以胶原水凝胶为支架构建肝细胞三维培养系统CSCD

背景:肝细胞体外培养时快速失去功能限制了肝细胞疗法的发展。目的:以胶原水凝胶为支架建立能够长时间有效维持肝细胞功能的肝细胞三维培养系统。方法:将SD大鼠肝细胞与预混肝细胞生长因子及DMEM的液态Ⅰ型胶原混合,形成肝细胞/胶原凝胶复合物,将该复合物接种至培养板,待形成胶冻状凝胶后再加培养液进行培养。通过光学显微镜、苏木精-伊红染色及透射电子显微镜对肝细胞的形态学特征及超微结构进行观察;并通过糖原染色、免疫荧光染色、实时定量PCR进一步对肝细胞特异表型及功能进行检测。收集培养上清,检测细胞白蛋白及尿素合成能力。结果与结论:①肝细胞/胶原水凝胶复合物形成后,可见肝细胞呈圆形分布于水凝胶中,培养14d后仍保持肝细胞形态并呈类似肝脏结构的肝索样聚集排列,超微结构观察显示肝细胞之间形成紧密连接。②培养14d后,糖原染色、白蛋白及肝细胞核因子4α免疫荧光染色呈阳性,证实肝细胞具有糖原及白蛋白合成能力并仍具有分化潜能。③三维培养中,肝细胞的白蛋白及尿素合成能力及分泌水平明显高于二维培养,且至少能够在较高水平维持15d。④培养7d后,Albumin、HNF-4α、Claudin-3、CYP1A1、CYP3A1以及G6P等肝细胞特异性基因的表达水平明显高于二维培养。以上结果证实,以胶原水凝胶为支架构建的三维培养系统使肝细胞在结构上更类似肝脏组织,并能在更长时间内有效的维持肝细胞合成代谢等各方面功能。     

银杏内酯B对成年大鼠神经干细胞向神经元分化的促进作用

目的 探讨银杏内酯B对神经干细胞分化为神经元的促进作用。方法 采用无血清培养和单克隆实验技术在体外分离培养出大量来源于同一细胞的单细胞克隆球，并将其均匀种植于24孔培养板中，分3组分别加入含银杏内酯B、BDNF和不加任何细胞因子的完全培养液。培养7d和14d后终止，用神经元特异性标记物微管相关蛋白-2(MAP-2)的单克隆抗体进行免疫荧光标记，荧光显微镜下观察和计数．MAP-2标记的阳性细胞并对细胞面积和周长进行图像处理。结果 两个时期银杏内酯组MAP-2阳性细胞数均明显多于单纯对照组而少于BDNF组；分化7d和14d时银杏内酯组MAP-2阳性细胞的面积和周长明显大于单纯对照组，而略小于BDNF组。结论 银杏内酯B亦具有类似BDNF促进神经干细胞分化为神经元的作用。     

NGF对角膜缘干细胞体外扩增的影响

目的观察神经生长因子(NGF)对体外培养角膜缘干细胞(LSCs)增殖的影响。方法体外培养LSCs,分对照组和NGF组传代培养,分别选取各组培养24 h、72 h和5 d的细胞,免疫组化检测p63,免疫荧光检测增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)表达,TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡率。结果 NGF组在24 h、72 h和5 d时间点p63表达平均灰度值明显低于对照组各个时间点(P<0.05)。而NGF组在相应的各时间点PCNA表达平均灰度值高于对照组(P<0.05)。凋亡检测显示NGF组在24 h、72 h和5 d的时间点细胞凋亡率要低于对照组的凋亡率(P<0.05)。结论 NGF可促进和维持LSCs的体外扩增和生长,降低凋亡发生,有维持LSCs干细胞特性的作用。     

银杏内酯对大鼠基底前脑神经元生长发育的影响

目的：观察银杏内酯对培养的胚胎大鼠基底前脑胆碱能神经元和NADPH-d阳性神经元生长发育的作用。方法：取E17Wistar大鼠胚胎基底前脑进行体外细胞培养，并给予银杏内酯。进行乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetyl cholinesterase，AChE)和NADPH-d酶组织化学染色，并在光镜下进行阳性细胞计数和显微测量胞体及突起发育状况。结果：给予银杏内酯处理后，培养物中乙酰胆碱酯酶阳性神经元和NADPH-d阳性神经元数量均较对照组显著增加，且神经元发育状况好于对照组，胞体大，突起多且长。结论：银杏内酯可以促进体外培养的基底前脑神经元中乙酰胆碱酯酶和NADPH-d的表达，并能促进表达这两种酶的神经元生长发育。     

