后环缝缩矫正二尖瓣关闭不全

目的总结二尖瓣后环缝缩治疗二尖瓣关闭不全（ＭＩ）的临床经验。方法回顾近１０年采用后瓣环缝缩成形治疗ＭＩ的３５例,其中２７例合并先天性畸形,轻度ＭＩ３例,中度ＭＩ２４例,重度ＭＩ８例。全后瓣环缝缩７例,部分后瓣环缝缩２８例,同时行腱索成形７例,瓣叶成形１４例。结果全组无手术死亡。２１例（６００％）完成纠正ＭＩ,１１例（３１４％）基本纠正,３例（８６％）仍轻中度ＭＩ。随访３个月～１０年,３４例心功能Ｉ级,１例术后５年因肺动脉高压死于右心衰。结论二尖瓣后环缝缩是一种简单、安全和有效的瓣环成形方法     

肺动脉瓣下室间隔缺损的外科治疗

我院自１９７４年５月～１９９８年４月共施行室间隔缺损（ＶＳＤ）修补手术１０７０例,其中肺动脉瓣下室间隔缺损（ＳＰＶＳＤ）１９３例,占１８％（不包括法洛四联症的ＳＰＶＳＤ）。由于ＳＰＶＳＤ部位特殊,且常合并主动脉瓣脱垂及主动脉瓣关闭不全（ＡＩ）,因此,此型ＶＳＤ与常见的膜部室间隔缺损（ＭＶＳＤ）的外科治疗有所不同。现对本组病例的临床特点和手术治疗加以分析和讨论。１　临床资料与方法本组１９３例中,男１１２例,女８１例。年龄２～３５岁,平均９．４±５．５岁。体重１０～５９ｋｇ,平均２５．２±１２．１ｋ…     

矫正型大动脉转位伴心脏畸形外科治疗

自１９８５年９月至１９９４年３月手术治疗３３例矫正型大动脉转位伴心脏畸形病人，其中男２１例，女１２例，年龄１～３５岁（平均１１岁）。其中ＳＬＬ型３１例，ＩＤＤ型２例，手术修复室间隔缺损２８例，肺动脉狭窄２９例（１４例应用外带瓣管道，其中９例同种主动脉带瓣管道，５例为带戊二醛处理的猪肺动脉瓣的人工管道），修补房间隔缺损１５例，左侧房室瓣关闭不全成形２例，动脉导管未闭缝合和改良Ｆｏｎｔａｎ手术各１例。     

同种带瓣主动脉和带瓣肺动脉补片在儿童复杂先心病的应用

１９８９年１１月至１９９２年７月期间，应用低温保存同种带瓣大动脉纠治儿童复杂性先心病１２例。病人年龄２～１６岁（７．２±３．７岁），体重８～３１．５ｋｇ（１８．９±６．６ｋｇ）。诊断为法乐氏四联症（ＴＯＦ）８例，其中伴肺动脉瓣闭锁３例；冠状动脉畸形１例；严重肺动脉发育不良２例；左肺动脉缺如２例。大动脉错位伴室间隔缺损和肺动脉狭窄２例；永存动脉干畸形（Ⅱ型）２例。８例应用同种带瓣管道作右室流出道与肺动脉连接，４例应用同种带瓣肺动脉片作跨瓣环右室流出道扩大术。本组死亡１例，最长随访时间３年。文中对同种带瓣管道的取材方法，保存技术及应用方法作了讨论。     

右外侧小切口剖胸小儿先天性心脏畸形矫治术319例体会

目的介绍经右外侧小切口剖胸体外循环下小儿心脏直视手术的经验。方法１９９４年１０月至１９９７年４月，共完成经右外侧第４或第３肋间进胸，体外循环下先天性心脏畸形矫治术３１９例。患儿年龄３．４４±１．５９岁（５个月～８岁），体重１３．６６±３．９８（６～２６）ｋｇ。修补房间隔缺损８７例（合并左上腔静脉１例，肺动脉瓣狭窄６例，部分肺静脉畸形引流５例），室间隔缺损２００例（合并动脉导管未闭７例，二尖瓣关闭不全７例，左上腔静脉３例，右室流出道狭窄１１例），法乐氏四联症１９例（合并左上腔静脉３例，单冠状动脉畸形１例），部分心内膜垫缺损２例及其他畸形１１例。体外循环时间平均５６．０７±２４．９０（２０～１７６）分，心肌循环阻断３２．９７±２０．３８（６～１４０）分。术后机械通气平均１８．７５±２４．５７（２～１４０．７２）小时，平均住院７．０８±０．６９（７～１７）天。结果全组患儿无手术死亡。结论这种切口可安全有效地替代正中剖胸矫治某些小儿常见的心脏畸形，它具有损伤小，瘢痕隐蔽，不破坏胸廓连续性，防止术后鸡胸等优点，其美观效果优于胸部正中或双乳腺下皮肤切口。     

