脉开口处 90 %狭窄。因心绞痛发作频繁 ,未行心室造影。二维超声心动图检查示室壁运动异常 ,经颅多普勒超声检查示颅内血管多发性狭窄 ,颈动脉超声检查示双颈内动脉严重狭窄。脑血管造影示右颈内动脉近段85 %局限性狭窄 ,左颈内动脉长段串珠样改变 ,最窄处达95 % (图 1)。图 1　脑血管造影示左颈内动脉长段串珠样改变　　手术方法 :先用大隐静脉行左颈总动脉、颈内动脉的旁路端侧吻合 ,右侧行颈内动脉内…     

Hybrid技术治疗多支病变冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病

目的 为寻求创伤更小的治疗冠状动脉多支病变的手段。方法 从１９９９年８月￣２０００年４月，４例患者接受联合电视胸腔镜下冠状动脉旁路移植术（ＶＡＣＡＢ）和经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）的治疗，无为左前降支完全性闭塞和右冠状动脉９０％的狭窄，其中２例合并左回旋支９０％的狭窄。病例１首先进行ＰＴＣＡ和支架植入，术后即刻进行ＶＡＣＡＢ，后３例先施行ＶＡＣＡＢ，再进行ＰＴＣＡ和支架植入。结果 ４例患者均存活，且术后心绞痛均缓解，除病例１因术后早期抗凝治疗导致胸液过多二次开胸止血，其他患者均顺利恢复；病例１术后３个月冠状动脉造影显示移植血管和右冠状动脉通畅，其他３例ＰＴＣＡ时造影显示移植血管通畅。结论 Ｈｙｂｒｉｄ技术初步应用的经验显示联合ＶＡＣＡＢ和ＰＴＣＡ手术治疗冠状动脉多支病变是安全有效的。     

64层螺旋CT对冠状动脉狭窄病变诊断准确性的对比研究

目的比较64层螺旋CT(64-MSCT)冠状动脉显像和选择性冠状动脉造影(SCA)诊断冠状动脉狭窄的准确性。方法华西医院2004年4月至2010年12月行SCA检查并同期行64-MSCT检查患者共93例,其中男74例,女19例;年龄(58.2±8.5)岁,全部患者为窦性心律,心率≥90次/分患者使用倍他乐克控制心律,选取管腔内径≥2 mm的可显像冠状动脉节段,管腔内径狭窄≥50%确定为冠状动脉节段狭窄。根据节段显示情况及是否存在伪影将图像质量分为Ⅰ～Ⅳ级,Ⅰ～Ⅲ级符合影像学评价要求。以SCA造影检查结果为金标准,评价64-MSCT显像成象质量及检测冠状动脉节段狭窄病变的准确性。结果 SCA能清晰显像的冠状动脉节段(100%,1 238/1 238),造影图象质量均符合冠状动脉成像质量评价方法中可评价图象要求(Ⅰ～Ⅲ级);64-MSCT评价冠状动脉有无狭窄的总体敏感度、特异度、阳性及阴性预测值分别为88.8%(427/481)、91.7%(694/757)、87.1%(427/490)和92.8%(694/748)。64-MSCT造影对左回旋支近段和第一钝缘支病变的诊断准确率较其他节段低:左回旋支近段的敏感度68.3%(41/60),特异度60.6%(20/33),阳性预测值75.9%(41/54),阴性预测值51.3%(20/39);第一钝缘支的敏感度58.8%(10/17),特异度93.5%(58/62),阳性预测值71.4%(10/14),阴性预测值89.2%(58/65)。影响冠状动脉狭窄判断和图象质量的主要因素是冠状动脉钙化和心脏活动伪影。结论 64-MSCT诊断冠状动脉狭窄具有较高的准确性,具体评价与病变检测受解剖部位和血管大小的影响,对左回旋支近段及第一钝缘支病变的诊断准确率较低。     

胸骨下段小切口冠状动脉旁路移植治疗右位心完全器官转位合并三支血管病变1例

患者 女,65岁.间断胸闷、胸痛1年.X线胸片显示右位镜面心(图1),腹部超声证实完全性脏器转位.冠状动脉造影显示3支血管病变,左前降支开口90％狭窄,回旋支近中段50％～80％狭窄,右冠状动脉近段99％狭窄,不适合经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(图2).     