联合应用EGF和NGF对成年大鼠海马神经干细胞分化的影响

目的探讨联合应用表皮生长因子(EGF)和神经生长因子(NGF)对成年大鼠海马神经干细胞(NSCs)分化的影响。方法用含碱性成纤维生长因子(bFGF)、表皮生长因子、B27的无血清细胞培养技术体外培养成年大鼠海马神经干细胞,单克隆培养细胞行Nestin免疫细胞化学染色,诱导分化1w后细胞行GFAP和NSE免疫细胞化学染色;根据培养基中所加营养因子的不同将第4代细胞分为4组培养:EGF组、EGF+NGF组、NGF组、对照组,此4组细胞培养1w后行NSE免疫细胞化学染色,计数阳性细胞比例后进行统计学分析。结果单克隆培养后克隆球表达Nestin,诱导分化1w后细胞表达NSE、GFAP。与空白对照组相比,EGF组、NGF组和EGF+NGF组细胞分化为神经元的比例较高(P<0.05),其中EGF+NGF组细胞的比例最高。结论单独或联合应用EGF、NGF可以促进成年大鼠海马神经干细胞向神经元分化。     

淤胆血清“病理微环境”诱导胚胎干细胞向肝细胞分化

目的:探讨淤胆血清"病理微环境"培养体系诱导胚胎干细胞(ESC)向肝细胞分化的可行性。方法:将小鼠ESC细胞系E14在无白血病抑制因子培养基中培养,使其自发分化为拟胚体,加入FGF-4和HGF初步诱导,然后置于5％淤胆鼠血清"病理微环境"筛选培养液中继续培养2周,然后进行细胞形态学观察,白蛋白和CK8/18免疫组化染色,白蛋白与转甲状腺蛋白RT-PCR检测,细胞糖原染色及尿素合成功能分析。结果: 经初步诱导分化的ESC置于5％淤胆血清"病理微环境"筛选培养液中培养,初期细胞生长受抑制,2周后分化为肝细胞样细胞,细胞呈现良好的均质性;免疫组化染色显示白蛋白和CK8/18表达;RT-PCR显示有白蛋白、转甲状腺蛋白等的mRNA转录;细胞有糖原和尿素合成功能。结论:采用含淤胆血清的病理微环境培养体系从经FGF-4和HGF初步诱导的胚胎干细胞中有效筛选出了具有功能的肝细胞,细胞有较好的均质性,为临床肝细胞替代治疗、获取丰富供体细胞来源提供了新思路。     

肝纤维化大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞体外诱导为类肝细胞

目的 观察正常、肝纤维化模型组大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）体外诱导分化为类肝细胞的差异。方法 Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组和肝纤维化模型组。用皮下注射CCl4乳剂建立肝纤维化模型。用密度梯度离心法和贴壁法分离大鼠的MSCs,经培养传代获得纯化的MSCs。用肝细胞生长因子（HGF）和成纤维细胞生长因子-4（FGF-4）诱导培养纯化的MSCs。留取15、21和27 d细胞培养液进行白蛋白（Alb）、甲胎蛋白（AFP）检测;于27 d收集细胞爬片,进行糖原染色和免疫细胞化学染色检测MSCs中CK-18、CK-19。结果 于诱导15、21和27 d,2组经诱导培养的MSCs AFP水平均高于未诱导的MSCs（P<0.01）,其中21 d AFP水平最高;而白蛋白水平21和27 d 2组经诱导培养的MSCs均高于未诱导的MSCs（P<0.01）,15 d无差异,27 d最高。27 d 2组经诱导培养的MSCs糖原染色和CK-18、CK-19免疫细胞化学染色均阳性,未诱导的MSCs糖原染色、CK-18、CK-19均阴性。从AFP、白蛋白水平综合比较,正常和肝纤维化模型组大鼠MSCs诱导效果无明显差别。结论 HGF、FGF-4可在体外诱导肝纤维化大鼠的MSCs分化为具有肝细胞样细胞表型和功能的类肝细胞。     

