Treatment of strabismic amblyopia with refractive correction

PURPOSE: To report data on the response of previously untreated strabismic amblyopia to spectacle correction. DESIGN: Prospective, interventional case series. METHODS: Twelve patients with previously untreated strabismic amblyopia were prescribed spectacles and examined at five-week intervals until visual acuity was not improved from the prior visit. RESULTS: Amblyopic eye acuity improved by 2 lines or more from spectacle-corrected baseline acuity in nine of the 12 patients (75%), resolving in three (interocular difference 相似文献   

Tobacco optic neuropathy (TON) – the historical and present concept of the disease

This article reviews the historical and current concepts of ‘tobacco optic neuropathy’ (TON) a rare disorder of optic nerve function related to the toxic effects of an unidentified constituent of tobacco. It is considered to be an entity distinct from that often described as ‘tobacco‐alcohol amblyopia’, a disorder better described as a nutritional optic neuropathy. It is suggested that ‘tobacco‐alcohol amblyopia’ is an inappropriate term, because the condition to which it refers is not an amblyopia, and there is little evidence to implicate a toxic effect of either tobacco or alcohol in the pathogenesis of that disorder.     

The Marcus Gunn phenomenon. A review of 71 cases

We have reviewed the clinical findings, natural course, pathologic observations, and management of 71 patients with the Marcus Gunn phenomenon. We found individuals with this syndrome to have a significant incidence of amblyopia (59%), double elevator palsy (25%), anisometropia (25%), and superior rectus muscle palsy (23%). Long-term follow-up did not reveal a case that improved with age. In most patients requiring surgery, we recommend a unilateral levator excision on the affected side plus a bilateral frontalis suspension.     

Risk Factors for Amblyopia in Congenital Anterior Lens Opacities

PURPOSE: We sought to identify the features of congenital anterior lens opacities (CALOs), which are associated with increased risk for amblyopia. METHODS: We undertook a retrospective study of 59 patients with CALO from 3 clinical practices. The following variables were examined: type (polar, subcapsular, or pyramidal), location (central, paracentral, or peripheral), diameter, presence of adherent iris tissue, anisometropia (spherical equivalent), unilateral versus bilateral, and presence or absence of amblyopia. Pearson chi-square and independent sample t-tests were conducted to evaluate if any of the aforementioned variables were independently associated with amblyopia. Relative risk was then calculated for significantly related variables (P < 0.05). RESULTS: Amblyopia was present in 17 of 59 patients (28.8%). Patients with amblyopia had a mean anisometropia of 1.23 diopters whereas nonambyopic patients had a mean anisometropia of 0.25 (P = 0.023). The relative risk for amblyopia with anisometropia of one diopter or greater was 6.5 (95% confidence interval = 3.79-7.45). The mean cataract size in the amblyopic eyes was 1.22 mm (range, 0.7-2.0 mm). Mean cataract size in the nonamblyopic eyes was 0.95 mm (range, 0.5-2.0 mm). This difference in mean cataract size was significant with independent sample t-tests (P = 0.02); however, this difference did not remain significant with logistic regression. Cataract size was not a significant relative risk factor for amblyopia. CONCLUSIONS: Our overall incidence of amblyopia was 28.8%. The only variable associated with increased relative risk for amblyopia in this group of patients was anisometropia. Patients with CALO who have anisometropia of 1 diopter or greater are 6.5 times more likely to develop amblyopia.     

Leber＇s遗传性视神经病变患者的线粒体DNA检测

目的：探讨Leber‘s遗传性视神经病变（Leber‘s hereditary optic neuropathy,LHON)相关的线粒体DNA原位点突变在视神经疾病中的诊意义。方法：79例各种,原因引起的双侧视神经疾病中,16例为临床诊断的LHPON患者,44例为可疑HLON患者,2例为酒精性弱视患者,4例为多发性硬化症患者,5例为常染色体显性遗传的视神经萎缩患者,4例为原发性开角型 青光眼患者,3例为脊髓小脑退行性变和1例乙胺丁醇引起的视神经萎缩患者,用聚合酶链反应（Polymerase chain reatction,PCR)及限制性片段长度多态性技术。检测外周血DNA中提取的线粒体DNA的3460位点、11778位点及14484位点,分析3个原发位点的突变。结果：31例（39．2％）呈11778位点突变阳性,其中包括16例临床诊断为LHON的患者、13例（29．5％）可疑LHON患者及2例酒精性弱视患者,余48例均未检出上述3个原发位点突变。结论：线粒体DNA的检测分析为确立或排除LHON提供了诊断依据,尤其是对无家族史或原因不明的双侧性视神经炎的患者更具有诊断价值。     

Risk of amblyopia recurrence after cessation of treatment.

