Growth and proliferation of human osteoblasts on different bone graft substitutes: an in vitro study

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different bone graft substitutes onto the growth and proliferation pattern of bone cells derived from human iliac cancellous bone. Five different bone graft materials were used to investigate the effect on the proliferation of osteoblasts in vitro: phytogene hydroxyapatite (Algipore), alpha-Tricalcium phosphate (Bio-Base), bovine hydroxyapatite (low temperature) (Bio-Oss), bovine hydroxyapatite (high temperature) (Osteograf), and bovine hydroxyapatite (high temperature) enhanced with p-15, synthetic peptide (PepGen p-15). The osteoblasts were derived from human iliac cancellous bone and seeded with the different bone substitutes. The cell proliferation and viability (WST-1), alkaline phosphatase as an early marker of osteoblast proliferation, was evaluated after 6 and 9 days. The cultures were examined for cell growth pattern and morphology by normal light and scanning electron microscopy. The human osteoblasts showed a different proliferation pattern according to the type of applied bone graft substitute. PepGen P-15 showed the highest proliferation and differentiation rate followed by Osteograf, Algipore, and Bio-base. Bio-Oss showed the lowest. These results were confirmed by electron microscopy and light microscopy evaluation in which similar growth pattern were observed. Distinct bone graft materials have different impact onto the proliferation pattern of human osteoblasts in vitro.     

A histopathological investigation on the effect of systemic administration of the bisphosphonate alendronate on resorptive phase following mucoperiosteal flap surgery in the rat mandible

BACKGROUND: The present study was designed to assess histopathologically whether the systemic administration of aminobisphosphonate (alendronate), 0.5 mg/kg body weight, is effective in preventing alveolar bone resorption following mucoperiosteal flap surgery, and whether alendronate modulates tissue factors. METHODS: The effect of alendronate on bone resorption was evaluated in mucoperiosteal flaps used as a resorptive model. The animals were given subcutaneous injections of either saline (control group) or 0.5 mg/kg of alendronate (experimental group). The alendronate or saline was administered subcutaneously 1 week prior to surgery, immediately prior to surgery, and 1 week after surgery. The parameters determined with a semiquantitative subjective method for histopathological evaluation were as follows: inflammatory cell infiltration (ICI) of adjacent periodontal tissue, degree of fibrosis and collagen bundle formation, number and morphology of osteoclasts of the alveolar bone and interdental septum, resorption lacunae (osteoclast surfaces), and osteoblastic activity (forming surfaces). RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the saline and alendronate groups with regard to inflammatory cell infiltration, number of osteoclasts, and osteoblastic activity. Fibrosis and collagen bundle formation, osteoclast morphologies, and resorption lacunae formation were significantly different between the two groups, in favor of the alendronate group. CONCLUSIONS: The systemic administration of 0.5 mg/kg alendronate was effective in preventing alveolar bone loss and in modulating tissue factors. These findings indicate that alendronate would be a valuable addition to the therapeutic armamentarium available for the treatment of periodontal diseases, either alone or in combination with regenerative components such as anti-inflammatory drugs, bone graft materials, and guided tissue regeneration techniques, and even with dental implants.     

Bone reactions to anorganic bovine bone (Bio-Oss) used in sinus augmentation procedures: a histologic long-term report of 20 cases in humans

Many materials are used for sinus augmentation procedures. Anorganic bovine bone (Bio-Oss) has been reported to be osteoconductive, and no inflammatory responses have been observed with the use of this biomaterial. One of the main questions pertaining to Bio-Oss concerns its biodegradation and substitution by host bone. Some investigators have observed rapid replacement by host bone, while other researchers observed slow resorptive activity or no resorption at all. The aim of the present study was to conduct a long-term histologic analysis of retrieved specimens in humans where Bio-Oss was used in sinus augmentation procedures. Specimens were retrieved from 20 patients after varying periods from 6 months to 4 years and were processed to obtain thin ground sections. Bio-Oss particles were surrounded for the most part by mature, compact bone. In some Haversian canals it was possible to observe small capillaries, mesenchymal cells, and osteoblasts in conjunction with new bone. No gaps were present at the interface between the Bio-Oss particles and newly formed bone. In specimens retrieved after 18 months and 4 years, it was also possible to observe the presence of osteoclasts in the process of resorbing the Bio-Oss particles and neighboring newly formed bone. Bio-Oss appears to be highly biocompatible and osteoconductive, is slowly resorbed in humans, and can be used with success as a bone substitute in maxillary sinus augmentation procedures.     