双孔二尖瓣合并心内畸形的外科治疗

双孔二尖瓣合并心内畸形的外科治疗石凤梧陈子英谢英奎刘绍贤刘苏陈立华张文立张天舒自１９８９年１０月～１９９６年３月手术治疗罕见双孔二尖瓣畸形合并其它心脏畸形６例。其中合并部分性房室管畸形３例，原发孔房间隔缺损１例，室间隔缺损１例，二尖瓣狭窄、关闭不全１...     

460例双瓣替换术远期随访

报告１９８５年４月至１９９３年１２月４６０例二尖瓣、主动脉瓣双瓣替换术远期疗效，并对术后并发症发生因素进行分析。手术死亡３０例（６．５％）。４２０例随访６个月～８．４年（平均２．９７年），随访率９７．７％。术后１．５年实际生存率９０．３±１．２１％、８１．１±６．７６％。远期死亡３３例（２．６４％／病人－年），主要死亡原因为心衰、人工瓣感染、出血或栓塞。远期生存３８７例中心功能Ⅰ级１７２例，Ⅱ级１９０例，Ⅲ级１９例，Ⅳ级６例。远期出现人工瓣相关并发症４８例（３．８４％／病人－年），其中栓塞１９例，出血１６例，人工瓣感染１０例，瓣周漏２例，生物瓣坏损１例。本组资料显示术前左心室明显扩大、瓣膜明显关闭不全、心功能Ⅳ级是术后心衰的易发生因素。     

右外侧小切口部胸小儿先天性心脏畸形矫治术319体会

目的 介绍经右外侧小切口剖胸体外循环小儿心脏直视手术的经验。方法 １９９４年１０月至１９９７年４月,共完成经右外侧第４或第３肋间进胸,体外循环下先天性心脏畸形矫治术３１９例。患儿年龄３．４４±１．５９岁（５个月￣８岁）,体重１３．６６±３．９８（６￣２６）ｋｇ。修补房间隔缺损８７例（合并左上腔静脉１例,肺动脉瓣狭窄６例,部分肺静脉畸形引流５例）,空间隔缺损２００例（合并动脉导管未闭７例,二尖瓣关闭     

应用同种动脉治疗主动脉根部病变

报告５例采用同种动脉（ＨＡＶ）治疗５例主动脉根部病变（主动脉瓣狭窄１例，关闭不全４例）。男３例，女２例；年龄１３～４７岁。病因为细菌性心内膜炎２例（包括先天主动脉瓣二瓣化畸型１例），Ｍａｒｆａｎ综合征２例，风湿性主动脉瓣关闭不全１例。术中采用同种主动脉全根置换３例（Ｂｅｎｔａｌｌ手术），其中１例用ＨＡＶ上的二尖瓣前叶加宽主动脉瓣环（Ｍａｎｏｕｇｕｉａｎ手术），余２例用自体肺动脉移置主动脉根部，另取同种肺动脉做原位移置（Ｒｏｓｓ手术）。结果死亡１冽，４例存活，且无并发症发生。术后超声心动图提示主动脉根部良好，无主动脉瓣反流。随访２．５～３．５年疗效满意。     

心脏人工瓣膜替换术510例

１９８７年６月至１９９７年１２月,我们共为５１０例病人施行了心脏人工瓣膜替换术。现就术前准备、手术方法以及术后处理等进行讨论如下。临床资料　本组中男２４８例,女２６２例;年龄１４～６４岁。风湿性心脏病４５１例,其中单纯二尖瓣狭窄（ＭＳ）６６例,单纯二尖瓣关闭不全（ＭＩ）５例,ＭＳ＋ＭＩ１７４例,二尖瓣病变（ＭＶＤ）加三尖瓣病变（ＴＶＤ）６３例,主动脉病变（ＡＶＤ）３５例,ＭＶＤ＋ＡＶＤ１０２例,ＭＶＤ＋ＡＶＤ＋ＴＶＤ６例;先天性心脏病３０例,其中ＭＶＤ１０例,ＡＶＤ１０例,动脉导管未闭（ＰＤＡ）…     