BACKGROUND: Although amblyopia can be successfully treated with patching or atropine, there have been few prospective studies of amblyopia recurrence once treatment is discontinued. METHODS: We enrolled 156 children with successfully treated anisometropic or strabismic amblyopia (145 completed follow-up), who were younger than 8 years of age and who received continuous amblyopia treatment for the previous 3 months (prescribed at least 2 hours of daily patching or prescribed at least one drop of atropine per week) and who had improved at least 3 logMAR levels during the period of continuous treatment. Patients were followed off treatment for 52 weeks to assess recurrence of amblyopia, defined as a 2 or more logMAR level reduction of visual acuity from enrollment, confirmed by a second examination. Recurrence was also considered to have occurred if treatment was restarted because of a nonreplicated 2 or more logMAR level reduction of visual acuity. RESULTS: Recurrence occurred in 35 (24%) of 145 cases (95% confidence interval 17% to 32%) and was similar in patients who stopped patching (25%) and in patients who stopped atropine (21%). In patients treated with moderately intense patching (6 to 8 hours per day), recurrence was more common (11 of 26; 42%) when treatment was not reduced prior to cessation than when treatment was reduced to 2 hours per day prior to cessation (3 of 22; 14%, odds ratio 4.4, 95% confidence interval 1.0 to 18.7). CONCLUSIONS: Approximately one fourth of successfully treated amblyopic children experience a recurrence within the first year off treatment. For patients treated with 6 or more hours of daily patching, our data suggest that the risk of recurrence is greater when patching is stopped abruptly rather than when it is reduced to 2 hours per day prior to cessation. A randomized clinical trial of no weaning versus weaning in successfully-treated amblyopia is warranted to confirm these observational findings.     

Effect of Viewing Conditions on Fixation Eye Movements and Eye Alignment in Amblyopia

PurposePatients with amblyopia are known to have fixation instability, which arises from alteration of physiologic fixation eye movements (FEMs) and nystagmus. We assessed the effects of monocular, binocular, and dichoptic viewing on FEMs and eye alignment in patients with and without fusion maldevelopment nystagmus (FMN).MethodsThirty-four patients with amblyopia and seven healthy controls were recruited for this study. Eye movements were recorded using infrared video-oculography during (1) fellow eye viewing (FEV), (2) amblyopic eye viewing (AEV), (3) both eye viewing (BEV), and (4) dichoptic viewing (DcV) at varying fellow eye (FE) contrasts. The patients were classified per the clinical type of amblyopia and FEM waveforms into those without nystagmus, those with nystagmus with and without FMN. Fixational saccades and intersaccadic drifts, quick and slow phases of nystagmus, and bivariate contour ellipse area were analyzed in the FE and amblyopic eye (AE).ResultsWe found that FEMs are differentially affected with increased amplitude of quick phases of FMN observed during AEV than BEV and during DcV at lower FE contrasts. Increased fixation instability was seen in anisometropic patients at lower FE contrasts. Incomitance of eye misalignment was seen with the greatest increase during FEV. Strabismic/mixed amblyopia patients without FMN were more likely to demonstrate a fixation switch where the AE attends to the target during DcV than patients with FMN.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that FEM abnormalities modulate with different viewing conditions as used in various amblyopia therapies. Increased FEM abnormalities could affect the visual function deficits and may have treatment implications.     