心脏移植术后冠状动脉病变的相关因素分析

目的探讨心脏移植术后长期存活的患者冠状动脉病变的相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析32例心脏移植术后长期存活患者的临床资料,并对相关的临床因素进行评价,筛选出移植心冠状动脉病变的独立危险因素。结果高脂血症、热缺血时间、巨细胞病毒(CMV)抗体阳性、移植后时间及慢性排斥反应是移植心冠状动脉病变的危险因素,而年龄、高血压和糖尿病与移植心冠状动脉病变的相关性不明显;多元Losgitic回归分析,移植后时间和慢性排斥反应是移植心冠状动脉病变的独立危险因素(P<0.001,P=0.003)。结论心脏移植术后冠状动脉病变的实质是慢性排斥反应;与供心的热缺血时间、高脂血症及巨细胞病毒感染等相关。     

Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy as a screening method for significant coronary artery stenosis in cardiac transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have explored the feasibility of using myocardial perfusion imaging to detect allograft vasculopathy after heart transplantation. We undertook the present prospective consecutive study to comparatively evaluate the role of serial myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scanning and coronary arteriography (CAG) in detecting coronary artery stenosis suitable for coronary angioplasty in heart transplant recipients. METHODS: Within a 2-week interval during a follow-up period of 5.6 (95% confidence limits 2.1 to 12) years, 255 serial CAGs and myocardial perfusion scintigraphies were performed in 67 patients. Arteriography and scintigraphy were performed once yearly after heart transplantation. We retrospectively analyzed the data. RESULTS: Myocardial scintigraphy showed pathologic reversible defects in 9 out of 67 patients. Four of these patients had significant (>50% and also >70%) focal segmental stenosis in the middle and proximal parts of the coronary arteries (Type A lesions), 1 had diffuse and circumferential narrowing in the distal parts (Type B lesions), whereas CAG showed no lesions in the remaining 4 patients. The patients with significant Type A lesions were revascularized with percutaneous coronary angioplasty. Coronary arteriography showed that 1 patient had extensive Type A and Type B lesions, whereas myocardial perfusion scans detected no. The predictive value of a negative (normal) SPECT was 98% (95% confidence limits 94% to 100%) for the detection of lesions suited for revascularization. CONCLUSIONS: Annual myocardial SPECT seems well suited to screen for significant coronary artery stenosis. A SPECT study without reversible defects virtually excludes lesions suitable for coronary artery revascularization.     

Mid-term outcome of surgical coronary ostial plasty: our experience

The conventional coronary artery bypass procedure that uses venous or arterial conduit for isolated critical stenosis of the left main coronary artery (LMCA) restores a less physiological perfusion of the myocardium and uses an appreciable length of bypass material. Coronary ostial plasty has been described as an alternative surgical technique in proximal obstructive coronary artery disease without calcifications. Here we report 23 patients (15 males and 8 females aged 37-78 years; mean age 57 years) who underwent surgical ostial plasty. Ostial reconstruction with fresh pericardial patch was performed in all patients: 15 patients with LMCA stenosis, 6 patients with right coronary (RC) ostial stenosis, and 2 patients with both RC artery and LMCA stenosis. In seven cases, coronary artery bypass grafting was added for contralateral distal stenosis with a total of five arterial conduits and six venous grafts. One patient died; the ostial plasty and grafts were patent at necropsy. Thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy under stress at 30 days to 6 months after operation demonstrated good myocardial perfusion in 21 of 22 patients. Coronary angiography at follow-up (49 +/- 8 months) demonstrated good surgical ostial plasty results in 21 of 22 patients and good coronary flow in 19 of 22 patients; angiographic study at mid-term follow-up revealed only one failure of the surgical ostial plasty technique associated with venous graft obstruction. In 2 other patients CABG failure due to venous graft obstruction (1 patient) or distal stenotic lesions of the left coronary artery (1 patient) was noted. The overall successful outcome of the surgical ostial plasty was 22 of 23. We believe that surgical angioplasty of the coronary ostia may be used in the presence of proximal noncalcified obstructive lesions as an alternative technique, which offers a more physiological revascularization; it also spares grafting material and allows subsequent percutaneous transluminal angioplasty or coronary artery bypass surgery.     