RANKL increase in compressed periodontal ligament cells from root resorption

The ligand receptor activator of NFkappaB (RANKL) plays an important role in osteoclast formation. However, very little is known about the relationship between external apical root resorption during orthodontic treatment and RANKL. We hypothesized that compressive force is responsible for RANKL formation and up-regulation of osteoclastogenesis in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells from patients with severe orthodontically induced external apical root resorption. RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG) production, TRAP-positive cells, and resorptive pits were determined. The increase of RANKL and the decrease of OPG were greater in the severe root resorption group than in the non-resorption group. The numbers of TRAP-positive cells and resorptive pits were also increased in the severe root resorption group than in the non-resorption group. These results support the hypothesis that the compressed PDL cells obtained from tissues with severe external apical root resorption may produce a large amount of RANKL and up-regulate osteoclastogenesis.     

Comparison of osteogenic potential between apatite-coated poly(lactide-co-glycolide)/hydroxyapatite particulates and Bio-Oss

Previously, we developed a poly(lactide-co-glycolide)/nano-hydroxyapatite (PLGA/HA) composite that overcame the limitations of conventional ceramic bone substitutes. This was achieved by introducing a bone-like apatite layer on the composite to further enhance its osteogenic potential. In this study, we compared the osteogenic potential of the apatite-coated PLGA/HA particulates to that of Bio-Oss, a deproteinized bovine bone material. A mixture of fibrin gel and either apatite-coated PLGA/HA particulates or Bio-Oss was implanted into critical-size rat calvarial defects. As a control, fibrin gel was implanted alone into the defects. At eight weeks after treatment, histological examination showed new bone formation around the grafting materials, and bone formation was similar between the two groups. In the control group, bone was not regenerated and the defects were filled with fibrous tissues. This study showed that a synthetic bone graft material, apatite-coated PLGA/HA particulates, had a comparable bone regeneration potential to the bovine-derived bone graft material, Bio-Oss.     

Comparison of 3 bone substitutes in canine extraction sites.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the healing response with 3 different bone substitute materials in extraction sites in the dog. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four dogs had their mandibular and maxillary premolars extracted atraumatically. The sites were immediately grafted with anorganic bovine bone (Bio-Oss, Osteohealth, Shirley, NY), Bone Source (Leibinger, Inc, Kalamazoo, MI), or Embarc (Lorenz Surgical, Jacksonville, FL), or left untreated as a control. After 8 weeks, the sites were removed for histologic evaluation of bone fill and the healing response. RESULTS: All sites healed well without signs of infection. No significant differences were noted in the shape of the ridges between groups. The control sites had radiographic bone fill by 8 weeks. The Bio-Oss sites showed bone fill with a similar appearance to the control sites. The Bone Source and Embarc sites showed implant material taking up most of the extraction site. In all sites the control and Bio-Oss sites had significantly more bone formation than the Embarc and Bone Source sites (P <.05). The control sites contained woven bone. The Bio-Oss sites were similar to the control sites, but with remnants of Bio-Oss in the bone. The Bone Source and Embarc sites were filled predominantly with the graft material without evidence of resorption and replacement of the materials, and with minimal bone formation. CONCLUSIONS: Based on this study, the control and Bio-Oss sites were similar, with bone filling most of the extraction site. The other 2 materials did not show replacement with bone.     

厌氧菌荚膜对破骨细胞形成的影响

目的：观察３ 种厌氧菌荚膜对人骨髓长时间培养中破骨细胞形成和功能活化的影响。方法：采用合法堕胎５ 个月胎儿长干骨骨髓单个核细胞,在 Ｇ Ｍ－ Ｃ Ｓ Ｆ、马血清和荚膜存在下培养３ 周,观察破骨细胞的形成。结果：在所有培养中由单个核细胞融合形成的多核细胞多数具有破骨细胞特征：多核、细胞膜呈皱褶状、抗酒石酸盐酸性磷酸酶染色阳性,在牙本质片上可形成吸收陷窝等。牙龈卟啉菌荚膜组和中间型普里沃氏菌荚膜组中,抗酒石酸盐酸性磷酸酶染色阳性的多核和单个核细胞数和牙本质片上形成的吸收陷窝明显增多。牙髓卟啉菌荚膜组与对照组差异不明显。结论：厌氧菌荚膜可能参与了牙周病、尖周病后期的骨组织吸收。     