瓣膜成形术治疗婴幼儿中重度先天性二尖瓣闭锁不全及其疗效分析

目的　总结婴幼儿中、重度先天性二尖瓣关闭不全 (MI)成形术的经验并探讨影响疗效的相关因素。　方法　 38例中、重度MI患者 ,其中单纯MI 5例 ,合并心内其他畸形 33例。本组患者平均年龄 (2 3± 1 2 )岁 ,<1 0岁的 5例 ;体重 (1 2 6± 3 9)kg ,<1 0 0kg的 1 3例 ,均在中低温体外循环下行二尖瓣成形和心内其他畸形矫治。术中根据二尖瓣病理变化的不同分别采用交界缝缩、部分瓣环环缩、瓣叶裂缺修补、腱索缩短和转移、人工腱索、后瓣成形等方法恢复二尖瓣功能 ,必要时可多种方法同时应用。　结果　本组患儿术后无一例死亡 ,无严重并发症 ;随访 2个月～ 6年 ,平均 (30±1 0 )个月。 1 1例二尖瓣反流消失 ,2 2例轻度反流 ,3例中度反流 ,2例中～重度反流 ;37例无临床症状 ,心功能Ⅰ级 ,1例心功能Ⅱ～Ⅲ级 ,需内科药物辅助。　结论　瓣膜成形术治疗婴幼儿先天性二尖瓣关闭不全可取得满意的早、中期效果 ;年龄和合并畸形不再是影响手术成败和术后疗效的主要因素。二尖瓣的病理变化对疗效有重要影响     

The long-term results of commissure plication annuloplasty for congenital mitral insufficiency.

BACKGROUND: Mitral valve repair in the pediatric population remains demanding because of a diversity of apparatus anomalies and the young age of the patients. METHODS: We reviewed our clinical results for mitral valve repairs for congenital mitral insufficiency. Forty-nine consecutive patients aged 2 months to 34 years (mean, 4.4 years) had mitral valve repair between June 1984 and December 1996. Forty-one patients (83.7%) had associated cardiac anomalies. The predominant pathologies for the regurgitations were chordal anomalies in 34 patients (69%), annular dilatation in 8 (16%), and leaflet anomalies in 7 (14%). Mitral valve repair included commissure plication annuloplasty in 43 patients (88%), modified DeVega in 11, cleft closure in 5, plication of the anterior leaflet in 3, triangular resection of the anterior leaflet in 2, chordal shortening in 1, and placement of artificial chordae in 1. Several combined techniques were required in 19 patients. RESULTS: There were no early or late deaths. The follow-up period was from 6 to 166 months (mean, 88.4 months). Forty-seven patients (95.9%) were in New York Heart Association class I. The long-term echocardiographic studies showed that 2 of 30 patients without reoperation had moderate regurgitation. The actuarial freedom from reoperation was 85.6% (95% confidence limits, 72.8%, 98.4%) at 13 years. Five patients (10.2%) required valve replacement from 13 days to 75 months after the valve repair. Two patients had cerebral ischemic events as a result of cardiomegaly and atrial fibrillation. CONCLUSIONS: Valve repair for congenital mitral insufficiency gave adequate results in combination with commissure plication annuloplasty and other techniques with excellent long-term functional status.     

Chordal replacement for leaflet prolapse in a posterior mitral valve with a calcified mitral annulus

Mitral annular calcification (MAC) is sometimes associated with Carpentier type 2 mitral valve regurgitation and is a challenge to repair. Complete annular decalcification and mitral valve reconstruction is considered the ideal treatment. This report demonstrates the success of chordal replacement and band annuloplasty without resection of the leaflet and MAC. We have followed the patient for 7 years postoperatively, with no progression of MAC and no regurgitation by echocardiography.     

Repair for mitral stenosis due to pannus formation after Duran ring annuloplasty

Mitral stenosis after mitral repair with using an annuloplasty ring is not common and it is almost always due to pannus formation. Mitral valve replacement was required in most of the previous cases of pannus covering the mitral valve leaflet, which could not be stripped off without damaging the valve leaflets. In two cases, we removed the previous annuloplasty ring and pannus without leaflet injury, and we successfully repaired the mitral valve. During the follow-up of 4 months and 39 months respectively, we observed improvement of the patients' symptoms and good valvular function. Redo mitral repair may be a possible method for treating mitral stenosis due to pannus formation after ring annuloplasty.     