Periocular hemangiomas in childhood--functional and esthetic results

INTRODUCTION: Hemangiomas are the most common tumors of the eyelids and orbit in childhood. These tumors can produce ptosis, strabismus and anisometropia, resulting in amblyopia. The treatment of hemangiomas is a challenge with respect to the functional results (prevention of amblyopia) and cosmetic outcome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The history, clinical findings, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), management and outcome of 15 children (3-9 months old) with hemangiomas of the eyelids and/or orbital involvement are reviewed. RESULTS: Seven patients with small superficial hemangiomas were merely kept under clinical observation. In seven other patients with threatened or existing occlusion of the visual axis or refractive errors, treatment was indicated. Four children were given local Neodymium: YAG-laser therapy. In patients with large subcutaneous eyelid hemangiomas and involvement of the orbita we decided to treat with interstitial Neodymium: YAG-laser therapy in combination with systemic corticosteroids. One patient with an unknown tumor in the medial canthus was diagnosed by biopsy. During the follow-up period of 12-24 months, all untreated patients and 6 of 7 treated children showed involution of their tumors. One patient with a large eyelid and orbital hemangioma with occlusion of the visual axis did not respond to laser therapy and systemic corticosteroids; excision of the tumor was necessary. All children with eyelid hemangiomas with orbital involvement (n = 3) suffered from anisometropia with astigmatism and were treated for amblyopia. During 24 months of amblyopia treatment, the visual acuity improved in two of three cases to 0.4 and 1.0. CONCLUSION: Periorbital hemangiomas must be managed by individual and interdisciplinary diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Therapy of amblyopia remains mandatory in all cases of large eyelid hemangiomas and/or orbital involvement.     

Decreased cortical activation in response to a motion stimulus in anisometropic amblyopic eyes using functional magnetic resonance imaging

PURPOSE: Motion perception abnormalities and extrastriate abnormalities have been suggested in amblyopia. Functional MRI (fMRI) and motion stimuli were used to study whether interocular differences in activation are detectable in motion-sensitive cortical areas in patients with anisometropic amblyopia. METHODS: We performed fMRI at 1.5 T 4 control subjects (20/20 OU), 1 with monocular suppression (20/25), and 2 with anisometropic amblyopia (20/60, 20/800). Monocular suppression was thought to be form fruste of amblyopia. The experimental stimulus consisted of expanding and contracting concentric rings, whereas the control condition consisted of stationary concentric rings. Activation was determined by contrasting the 2 conditions for each eye. RESULTS: Significant fMRI activation and comparable right and left eye activation was found in V3a and V5 in all control subjects (Average z-values in L vs R contrast 0.42, 0.43) and in the subject with monocular suppression (z = 0.19). The anisometropes exhibited decreased extrastriate activation in their amblyopic eyes compared with the fellow eyes (zs = 2.12, 2.76). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest motion-sensitive cortical structures may be less active when anisometropic amblyopic eyes are stimulated with moving rings. These results support the hypothesis that extrastriate cortex is affected in anisometropic amblyopia. Although suggestive of a magnocellular defect, the exact mechanism is unclear.     

Profile of amblyopia in a hospital referral practice

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the clinical profile and distribution of different sub-types of amblyopia in a referral eye hospital in India. METHODS: This was a prospective hospital-based observational study, evaluating the clinical profile of patients with amblyopia presenting to a referral strabismology practice. The examination included assessment of the visual acuity, the refractive status, the fixation pattern, the grade of binocularity, and evaluation of the associated strabismus, if any before treatment was started. RESULTS: The average age of the patients at presentation was 7.97?6.18 years with 81 out of 683 patients (11.8%) presenting above the age of 20 years. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was less than 6/60 in the amblyopic eye in 121 out of 733 eyes (16.5%). Strabismic amblyopia was the most common sub-type of amblyopia seen (274/733 eyes, 37.38%). Though patients with anisometropic amblyopia presented at a later age (average of 10.03+/-6.92 years), they had better visual acuity, binocular functions, and centricity of fixation at all ages, relative to other sub-types of amblyopia. The BCVA did not show any co-relation with the age of presentation [co-relation co-efficient (CF) of 0.074], refractive status of the amblyopic eye (CF of 0.078), the type of amblyopia (CF of 0.196), or the type of strabismus present (CF of 0.079). However, a very significant co-relation was seen between the BCVA and the fixation pattern of the amblyopic eye (CF of 0.817). CONCLUSIONS: Lack of knowledge and awareness about amblyopia and its appropriate timely management has been the main cause for the late presentations and significant visual impairment associated with the condition.     