Histologic comparison of light emitting diode phototherapy-treated hydroxyapatite-grafted extraction sockets: a same-mouth case study

BACKGROUND: The stimulating effect of red and near-infrared (NIR) laser phototherapy on bone regeneration and growth has been shown in a number of in vitro and animal studies. However, the effect of NIR phototherapy on the bone regeneration of hydroxyapatite (HA) -treated extraction sockets has not been previously demonstrated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An investigational Biolux extraoral light emitting diode phototherapy device was used daily for 21 days postextraction and socket grafting with HA (Osteograf LD300) unilaterally. Bone regeneration of the phototherapy-treated and nontreated side was compared in same-mouth extraction sockets. RESULTS: Histologic evaluations showed enhanced bone formation and faster particle resorption associated with the phototherapy-treated socket graft compared with the non-phototherapy-treated socket. CONCLUSIONS: The accelerated bone healing in the phototherapy-treated HA socket graft may provide faster implant placement compared to non-phototherapy-treated socket grafts.     

淫羊藿对口腔各矿化组织破骨细胞性骨吸收的体外实验研究

目的 探讨中药淫羊藿抑制破骨细胞性骨吸收的作用。方法 体外分离、培养兔破骨细胞，与玻片及灭活牙片共同培养，加入不同浓度淫羊藿注射液。HE、原位末端标记染色玻片上的破骨细胞，观察其形态结构的改变，并观察破骨细胞在牙片上形成的吸收陷窝数目及面积的变化。结果 HE染色可见用药组破骨细胞胞质浓缩，核固缩深染，部分细胞出现核分裂。原位末端标记结果显示，用药组破骨细胞胞质皱缩，胞核呈棕褐色，胞质淡杂。提示淫羊藿可诱导破骨细胞凋亡，抑制骨吸收。用药组与非用药组破骨细胞凋亡率差异有显著性，吸收陷窝数目、面积差异也有显著性，随浓度增加抑制作用增强。结论 淫羊藿可诱导破骨细胞凋亡，抑制骨吸收，并随浓度增加抑制作用增强。     

应用齿贝骨粉及矿化胶原膜修复小型猪拔牙创骨缺损的效果观察

目的：比较 Bio-Oss骨粉和齿贝骨粉修复拔牙窝骨缺损的成骨效果,评估齿贝牙科骨粉在拔牙窝骨缺损修复中的可靠性。方法：以引导骨再生术（GBR）为基本原理,在小型猪拔牙区制造骨缺损,分别植入齿贝牙科骨粉及Bio-Oss骨粉。术后12周进行肉眼观察、影像学检查及组织学染色。影像学检查测量骨缺损的成骨密度,采用SPSS 22.0软件包进行配对t检验,观察骨缺损修复情况。分析组织切片中新生骨在骨缺损区域所占面积的百分比,得出新生骨百分率,比较2种不同材料骨粉修复拔牙窝骨缺损的效果。结果：术后12周,CT显示不同组的拔牙窝骨缺损完全被新生骨填充,2种骨粉修复骨缺损效果无显著差异。组织学切片显示,与Bio-Oss骨粉相比,齿贝骨粉填充骨缺损区成骨量略有减少,但两者差异不显著。结论：齿贝牙科骨粉在拔牙窝骨缺损修复中具有可靠性,有必要做进一步临床研究。     

Alveolar ridge augmentation with Bio-Oss: a histologic study in humans

The aim of the present study was to investigate the healing of alveolar ridge defects augmented with cancellous bovine bone mineral. In six partially edentulous patients, bone augmentation was necessary prior to implant placement because of severe alveolar ridge resorption. The defect sites, all located in the maxilla, were filled with Bio-Oss and covered with the resorbable collagen membrane Bio-Gide. Biopsies were obtained from the defect sites 6 to 7 months following grafting and were processed for ground sectioning. The histologic analysis revealed that the Bio-Oss particles occupied 31% of the total biopsy area. An intimate contact between woven bone and Bio-Oss was detected along 37% of the particle surfaces. A mixed type of bone was found; it contained woven bone and parallel-fibered bone, which demonstrates features of remodeling activity. Signs of resorption of the grafting material were observed in the histologic sections, which indicates that the material takes part in the remodeling process. It is suggested that Bio-Oss may be a very suitable material for staged localized ridge augmentation in humans.     