Myocardial distribution of retrograde flow through the coronary sinus of the excised normal canine heart

Myocardial distribution of the retrograde flow through the coronary sinus in the canine heart was evaluated by observing the corrosion casts of the myocardial vessels after coronary sinus injection of a low-viscosity resin, Mercox, a compound that passes through capillaries. The apex and the left ventricular free wall were well perfused at the microvascular level, even in the presence of complete left main coronary artery occlusion, whereas the right ventricular free wall was not perfused effectively at this level in any heart. Although there was considerable variation in the perfusion of the ventricular septum from heart to heart, the entire septum was not perfused in some of the hearts. We considered this poor perfusion of the septum to be due to the presence of well-developed thebesian veins in the septum. Retrograde coronary sinus perfusion of cardioplegic solution may be a valuable alternative to protect the left ventricular free wall, especially in cases of critical coronary artery stenosis or occlusion. However, antegrade perfusion should be used also, whenever possible, for adequate protection of the septum and the right ventricular free wall.     

Left ventricular apical aneurysm due to unrecognized sarcoidosis

A 47-year-old woman was hospitalized for syncope. An electrocardiogram showed complete right bundle branch block and T-wave inversion in leads III, aVF, and V2–4. Cardiac catheterization was performed since the echocardiogram demonstrated the existence of a left ventricular apical aneurysm and apical thrombus. Coronary angiography revealed normal coronary arteries. An endomyocardial biopsied specimen from the right ventricular apical wall demonstrated typical noncaseating granulomas with giant cells. There was no evidence suggesting the involvement of other systemic organs. The patient was diagnosed as having cardiac sarcoidosis. Cardiac sarcoidosis should be considered within a spectrum of diseases that cause left ventricular apical aneurysm.     

Late coronary artery lesions after neonatal arterial switch operation: results of surgical coronary revascularization.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of surgical revascularization in children with coronary artery lesions following neonatal arterial switch operation (ASO). METHODS: Among 755 neonates who underwent ASO, there were 713 late survivors (94%). Coronary lesions were detected in 34 patients (5%). Coronary revascularization was carried out in 19 children (mean age: 5.6+/-3.2 years) in whom myocardial ischemia was demonstrated by myocardial perfusion imaging studies. Coronary lesions involved the left main coronary artery in 14 cases, the left anterior descending artery in 3, and the right coronary artery in 2. Sixteen patients had coronary angioplasty (left main coronary artery in 11, left anterior descending artery in 3, right coronary artery in 2). Two patients underwent a mammary bypass and one had a saphenous vein proximal bypass. RESULTS: There was no mortality or coronary event. Mean follow-up was 6.3+/-2.8 years. Patency of coronary repair was demonstrated in all patients; however, in one child with angioplasty of the left main coronary artery, there was a residual stenosis of the left anterior descending artery, and reoperation with a mammary bypass was required. Myocardial perfusion imaging was performed in 18 patients; myocardial perfusion was normal in 16 and 2 had minimal residual perfusion defects. Treadmill exercise testing was performed in 11 patients and was normal in all. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Following ASO, coronary lesions are not uncommon and they are progressive. Routine and sequential coronary evaluation is necessary. (2) Coronary revascularization can be achieved using coronary angioplasty in most cases. Mammary bypass may be used in selected circumstances. Normal myocardial perfusion is restored in most patients.     

Surgical osteoplasty of the left main coronary artery using the right internal thoracic artery

A 39-year-old female with a history of progressive refractory angina required medical treatment. A coronary angiography showed 75% left coronary ostial stenosis without any other atherosclerotic lesions. The isolated ostial stenosis of the left main coronary artery was reconstructed by patch angioplasty, using a proximal segment of the right internal thoracic artery. The transaortic patch angioplasty was performed using a superior approach, which allowed a good exposure of the left coronary artery to the aorta without difficulty. A postoperative coronary angiography showed satisfactory patency, and a small biopsy of the ostial tissue demonstrated findings compatible with fibromuscular dysplasia. Based on this outcome, a proximal segment of the internal thoracic artery appears to provide a suitable patch material for enlarging the left coronary ostium.     

Noninvasive assessment of cardiac risk in insulin-dependent diabetic patients being evaluated for pancreatic transplantation using thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scintigraphy

We examined the value of thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scintigraphy in noninvasive assessment of cardiac risk in 36 insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetic patients being evaluated for pancreas or combined pancreas/kidney transplantation. An extensive cardiovascular evaluation including electrocardiogram was performed in all patients, and most patients were also evaluated by two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. Exercise thallium studies were performed in 31 patients. Five patients were unable to exercise and underwent dipyridamole-thallium study. The thallium images were abnormal in 12 patients, 10 of whom underwent coronary arteriography. Significant coronary artery disease was found in 7 of these patients. Nineteen patients underwent pancreatic (3 patients) or pancreato-renal (16) transplantation without any occurrence of cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction peri-operatively or on follow-up ranging from 7 months to 21 months. In contrast, 3 cardiac events occurred in 12 patients not approved for transplantation, each of whom had an abnormal thallium study exhibiting significant ischemia. Resting left ventricular global and regional function was not helpful in determining perioperative risk. Thus, thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scintigraphy may be useful in identifying diabetic patients at low risk for pancreas transplantation and may obviate the need for routine coronary angiography in these patients.     

