门静脉高压症脾亢脾巨噬细胞数量及其吞噬功能的观察

目的观察门静脉高压症(PH)脾亢脾脏巨噬细胞(MΦ)数量及其吞噬功能的变化,为进一步探讨PH脾功能亢进(脾亢)的发病机制提供依据。方法取20例PH脾亢患者的手术脾脏作为PH组,按脾脏肿大程度的分级标准,再分为中度肿大组(11例)和重度肿大组(9例)。6例正常脾外伤性破裂患者的手术脾脏作为对照组。称重后贴壁法分离培养脾脏MΦ,用细胞计数板在显微镜下计数MΦ的相对数(每g脾脏组织中的MΦ数)并计算MΦ绝对数(整个脾脏内MΦ的总数),鸡红细胞吞噬法计算MΦ的吞噬率和吞噬指数。结果对照组、PH中度和重度脾大组MΦ的相对数分别为(13．13±3．72)×10~5/g、(8．80±0．97)×10~5/g、(7．29±1．33)×10~5/g,PH组比对照组均显著减少(P＜0．01),但PH的两组之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0．05)；PH组脾脏的重量明显增加(P＜0．01),可达正常脾重的3．5～6．0倍(放血后)；各组MΦ的绝对数分别为(1．94±0．55)×10~8、(4．91±1．12)×10~8、(6．86±0．77)×10~8,PH组比对照组均显著增多(P＜0．01),且PH重度肿大组也显著多于中度肿大组(P＜0．01)；各组MΦ的吞噬率和吞噬指数分别为(6,33±0．58)%和(0．07±0．01)、(11．25±2．19)%和(0．14±0．03)、(13．00±2．38)%和(0．16±0．04),PH组比对照组均显著增强(P＜0．01),但PH的两组之间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0．05)。结论PH脾亢时,脾脏MΦ的相对数虽然减少,但绝对数增多,MΦ的吞噬功能增强。MΦ在PH脾亢的形成中可能扮演着非常重要的角色。进一步支持了脾亢发病中的“脾内阻留学说”。     

严重烧伤早期大鼠中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞凋亡实验研究

目的探讨严重烧伤后中性粒细胞(PMN)凋亡及烧伤血清刺激后PMN、巨噬细胞(Mφ)凋亡,以及巨噬细胞吞噬凋亡PMN的变化.方法选用Ⅲ度30%TBSA烧伤大鼠模型,收集伤后0、6、12、24hPMN,分离伤后24h烧伤血清,应用流式细胞技术检测PMN凋亡百分率;同时收集大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,检测烧伤血清对Mφ凋亡变化的影响及烧伤后24h大鼠腹腔Mφ对凋亡PMN吞噬能力.结果伤后大鼠PMN凋亡百分率明显降低,伤后6、12、24h各时相点无显著差异.烧伤大鼠血清刺激24h后,PMN凋亡百分率为(15.4±1.2)%,较正常大鼠血清刺激后(50.6±3.9)%显著降低;而Mφ凋亡百分率为(23.2±2.1)%,较正常大鼠血清刺激后(¨.5±1.6)%增多;严重烧伤后大鼠腹腔Mφ对凋亡PMN吞噬能力由(35.0±2.6)%降至(21.8±2.1)%.结论严重烧伤后及在烧伤血清刺激下大鼠PMN凋亡延迟,Mφ吞噬凋亡PMN能力降低,可能凋亡的PMN被Mφ吞噬不完全,最终坏死,释放毒性内容物,是引发SIRS的重要因素之一.     

原代滑膜细胞培养及同时提取微量总RNA和蛋白质的方法在体外细胞分子生物学研究中的应用

目的:建立从少量原代培养滑膜细胞中同时提取微量总RNA和总蛋白质的方法.方法:向5×105原代成纤维样滑膜细胞(FLS)中加入0.3 ml的TRIzolTM试剂经过改良抽提总RNA;同时将抽提总RNA剩下的中下两相,用异丙醇-盐酸胍-无水乙醇抽提蛋白质.另外将FLS细胞标本分别采用经典的异硫氰酸胍-苯酚-氯仿一步法(A...     

吸入氧化亚氮对大鼠耳蜗总RNA产量的影响

目的 通过检测氧化亚氮对大鼠耳蜗总RNA产量的影响，探讨氧化亚氮（N2O）对大鼠内耳损伤的机制。方法 将30只健康Wistar大鼠随机等分为3组：A组（对照组，n=10）持续吸入50％O2 3h；B组（实验组，n=10）持续吸入50％N2O＋50％O23h；C组（实验组，n=10）持续吸入50％N2O＋50％O26h。联用TRIzol和RNeasy法分别抽取3组大鼠耳蜗的总RNA，用分光光度法测总RNA的产量及电泳检测其质量。结果 A组大鼠耳蜗得到总RNA7．69μg；B组大鼠耳蜗得到总RNA6．51μg，与A组比较减少15％；C组大鼠耳蜗得到总RNA5．32μg，与A组比较减少31％。A260／A280值分别为2．07、2．04和2．05，提示RNA纯度高，电泳结果提示总RNA元降解。结论长时间吸入N2O的大鼠耳蜗总RNA较正常大鼠耳蜗总RNA产量降低，提示N2O干扰耳蜗RNA产量可能是造成耳损害的原因之一。     