Ocular complications of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1

PURPOSE: To report the ocular complications in a series of patients with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome, type 1 (APS1). METHODS: A retrospective study of 17 patients with APS1 syndrome treated at the department of ophthalmology, Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children in Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland. All patients had clinical manifestations of the disease in keeping with the diagnostic criteria of APS1. Each patient had a comprehensive ophthalmic history taken and examination, including ocular symptoms, best-corrected visual acuity, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, tear film evaluation, and dilated ophthalmoscopic examination. RESULTS: Six of 17 patients (35%) had corneal changes. Two patients (12%) had severe keratoconjunctivitis requiring hospitalization and intensive topical steroids and lubricants. The inflammation resulted in visual acuity reduction in one patient secondary to central corneal scarring. Other ocular findings included reduced tear production, as tested with Schirmers tear strips (63%), lens opacities (18%), hypotrichosis (12%), hypertrichosis (5.9%), anisometropic amblyopia (5.9%), and myopia (5.9%). CONCLUSIONS: The most common and clinically important ocular manifestation of APS1 was keratoconjunctivitis associated with dry eye. This can result in progressive corneal scarring and vision loss.     

Risk factors for amblyopia in children with capillary hemangiomas of the eyelids and orbit.

INTRODUCTION: Capillary hemangiomas are the most common orbital tumors of childhood and can cause amblyopia secondary to occlusion of the pupil, anisometropia, or strabismus. We undertook this study to describe the clinical characteristics of children with capillary hemangiomas and to propose a classification system to guide clinical treatment decisions. METHODS: A retrospective review of the records of 129 patients with 132 capillary hemangiomas in two pediatric ophthalmology practices was conducted. Hemangiomas were classified based on size. Presence of aniosometropic astigmatism, ptosis, pupillary occlusion, lid margin change, proptosis, globe displacement, and strabismus was recorded. RESULTS: Thirty-one hemangiomas measured less than 1 cm in greatest dimension and were not associated with amblyogenic factors. Seventy-five patients had hemangiomas that measured greater than 1 cm, 40 of which were associated with amblyopia. Eighteen children had diffuse hemangiomas that could not be measured and 14 of these were associated with amblyopia. Five of seven hemangiomas in six patients with PHACES syndrome were associated with amblyopia. CONCLUSION: This study is the largest review of capillary hemangiomas of the orbit and eyelids. Our findings suggest that size greater than 1 cm in largest diameter is an important predictor of amblyogenic factors and approximately half of these patients will require treatment. Diffuse hemangiomas and hemangiomas in patients with PHACES syndrome will cause amblyopia in the majority of cases.     

High resolution fMRI of ocular dominance columns within the visual cortex of human amblyopes

Non-human primate models suggest that amblyopia has a neural basis in the form of a massive reduction in binocular neurons, and in some cases, a shift in ocular dominance of neural activity toward the unaffected eye. To date, the resolution of neuroimaging has been insufficient to investigate the neural basis of ocular dominance in human amblyopia. We used high spatial resolution (0.5 x 0.5 x 3 mm) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to obtain maps of ocular dominance within the visual cortex of adult human amblyopes. fMRI maps of ocular dominance were similar in appearance to maps reported in the literature. For each of six adults with early-onset amblyopia, the number of map pixels corresponding to the unaffected eye was greater than the number corresponding to the amblyopic eye. This shift in ocular dominance was not seen for the two adults with later-onset amblyopia, suggesting that a shift in ocular dominance of neural activity occurs only if amblyopia onset is within the critical period of brain development. Our findings demonstrate how fMRI can non-invasively investigate the neural substrates underlying human amblyopia at the cortical column level.     

儿童单眼弱视182例临床疗效观察

目的观察单眼弱视的疗效,探讨其最佳治疗方案。方法追踪观察门诊治疗的182例单眼弱视,对弱视类型、程度、注视性质与疗效的关系进行统计分析。结果屈光参差性弱视治愈率76.86%(93/121);单纯斜视性弱视治愈率10.53%(2/19);斜视合并屈光参差性弱视治愈率7.14%(3/42);轻度弱视治愈率88.00%(22/25);中度弱视治愈率66.97%(73/109);重度弱视治愈率6.25%(3/48);中心注视性弱视治愈率73.60%(92/125);非中心注视性弱视治愈率10.53%(6/57);其中弱视类型、弱视程度及注视性质各组间疗效有显著统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论单眼弱视以屈光参差性弱视疗效好,斜视伴屈光参差的弱视治疗效果最差。     