Ten-year follow-up in a maxillary sinus augmentation using anorganic bovine bone (Bio-Oss). A case report with histomorphometric evaluation

Several bone grafting materials have been used in sinus augmentation procedures. Bio-Oss (deproteinized and sterilized bovine bone) has shown to have osteoconductive properties and no inflammatory or adverse responses have been published. In spite of these successful results, histologic data regarding bone augmentation using Bio-Oss in humans is scarce. The purpose of this study was to analyse the amount of Bio-Oss ossification in a case of maxillary sinus augmentation, recording and comparing histomorphometric data 8 months, 2 and 10 years after surgery. This long-term histologic evaluation of retrieved specimens has been performed, comparing histomorfometric measures at different times. Eight months after surgery we observed in 20 different thin sections of the specimen a mean amount of bone tissue (including medullar spaces) of 29.8% (and 70.2% of Bio-Oss) +/- 2.6. At 2 years the bone tissue increased to 69.7% + 2.7 and 10 years after surgery it was 86.7% +/- 2.8. The comparison of the means for each time has shown a highly significant increasing trend in bone formation associated with Bio-oss resorption: at 8 months, 2 and 10 years.     

Maxillary sinus augmentation with a synthetic cell-binding peptide: histological and histomorphometrical results in humans

Bone substitutes should be used when sufficient amounts of autologous bone cannot be harvested from intraoral donor sites. P-15 is a highly conserved linear peptide with a 15 amino acid sequence identical to the sequence contained in the residues 766 to 780 of the alpha-chain of type I collagen. PepGen P-15 (Dentsply Friadent, Mannheim, Germany) is a combination of the mineral component of bovine bone (Osteograf/N 300) with P-15. Bio-Oss (Geistlich, Mannheim, Germany) is a deproteinized sterilized bovine bone with 75% to 80% porosity and a crystal size of approximately 10 microm in the form of cortical granules. The purpose of the present histological and histomorphometrical study was to compare maxillary sinus augmentation procedures in humans performed with PepGen P-15 with procedures associated with Bio-Oss and autologous bone. Seven patients participated in this study (3 men and 4 women; ages between 48 and 69 years, mean of 58 years) and were categorized into 3 groups. In group 1, a mixture of 50% autologous bone from an intraoral source and 50% Bio-Oss was used. In group 2, the graft materials used were 50% Bio-Oss and 50% PepGen P-15. In group 3, 50% autologous bone and 50% PepGen P-15 were used. Group 1 histomorphometry showed that the percentage of newly formed bone was 38.7% +/- 3.2%, marrow spaces represented 45.6% +/- 5%, and residual graft particles constituted the remaining 14.4% +/- 2.1%. Group 2 histomorphometry showed that newly formed bone represented 36.7% +/- 3.3%, marrow spaces represented 39.7% +/- 3.4%, and residual graft particles represented 19.6% +/- 2.1%. In group 3, newly formed bone represented 32.2% +/- 3.2%, marrow spaces represented 38% +/- 2.5%, and residual graft particles represented 28.8% +/- 1.1%. Non-statistically significant differences were found in the percentage of newly formed bone in the different groups (P = .360). Statistically significant differences were found in the percentage of residual graft materials among the different groups (group 1 vs groups 2 and 3) (P = .0001). These data demonstrate that the use of bone-replacement materials, without the addition of autologous bone, could be an alternative in sinus augmentation procedures. Such treatment would increase patient satisfaction, decrease surgical complications, and save the clinician substantial operating time.     