转染肝癌总RNA的树突状细胞疫苗对肝癌的抑制作用及其机制

目的探讨转染肝癌细胞总RNA转染的树突状细胞(DC)疫苗抑制肝癌作用及其机制。方法采用粒/巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)和白细胞介素(IL)-4联合培养6 d成小鼠骨髓来源不成熟DC(iDC),质脂体转染肝癌细胞系Hepa1-6 RNA入iDC,用LPS刺激后成为Hepal-6 RNA/DC疫苗,对照组为iDC组、LPS/DC组Saline组,以每只2×10~6个细胞腹腔注射免疫小鼠每周1次共3次,然后接种5×10~5 Hepal-6细胞,观察肿瘤生长情况、特异性CTL活性的测定以及抗体阻断实验。结果实验组Hepal-6 RNA/DC组肿瘤在第8周为(8．5±3．6)mm,而iDC组、LPS/ DC组、Saline对照组分别为(36．6±3．6)、(31．3±4．7)、(32．2±4．0)mm,与实验组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0．05)。实验组脾细胞对Hepal-6细胞有特异性杀伤效应,而对肺癌LLC细胞无杀伤活性。所诱导的抗肿瘤效应细胞包括CD~(8+)、CD~(4+)T淋巴细胞。结论肝癌细胞的总RNA转染的DC肿瘤疫苗能诱导CD~(8+)、CD~(4+)T细胞免疫,是较有临床应用前景的肝癌免疫治疗方法。     

反义寡聚脱氧核糖核苷酸对猪促卵泡刺激素受体表达的影响

目的 :本研究旨在评价反义寡聚脱氧核糖核苷酸 (ODN)对促卵泡刺激素受体 (FSHR)mRNA表达的调节作用。　方法 :转染FSHR的CHO细胞系的mRNA水平用反转录 竞争性PCR方法进行定量测定。　结果 :结果显示用 10 μmol/L反义ODN可导致mRNA表达显著上升 ,2 4h后mRNA水平从 0 89± 0 0 6pg/ μg总RNA升至 1 6 4±0 0 8pg/ μg总RNA(P <0 0 5 )。用 0 33μmol/L反义ODN进行脂转染也得到相同结果 ,mRNA水平从 0 95± 0 0 8pg/ μg总RNA升高至 1 5 3± 0 0 7pg/ μg总RNA。这可能是由于FSHR蛋白翻译被抑制后上行调节mRNA合成所致 ,无义ODN对FSHRmRNA的表达没有任何作用。　结论 :本文结果提示针对猪FSHR翻译起始位点的反义ODN能上行调节猪FSHRmRNA的表达水平。     

不育男性、少精子症病人精子肌酸激酶活性及其同工酶组成的研究

采用酶动力学分光光度法和琼脂糖电泳凝胶光密度扫描分别对正常生育男性 (2 7例 )、少精子症患者(14例 )和精子计数大于 2× 10 7/ml的不育男性 (80例 )的精子肌酸激酶 (CK)总活性和M CK及B CK同工酶的相对含量进行了测定。结果CK总活性分别为 116± 5 6 .5mU/ 10 8精子 ( x± 2SE) ,5 40± 36 7mU/ 10 8精子和 16 8±5 1.7mU/ 10 8精子。与正常人比较 ,少精子症组显著升高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,不育组略有升高 ,但与正常组之间的差异无显著性。正常对照组精子M CK和B CK含量分别占总活性的 30 .5± 4.35 %和 37.5± 6 .14% ( x±ZSE) ,少精子症组和不育男性组的M CK含量均明显降低 ,分别是 18.0± 2 .36 %和 19.0± 1.32 % ,表明这一精子的生化指标与精子成熟相关     

乳鼠成骨细胞酵母双杂交cDNA文库构建

目的构建乳鼠成骨细胞的酵母双杂交cDNA文库。方法用TRIzol法提取乳鼠成骨细胞总RNA,按照SMART cDNA Library Construction Kit ( CLONTECH)说明书反转录合成双链cDNA.Spin Column去除短片段,然后用同源重组的方法将双链 cDNA和PGADT7~rec载体共转化到酵母细胞Y187中,建立文库并计算文库滴度。结果提取的总RNA的A 260/A 280为 1.99,琼脂糖凝胶电泳示28SrRNA、18SrRNA2条带,且28S与18S带亮度比值约为2。酵母文库库容为1. 68 x 107,重组率为 100%。插人片段PCR检测提示大小分布为1. 5 -4. 0 kb,平均长度约为3. 0 kb。结论乳鼠成骨细胞酵母双杂交cDNA文 库构建成功。     

三七皂甙对烫伤小鼠巨噬细胞的调理作用

目的　研究三七总皂甙对烧伤后巨噬细胞 (MΦ)肌醇脂质信号系统中甘油二脂 蛋白激酶C途径及降低肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF)的作用。　方法　观察伤后注射三七总皂甙后小鼠肌醇脂质信号系统物质、如磷酯酶C (PLC)活性、甘油二脂 (DAG)活性、胞内Ca 浓度、胞膜蛋白激酶C(PKC)活性、胞浆PKC活性和MΦ分泌TNF量的变化。　结果　三七总皂甙能使烧伤小鼠升高的PLC活性从5 7 5 8± 8 19降至 2 7 0 0± 2 31、胞内Ca 浓度从 393 18± 39 6 2降至 90 5 6± 7 2 1、DAG活性从 488 10± 40 2 0降至 2 88 30± 30 0 0、胞膜PKC活性从 3 0 81 5 0± 6 98 5 0降低至 16 99 5 0± 2 18 5 0、胞浆PKC活性从 2 188 6 0± 2 5 8 30降低至 848 40± 138 30 ,MΦ分泌TNF的量降低 5 5 %。　结论　三七总皂甙对烧伤小鼠MΦ肌醇脂质信号系统中甘油二脂 蛋白激酶C途径及降低MΦ分泌TNF均有显著的作用。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.