High resolution fMRI of ocular dominance columns within the visual cortex of human amblyopes

Non-human primate models suggest that amblyopia has a neural basis in the form of a massive reduction in binocular neurons, and in some cases, a shift in ocular dominance of neural activity toward the unaffected eye. To date, the resolution of neuroimaging has been insufficient to investigate the neural basis of ocular dominance in human amblyopia. We used high spatial resolution (0.5 × 0.5 × 3 mm) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to obtain maps of ocular dominance within the visual cortex of adult human amblyopes. fMRI maps of ocular dominance were similar in appearance to maps reported in the literature. For each of six adults with early-onset amblyopia, the number of map pixels corresponding to the unaffected eye was greater than the number corresponding to the amblyopic eye. This shift in ocular dominance was not seen for the two adults with later-onset amblyopia, suggesting that a shift in ocular dominance of neural activity occurs only if amblyopia onset is within the critical period of brain development. Our findings demonstrate how fMRI can non-invasively investigate the neural substrates underlying human amblyopia at the cortical column level.     

Resolution in partially accomodative esotropia during occlusion treatment for amblyopia

PURPOSE: To evaluate alignment changes in partially accommodative esotropia during occlusion treatment for amblyopia. METHOD: Changes at the deviation angles of 63 partially accommodative esotropia patients, who had occlusion treatment for amblyopia, were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS: Mean deviation angle at the start of therapy without glasses was 45 PD (10-90 PD) and became 27 PD (5-70 PD) after at least 2 months with glasses. During 12 (2-36) months of occlusion period, mean manifest deviation angle with glasses decreased to 11 PD (0-50) (P < 0.001) and amblyopia resolved in 71.5% of the cases. After termination of amblyopia treatment 24 (38%) cases had surgery for the residual deviation but if we had planned surgery before amblyopia treatment, 81% of the patients would have had surgery. DISCUSSION: Should amblyopia be treated initially or should we operate first in patients with strabismus and amblyopia together? Our research suggests that we should not hurry to operate in high hypermetropic partially accommodative cases, which have amblyopia and a long-term history of strabismus. Initial amblyopia treatment in these cases allows time for resolution of the nonaccomodative component in strabismus and can significantly decrease the necessity for surgery.     

Clinical characteristics of bilateral Duane syndrome.

PURPOSE: To describe the clinical characteristics of bilateral Duane syndrome. METHODS: Retrospective medical record review (1982 to 2003) for patients with a diagnosis of Duane syndrome (examined by a pediatric ophthalmologist) who were bilaterally affected and had no prior ocular surgery. Data collected included type of Duane syndrome, gender, family history for strabismus, abnormal head position, versions, strabismus measurements, associated ocular and/or nonocular abnormalities, and amblyopia status. RESULTS: Of 270 patients with the diagnosis of Duane syndrome, 37 (14%) were bilaterally affected. None had ocular surgery prior to referral. Twenty-two (59%) were male, 35 (95%) had the same Duane syndrome type in both eyes, 29 (78%) had strabismus in primary position, 9 (24%) had ocular and nonocular congenital abnormalities, 6 (16%) had amblyopia, and 8 (22%) had a recorded strabismus family history. CONCLUSIONS: Unlike unilateral Duane syndrome, bilateral Duane syndrome may be more common in males and associated with a higher prevalence of strabismus in primary gaze position. The prevalences of amblyopia, positive strabismus family history, and associated congenital abnormalities in this series of bilateral cases is similar to the reported prevalence.     