破骨细胞分化因子诱导小鼠骨髓细胞形成破骨细胞的实验研究

目的:探讨破骨细胞分化因子(ODF)和巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(M-CSF)联合应用进行体外诱导小鼠骨髓细胞形成破骨细胞(OC)的能力。方法:收集5～6周小鼠骨髓细胞,在含M-CSF(10 ng/ml)的α-MEM全培养液中培养24h,然后将悬浮生长的细胞接种到24孔培养板,并加入不同浓度的ODF和M-CSF。,通过观察抗酒石酸盐酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色的阳性细胞和能否在骨磨片上形成吸收陷窝来鉴定OC形成情况。结果:在只加入ODF或M-CSF一种细胞因子时,未见有TRAP阳性或CTR阳性细胞形成,同时加入ODF和M-CSF,可形成典型的OC。TRAP阳性多核细胞的数目和培养液中钙离子浓度的增加与ODF的浓度呈正相关。结论:小鼠骨髓来源的单核细胞在ODF和M-CSF共同作用下可形成具有骨吸收功能的OC,为体外研究OC的分化发育和功能调节提供了一种新的方法。     

Different resorption modes on living and devitalized bones by isolated osteoclasts in vitro. The effects of TIMP, E-64, and TGF-alpha

A new bone resorption model was developed by using living bone substrates and devitalized bones for isolated osteoclasts to act on. The extent of bone resorption was assessed by measuring the area and depth of resorption pits. The area and depth of pits made on living bones were greater than those of pits made on devitalized bone substrates. TIMP (100 micrograms/ml) reduced resorption on living bone in area and depth to the same amount of resorption on devitalized bone. E-64 (60 microM) significantly inhibited the resorption of devitalized bones. TGF-alpha (100 ng/ml) did not have significant effect on the resorption of any substrate. Indomethacin (100 ng/ml) reduced resorption on living bone to the same level of that on devitalized bone. These results suggest that resorption on living bone is aided by osteocyte-synthesis of metalloproteinases, among them collagenase, to degrade bone collagen through prostaglandin synthesis by viable cells in the substrates. The stimulation of bone resorption by TGF-alpha observed in organ culture appears not to be mediated by direct stimulation of osteoclast activity.     

The negative effect of combining rhBMP-2 and Bio-Oss on bone formation for maxillary sinus augmentation

Sinus augmentation with various bone graft materials may be required in the posterior maxilla. This study compared bone formation in a lateral window sinus augmentation with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2/acellular collagen sponge (rhBMP-2/ACS) combined with Bio-Oss or Bio-Oss graft alone. Patients were assigned to treatment with either rhBMP-2/ACS + Bio-Oss or Bio-Oss alone. After a healing period, bone cores were harvested. Histologic specimens demonstrated that new bone formation was less in those who received rhBMP-2/ACS + Bio-Oss than those with Bio-Oss alone. This study indicated that the addition of rhBMP-2/ACS to Bio-Oss has a negative effect on bone formation.     

Rh-bFGF与Bio-Oss骨胶原联合促进牙周骨缺损再生的实验研究

目的:评价重组人成纤维细胞生长因子(rh-bFGF)与牛无机骨胶原(Bio-Oss collagen)复合物和Bio-Gide联合应用对犬牙周组织再生的作用。方法:选用4只成年杂种犬,在双侧上、下颌前磨牙缺失区的近、远中牙槽嵴手术制备5mm×5mm×5mm的3壁骨内缺损。采用3种不同方法进行处理,实验组1:rh-bFGF与Bio-Oss胶原复合物植入, Bio-Gide覆盖;实验组2:Bio-Oss胶原复合物植入,Bio-Gide覆盖;对照组:单纯Bio-Gide覆盖。根据临床、影像学和组织学测量指标对治疗结果进行评价。采用SAS 6．2统计软件包进行配对t检验。结果:术后8周,所有3壁骨内缺损均有数量不等的新生牙槽骨、牙骨质和结缔组织。其中2个实验组的新生牙槽骨(3．7mm±0．3mm,2．3mm±0．2mm)与对照组(1．2mm±0．1mm)相比有显著性差异(P<0．01);实验组1与实验组2相比也有显著性差异(P<0．05)。而新生牙骨质和新生结缔组织附着在各组之间均无显著性差异(P>0．05)。结论:应用rh-bFGF／Bio-Oss胶原复合物更有利于牙槽骨再生,并且不会出现根吸收和骨固连等牙周再生治疗常见的不良结局。植入rh-bFGF／Bio-Oss胶原复合物对牙骨质再生和牙周韧带形成无显著作用。     