Anterior mitral leaflet prolapse as a primary cause of pure rheumatic mitral insufficiency

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to revise the mechanisms and repair techniques of anterior mitral leaflet prolapse observed during the correction of pure rheumatic mitral regurgitation in children. METHODS: From March 1993 to May 1998, 36 children suffering from pure rheumatic mitral regurgitation due to anterior leaflet prolapse underwent mitral valve repair. The mean age was 12.5 years (range, 6 to 16 years). Anterior leaflet prolapse was due to chordal elongation in 25 patients (group A), chordal rupture in 6 patients (group B), and retraction of anterior secondary chordae tendineae, creating a V-shaped deformity in the middle of the anterior leaflet, thus moving the free edge of the anterior leaflet away from the coaptation plane, in 5 patients (group C). Chordal shortening, transposition, and resection of anterior secondary chordae tendineae were used to correct anterior leaflet prolapse according to the predominantly responsible mechanism. RESULTS: All patients were available for clinical follow-up, which ranged from 6 months to 5 years (mean follow-up, 3 years). Echocardiographic studies were obtained until the 3rd postoperative month, and all patients showed significant improvement in their left ventricular and atrial dimensions. There was one late death related to endocarditis. Two patients in group C who had mitral valve repair underwent mitral valve replacement on the 19th and 24th postoperative months, respectively, because of failure of mitral valve repair. CONCLUSIONS: Mitral valve repair for pure mitral regurgitation due to rheumatic anterior leaflet prolapse can be performed safely for all types of mechanisms. Although the techniques we used provide stable short-term results in each of these groups, midterm results are better in groups A and B, where tissue thickening is less important, recurrences of rheumatic carditis are lower, and the interval between the first rheumatic attack and the surgical procedure is shorter than in group C.     

Preliminary experience in mitral valve repair using the Cosgrove-Edwards annuloplasty ring

There is a wide range of annuloplasty systems available now. However, controversy concerning the choice of annuloplasty device persists. We analyzed our preliminary experience in mitral valve repair using the Cosgrove-Edwards annuloplasty ring. To correct their mitral insufficiency (MI), 118 consecutive patients (mean age, 60.4+/-15.1 years) underwent mitral repair using this annuloplasty device. NYHA functional class 3 or 4 were present in 86.4%. Degenerative heart disease was the cause of MI in 36.6% of the patients, ischemic heart disease in 25.4%, Barlow's disease in 17.8%, and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in 7.6%. Mitral surgical procedures included quadrangular resection and sliding of the posterior leaflet, posterior leaflet decalcification, anterior leaflet repair, the edge-to-edge technique, and chordal repair. Mean follow-up was 25.1+/-14.0 months. There were four in-hospital non-valve-related cardiac deaths, and one in-hospital non-cardiac death. No cases of systolic anterior motion were observed. NYHA functional class improved from 3.3+/-0.7, before repair, to 1.3+/-0.6, at follow-up (P=0.00012), MI from 3.6+/-0.5 to 0.5+/-0.6 (P=0.0096), and left ventricular ejection fraction from 52.0+/-12.2% to 55.4+/-12.0% (P=0.044). Three-year actuarial rates of survival, freedom from thromboembolism, and freedom from mitral reoperation were 96.9, 97.9, and 96.4%, respectively. The Cosgrove-Edwards annuloplasty ring does not combine with systolic anterior motion. It minimizes MI secondary to all causes, and preserves left ventricular function.     

Mitral valve insufficiency: suspension of the posterior leaflet to the mitral annuloplasty ring

Mitral valve insufficiency in rheumatic heart disease is often due to retracted posterior chordae and posterior leaflet thickening. Several surgical repair techniques have been described, but sometimes an acceptable coaptation of the mitral leaflets can not be achieved. Rather than accept a mitral regurgitation or resort to a mitral valve replacement, particularly in children, we have added a suspension of the posterior leaflet directly to the annuloplasty ring. This additional surgical repair technique was performed in 10 patients with a perfect coaptation of the mitral leaflets with immediate results and excellent mid-term results, without evidence of either mitral regurgitation, mitral valve stenosis, or leaflet abrasion due to the suspension sutures.     