The psychosocial effects of amblyopia study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the psychosocial effects of growing up with and living with amblyopia and to determine whether patients with amblyopia but without strabismus encounter psychosocial problems similar to those encountered by individuals with strabismus. METHODS: A 20-question survey focusing on medical background, education, self-image, history of amblyopia, treatment of amblyopia, and effects of amblyopia on work, school, friendships, and self-esteem was provided to patients with amblyopia but not strabismus at Saint Louis University Eye Institute and at the University of Iowa Department of Ophthalmology. In addition, patients were evaluated in terms of somatization, obsession-compulsion, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, and anxiety. Results for patients with amblyopia were compared with those of strabismic, normative, and psychopathologic groups using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSC). RESULTS: Twenty-five patients with amblyopia but without strabismus or previous surgery responded. A significant number of patients felt that amblyopia interfered with school (52%) and work (48%) to some degree and were generally affected in their lifestyle (50%). Fewer were affected in their play of sports (40%) or were influenced as to their job choice (36%). Patients with amblyopia as a whole had a greater degree of somatization, obsessive-compulsive behavior, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, and anxiety than patients with strabismus and HSC control subjects. Differences between patients with amblyopia and those with strabismus were not statistically significant (P > .05), but differences between patients with amblyopia and HSC control subjects were significant (P < .05) in each category. Patients with amblyopia, however, were less symptomatic in these areas than HSC Anxious and HSC Depressed groups. CONCLUSION: Psychosocial difficulties related to amblyopia affect individuals' self-image, work, school, and friendships. Amblyopia has a significant effect on psychosocial functioning and warrants aggressive screening, prevention and treatment during the amblyogenic years.     

Amblyopia: prevalence,natural history,functional effects and treatment

Amblyopia, defined as poor vision due to abnormal visual experience early in life, affects approximately three per cent of the population and carries a projected lifetime risk of visual loss of at least 1.2 per cent. The presence of amblyopia or its risk factors, mainly strabismus or refractive error, have been primary conditions targeted in childhood vision screenings. Continued support for such screenings requires evidence‐based understanding of the prevalence and natural history of amblyopia and its predisposing conditions, and proof that treatment is effective in the long term with minimal negative impact on the patient and family. This review summarises recent research relevant to the clinical understanding of amblyopia, including prevalence data, risk factors, the functional impact of amblyopia and optimum treatment regimes and their justification from a vision and life skills perspective. Collectively, these studies indicate that treatment for amblyopia is effective in reducing the overall prevalence and severity of visual loss from amblyopia. Correction of refractive error alone has been shown to significantly reduce amblyopia and less frequent occlusion can be just as effective as more extensive occlusion. Occlusion or penalisation in amblyopia treatment can create negative changes in behaviour in children and impact on family life, and these factors should be considered in prescribing treatment, particularly because of their influence on compliance. Ongoing treatment trials are being undertaken to determine both the maximum age at which treatment of amblyopia can still be effective and the importance of near activities during occlusion. This review highlights the expansion of current knowledge regarding amblyopia and its treatment to help clinicians provide the best level of care for their amblyopic patients that current knowledge allows.     

Surgical treatment and visual outcomes of cataract with persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous

AIM: To evaluate the surgical treatment and visual outcomes of eyes with cataract and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV). METHODS: This retrospective study included patients with cataract and PHPV treated with various strategies. Anterior PHPV was treated using phacoemulsification with underwater electric coagulation on posterior capsule neovascularization, posterior capsulotomy, anterior vitrectomy, and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. Posterior PHPV was treated with lensectomy, posterior vitrectomy, retinal photocoagulation, and IOL implantation or silicone oil tamponade. Visual acuity (VA), pattern visual evoked potential (P-VEP), anatomic recovery, postoperative complications, and amblyopia outcome were examined. Subjects were followed-up for 3-48mo after surgery. RESULTS: Of the 30 patients (33 eyes) with congenital cataract and PHPV included (average age, 39.30±35.47mo), 9 eyes had anterior PHPV and 24 had posterior PHPV. Thirty-two eyes were surgically treated. Eyes with anterior PHPV received an IOL during one-stage (6 eyes) and two-stage (3 eyes) implantation. Postoperative complications included retinal detachment (1 eye) and recurrent anterior chamber hemorrhage (1 eye). In eyes with posterior PHPV, 6 and 11 eyes received IOLs in one- and two-stage procedures, respectively. Silicone oil was retained in 2 eyes, and IOLs were not implanted in 4 eyes. VA significantly improved in 25 eyes following operations and 3-48mo of amblyopia treatment. P-VEP P100 was improved following surgery in both PHPV types. CONCLUSION: Our surgical strategies are appropriate and effective for anterior and posterior PHPV. Early surgical intervention and amblyopia therapy result in positive treatment outcomes.