Osteopontin antisense deoxyoligonucleotides inhibit bone resorption by mouse osteoclasts in vitro

Osteopontin (OPN) is an acidic phosphoprotein synthesized by osteoblasts and osteoclastic cells that are localized in the mineralized phase of bone matrix. OPN is thought to bind to the vitronection receptor on the osteoclast membrane and regulates bone resorption by the osteoclast. In this study, we investigated whether or not OPN can relate to osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption in a co-culture system. When C57Black/6N mouse bone marrow cells suspended on ivory slices coated with collagen were inoculated onto a MC3T3-G2/PA6 cell layer, colonies containing TRAP(+) mononuclear and multinuclear cells were formed in the presence of 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ and dexamethasone. At the end of the culture period the number of TRAP(+) osteoclast-like cells were counted and the resorption pits were evaluated by reflected light microscopy. The mRNA of OPN was detected by in situ hybridization. Osteoclast-like cells expressed OPN mRNA. The addition of an OPN antisense oligomer(5'AAT CAC TGC CAA TCT CAT 3') at the start of the co-culture period decreased the number of TRAP(+) cells present after 7 d (30.3 ± 3.4 vs 56.9 ± 12.4), and the ratio of mononuclear and multinucleated cells was changed (77.6:23.2 vs 60.8:39.3). The total area of pits per ivory slice was also decreased by adding the OPN antisense oligomer(246813 vs 303139 μm2). These results showed that OPN can be an important mechanism for regulating differentiation and bone resorption.     

Extracranial and mandibular augmentation with hydroxyapatite-collagen in induced diabetic and nondiabetic rats.

This study evaluated three hydroxyapatite (HA) preparations placed subperiosteally in rats given streptozotocin (70 mg/kg) to induce diabetes (ID) (n = 24) and in nondiabetic (ND) rats (n = 24) used as controls. Implants of 1) nonporous HA granules (HAG), 2) HA granules hand-mixed with bovine collagen (HACM), and 3) HA granules and purified fibrillar collagen in a preprocessed block (PFC-HA) were randomly placed in subperiosteal pockets created on the cranium and adjacent to the left/right mandibles of each rat. Six rats from each group were killed at 3, 6, 12, and 24 weeks postimplantation. Animals killed after 3 weeks showed sporadic bone proliferation and bone resorption, whereas those killed after 6, 12, and 24 weeks showed formation of new bone at the implant/bone interface. Contact of the implant with bone was a requirement for osteogenesis, but bone formed only into the basilar layers of the implants. The ID group showed the greatest inflammatory response as well as the greatest degree of osteogenesis at all intervals of time. The addition of collagen to HA appeared to reduce the inflammatory response. Specimens implanted with HACM showed the least inflammation of the three implanted materials in both ID and ND groups.     

人牙囊细胞与胶原凝胶复合煅烧骨三维培养的实验研究

目的:建立人牙囊细胞(dentalfolliclecells,DFCs)的体外三维立体培养模型。方法:取第4代DFCs分别 接种于煅烧骨(sinteredbovinebone,SBB)(A组)、胶原凝胶(B组)、胶原复合煅烧骨三维支架上(C组),并以二维 培养的DFCs(D组)作对照,1周、2周取材,扫描电镜观察细胞形态以及与材料的贴附情况,细胞计数观察细胞在 材料上的增殖情况,组织化学方法检测DFCs的碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性。结果:扫描电镜见A组、B组和C组细胞 均完全伸展,但C组细胞数量明显增多,细胞外基质分泌增加,优于A组、B组和对照组D组,而对照组细胞在二维 培养条件下复层生长呈膜状结构,膜表面部分细胞脱落死亡,细胞外基质分泌较实验组少。A组与C组的ALP活 性无差异(P>0.05),但显著高于对照组B组和对照组(P<0.05)。1周时3组细胞Ⅰ型胶原合成情况无明显差 异,但2周时C组细胞的Ⅰ型胶原平均灰度值明显高于其他2组(P<0.01)。结论:A、B、C组对DFCs的贴附、增 殖,分化均有影响,但C组作支架最优。胶原凝胶与煅烧骨的复合支架更有利于牙囊细胞的增殖贴附和分化。