丁酸钠体外诱导小鼠胚胎干细胞分化为肝细胞

目的:探讨分化刺激剂丁酸钠对体外培养的小鼠胚胎干细胞（ES细胞）分化为肝细胞的影响，并分析其可能机制。 方法:常规培养E14 ES细胞后，继续悬浮培养4 d以形成拟胚体，然后转移拟胚体到铺有明胶的6孔板中并添加3 mmol/L丁酸钠开始诱导分化，分化过程中用倒置相差显微镜观察细胞形态学的改变；免疫荧光染色观察肝细胞特异性标志白蛋白(ALB)、甲胎蛋白(AFP)、细胞角蛋白18（CK18）的表达；RT-PCR检测肝细胞特异性标志基因ALB、AFP、甲状腺素运载蛋白(TTR)、α1抗胰蛋白酶(AAT)的mRNA表达；流式细胞技术检测ALB阳性细胞比例；糖原PAS染色和吲哚氰绿（ICG）摄取试验检测肝细胞功能。 结果:诱导分化过程中ES细胞逐渐出现肝细胞样改变；诱导分化第7d仅检测到AFP和TTR在mRNA水平的表达，第14 d检测到ALB、AAT在mRNA水平的表达；分化14 d时免疫荧光检测显示ALB、AFP、CK18均为阳性；流式细胞技术检测ALB阳性细胞比例约为48.6%；糖原PAS染色和ICG摄取试验显示分化18d的肝细胞样细胞具有肝细胞功能。 结论:丁酸钠可以高效诱导小鼠ES细胞分化为肝细胞样细胞，并且分化细胞具有肝细胞功能。     

Neurturin对体外培养的GABA阳性神经元生长发育的作用

为探讨neurturin(NRTN)、神经生长因子(NGF)对新生大鼠海马的γ氨基丁酸能神经元生长发育的影响,本研究用免疫组化结合图像分析技术观察neurturin和NGF对体外培养海马的γ氨基丁酸能阳性神经元生长发育的作用。结果显示:培养4d时,NRTN组的γ氨基丁酸能阳性神经元细胞数目、突起数、胞体面积和最长突起长度均与对照组有显著性差异(P<0.05),NGF组各项指标与对照组均无显著性差异(P>0.05),NGF+NRTN组突起数多于NRTN组(P<0.05);培养8 d时,NRTN组各项指标均与对照组仍有明显差异(P<0.05),NGF+NRTN组突起数仍多于NRTN组(P>0.05)。上述结果提示,neurturin对体外培养的新生大鼠γ氨基丁酸能阳性神经元生长发育有营养作用,但NGF对体外培养的新生大鼠γ氨基丁酸能阳性神经元无神经营养作用;neurturin和NGF的联合应用并不比单独使用neurturin好。     

银杏酮酯对雪旺细胞合成与分泌神经生长因子的影响

目的观察银杏酮酯(EGb50)对雪旺细胞合成与分泌神经生长因子(NGF)的影响,探讨其促进周围神经再生的可能机制.方法将纯化的雪旺细胞分为EGb50.组和对照组,EGb50组(低、中、高剂量)分别加含终浓度为10、25、50μg/mlEGb50的FBS-DMEM培养液培养,对照组培养液中不加银杏酮酯.24h后应用ELISA与RT-PCR法分别于蛋白质和mRNA水平测定其对细胞合成与分泌NGF的影响.结果培养上清液中NGF吸光度(A)值对照组为(0.33±0.04),EGb50低剂量组为(0.57±0.05),EGb50中剂量组为(0.94±0.04),EGb50蜘高剂量组为(1.23±0.06),对照组均低于银杏酮酯各剂量组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).NGF和内标基因(GAPDH)PCR产物的荧光强度比值EGb50低剂量组(0.97±0.06),EGb50中剂量组(1.46±0.04),EGb50高剂量组(1.83±0.06),均较对照组(0.72±0.04)高(P＜0.05).结论银杏酮酯可促进雪旺细胞合成与分泌NGF,这可能是其促进损伤神经再生的机制之一.     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Involvement of the striatum in the central regulation of the hormonal functions of the gonads

Studies reported here show that intrastriatal administration of corticoliberin to rats decreases the blood testosterone level. However, in conditions of chemical deficiency of dopaminergic transmission in the dorsal striatum induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, the effect of this neurohormone did not appear. It is concluded that extrahypothalamic corticoliberin is involved in regulating the hormonal reproductive system acting via dopaminergic mechanisms. Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 594–597, April, 1999.     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008