Incidence, progression and functional significance of cardiac allograft vasculopathy after heart transplantation

BACKGROUND: Cardiac allograft vasculopathy after heart transplantation leads to an accelerated form of atherosclerosis with marked and often diffuse vessel wall changes that limit long-term survival. Previous studies showed contradictory results relating vessel wall changes to endothelial vasodilator response. METHODS: A total of 30 cardiac transplant recipients were studied 3, 12, and 24 months after heart transplantation. Coronary angiography was performed at rest, during supine bicycle ergometry, and after 1.6 mg sublingual nitroglycerin. Coronary cross-sectional area (biplane coronary angiography) and coronary artery wall changes (intravascular ultrasound) were assessed and extent of intimal changes correlated to vasodilator responses to nitroglycerine and bicycle ergometry. RESULTS: Intravascular ultrasound showed significant intimal thickening in 43, 64, and 58% of patients at 3, 12, and 24 months. Intimal thickening 3 months after transplantation was related to donor age (r=0.70, P<0.01) but did not predict progression of disease that manifested itself angiographically as a decrease in coronary cross-sectional area at 12 and 24 months (P<0.005) and significant coronary stenosis in 12% of patients after 24 months. Endothelium-independent vasodilatation after nitroglycerin (33+/-15, 44+/-20, and 43+/-24%) was normal. Endothelium-dependent, flow-induced vasodilatation during exercise was decreased (14+/-11, 18+/-14, and 16+/-17%) but did not correlate to intimal changes assessed by ultrasound. CONCLUSIONS: The study confirms the high incidence of intimal thickening after heart transplantation as assessed by intravascular ultrasound. Impaired exercise-induced vasodilatation suggests diminished bioavailability of endothelium-derived nitric oxide to physiological stimulation but the lack of relationship between coronary wall changes and this functional impairment suggests intermittent and presumably reversible endothelial injury in graft atherosclerosis.     

Balloon angioplasty for pulmonary artery stenosis after lung transplantation

We report here a successful case of balloon angioplasty for a stenosis of the pulmonary artery after lung transplantation. A 49-year-old patient with end stage diffuse bronchiectasis with sinusitis underwent bilateral living donor lobar lung transplantation. After treatment of postoperative right pneumothorax, a perfusion lung scan revealed deficient perfusion in the left lung. Pulmonary angiography showed a severe stenosis in the left pulmonary artery just distal to the anastomosis. Percutaneous balloon angioplasty improved both pulmonary perfusion and respiratory function.     

Dor operation combined with redo coronary artery bypass grafting; report of two successful cases

Case 1. A 69-year-old male, who had undergone coronary artery bypass grafting with saphenous vein graft for acute myocardial infarction 16 years previously, was admitted into our hospital for heart failure and recurrent angina. Coronary angiography showed occlusion of the graft and 75% stenosis in the proximal circumflex artery. Left ventriculography showed end-diastolic volume of 216 ml and ejection fraction of 24%. Dor operation combined with redo coronary artery bypass grafting was performed. Postoperatively, the ejection fraction improved to 53% and the cardiac index improved from 1.8 to 2.2 l/min/m2. Case 2. A 67-year-old male, who had undergone double coronary artery bypass grafting using saphenous vein grafts for acute myocardial infarction 8 years previously, was admitted into our hospital for heart failure and recurrent angina. Coronary angiography showed occlusion of the 2 grafts and 99% stenosis of the proximal left anterior descending artery. Although the left ventricle was slightly dilated, echocardiography demonstrated a thrombus in the left ventricle. Dor operation was performed concomitantly with removing of the thrombus and redo coronary artery bypass grafting. Postoperatively, the ejection fraction improved to 68% and the cardiac index improved from 1.6 to 2.3 l/min/m2. When the patients underwent coronary artery bypass surgery with saphenous vein grafts for acute myocardial infarction, they could be susceptible to left ventricular asynergy and graft failure on the long run. Therefore, the patients who need redo coronary revascularization may be potential candidates for Dor operation, and they require close examination regarding the myocardial viability, volume and shape of the left ventricle.