Midterm results of mitral valve repair with artificial chordae in children

OBJECTIVE: We have used artificial chordal replacement with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene sutures for mitral valve repair in children and reported favorable early clinical results. In this article we evaluate the midterm results of mitral valve repair with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene sutures in 39 children. METHODS: From April 1995 through September 2003, mitral valve repair with chordal replacement using expanded polytetrafluoroethylene sutures was performed in 39 patients. In all patients the preoperative grade of mitral regurgitation was moderate or more because of prolapse of the anterior mitral leaflet. The mean age and body weight at the time of the operation were 4.7 +/- 5.3 years (range, 1 month to 17.8 years) and 14.4 +/- 12.2 kg (range, 3.9-54.4 kg), respectively. The number of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene sutures ranged from 1 to 3 (mean, 1.4). The mean follow-up period and body weight at the latest follow-up were 5.0 +/- 2.3 years (range, 1.1-8.5 years) and 25.7 +/- 16.4 kg (range, 6.9-73 kg), respectively. RESULTS: There were no operative or late deaths. Only one patient required mitral valve replacement, which occurred 17 days after repair. Two patients underwent redo mitral valve repair 2 and 5 years after initial repair, respectively. The actuarial freedom from reoperation at 5 and 8 years was 94.8% and 89.5%, respectively. At the latest follow-up, trivial or less mitral regurgitation was observed in 33 (84.6%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: Mitral valve repair with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene sutures in children demonstrated favorable midterm outcome. The procedure is safe and effective, with potential for patients' growth.     

Management of Systemic Atrioventricular Valve Regurgitation in Infants and Children

A bstract Since September 1979, 53 patients have required operation for systemic atrioven-tricular valve regurgitation at Children's Hospital and Health Center of San Diego. (Primary repairs of atrioventricular canal defects are excluded from this report.) Diagnoses include single ventricle, cardiomyopathy, congenital mitral insufficiency, Marfart's disease, rheumatic heart disease, and a history of prior repair of atrioventricular canal defect. Ages ranged from 4 months to 19 years; median age is 5 years. In 31 patients, the atrioventricular valve could be repaired. In 24 patients, the valve was replaced (including two patients previously repaired). There were four operative deaths, all in the valve replacement group: three following valve replacement, and one following emergency thrombectomy. Two early failures in the repair group required valve replacement. Techniques for repair included leaflet resection, commissural annuloplasty, ring annuloplasty, and chordal shortening. Follow-up reveals good-to-excellent status in 38 patients. There were seven late deaths: six following valve replacement (one death valve related). Current surgical technique permits repair of the systemic atrioventricular valve in many infants and children requiring operation for regurgitation. The long-term results of valve repair are good to excellent. Repair avoids the morbidity and mortality of valve replacement, e.g., anticoagulation, fixed orifice size, and catastrophic mechanical valve malfunction. ( J Card Surg 1993; 8:612–621 )     

The rheumatic mitral valve and repair techniques in children

The mitral valve is the most commonly affected valve in acute and chronic rheumatic heart disease in the first and second decades of life. Pure or predominant mitral regurgitation with non-significant stenosis (mitral valve area > 1.5 cm(2) on echocardiography) is the most frequently encountered valvular dysfunction in children. In our experience, based on 428 children operated between 1993 and 2011 at our institution, functional classification based on leaflet motion assessed by echocardiography and reconfirmed peroperatively revealed pure annulus dilatation (type I) in 7% of patients, anterior leaflet prolapse (type IIa) in 33%, combination of anterior leaflet pseudoprolapse with restricted motion of the posterior leaflet (type pseudoIIa/IIIp) in 34%, and restricted anterior and posterior leaflet motion (type IIIa/p) in 26%. Patients with type III were older than those with type IIa and type pseudoIIa/IIIp. Different techniques can be used to repair rheumatic mitral valve lesions: prolapse of the anterior leaflet caused by chordal elongation or rupture can be treated by chordal shortening, chordal transfer, or artificial chordal replacement; restricted motion of the anterior and/or posterior leaflet can be treated by commissurotomy, splitting of the papillary muscles, resection of the secondary, or sometimes primary posterior chordae, posterior leaflet free edge suspension, leaflet thinning, and leaflet enlargement using autologous pericardium. Because mitral annulus dilatation is present in almost all patients with mitral regurgitation, concomitant ring annuloplasty offers more stability in valve repair, improving long-term outcome. The major causes for failure of rheumatic mitral valve repair are the presence of ongoing rheumatic inflammation at the time of surgery, use of inappropriate techniques, technical failures requiring early reoperation, lack of concomitant ring annuloplasty, and progression of leaflet and chordal disease further resulting in more leaflet retraction, thickening, and deformity. Freedom from reoperation depends on mitral regurgitation functional type, the type IIa and type pseudoIIa/IIIp having a better long-term outcome than type I and type III, in our series. In conclusion, mitral valve repair should be a preferred strategy in children with rheumatic heart disease whenever feasible, providing stable actuarial survival with fewer thromboembolic complications in a pediatric population noncompliant to anticoagulation.