广州市吸毒者安全套使用现状及其影响因素的调查分析

目的　了解广州市吸毒者安全套使用现状及其影响因素。方法　采用横断面调查方法 ,于 2 0 0 4年在广州市某戒毒所随机整群抽取部分戒毒者进行面对面问卷调查 ,并对调查结果进行统计分析。结果　共调查 373名吸毒者 ,承认进入戒毒所前 3个月内有发生性行为者 2 77人 ,占74 2 6 %。吸毒者中 ,以性换钱 /毒品时每次都使用安全套的占 75 0 0 % (18/ 2 4 ) ,而以钱 /毒品换性时每次都使用安全套的仅占 34 4 8% (10 / 2 9) ,与一般熟悉的朋友发生性行为时每次都使用安全套的占2 1 4 3% (9/ 4 2 ) ,与配偶或固定的男 /女朋友发生性行为时每次都使用安全套的占 10 91% (2 4 / 2 2 0 ) ,与不同性伴发生性行为时安全套使用率差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1)。吸毒者 (15 1名应答者 )使用安全套的原因 ,5 0 99%担心自己被传染性病 ,4 9 0 1%为了避孕 ;自己提出要用的占 4 6 36 % ,伴侣提出的占2 7 15 %。吸毒者 (2 12名应答者 )不使用安全套的主要原因 ,包括觉得没必要 (占 5 1 4 2 % )、没想到要用 (占 2 0 2 8% )、没有快感 (占 19 81% )、不方便买到 (占 4 72 % )和伴侣反对 (占 3 78% ) ,其中由于性伴反对而未能使用安全套的女性占 11 4 8% ,多于男性 (0 0 5 % ) (P <0 0 1)。在发生商业性性行为时 ,男性吸     

Patterns of drug use and associated harms among rural injecting drug users: comparisons with metropolitan injecting drug users

OBJECTIVE: Given the harms associated with injecting drug use to both individuals and community and the paucity of such data from rural areas, the study aimed to compare: patterns of drug use, harms, and service access and utilisation among rural and metropolitan injecting drug users (IDU). DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey, using interviewer-administered structured questionnaire. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred and sixty-four rural and 96 metropolitan IDU from seven different New South Wales Area Health Services, recruited through needle and syringe programs (NSPs), snowballing techniques and advertisement. RESULTS: Age, gender, education and employment were similar for rural and metropolitan participants. Both samples reported use of a range of drugs, but rural participants were less likely than metropolitan participants to report daily heroin use (2% vs 10%), but more likely to report having injected morphine (50% vs 21%) in the last six months. Similar proportions reported using a needle/syringe after another person. Rural participants were less likely to report use of NSPs (36% vs 80%) and reported a number of barriers to NSP access and also to drug treatment services. Rural participants reported a significantly longer period of time between blood-borne virus testing. CONCLUSION: Samples of rural IDU are similar to metropolitan, although report some differences in patterns of drug use. Service provision, including access to new injecting equipment, blood-borne virus testing and drug treatment was found to cause considerable problems for rural IDU. These issues warrant further consideration.     

Determinants of condom use among intravenous drug users in Spain

Attitudes to and perception of health care delivery are consideredto be important factors for patient compliance in diabetes.To Investigate insulin-treated diabetic patients' use of, experienceof and attitudes to diabetes care a questionnaire was sent to561 patients, 20–50 years old, living in northern Sweden.Four hundred and eighty-eight patients (87%) participated inthe study. Data were analysed against social, medical and geographicalbackground factors. Female patients more often than men hadseen an ophthalmologist (93 versus 87%, p<0.05), a diabetesnurse specialist (74 versus 64%, p<0.05) and a chiropodist(49 versus 30%, p<0.001) at least once during the courseof their diabetes. Women also used the services of a medicalsocial worker (17 versus 10%, p-0.05) or a psychologist (14versus 8%, p<0.01) more often. More men than women were satisfiedwith the health care they had at the onset (65 versus 38%, p<0.001),but no gender difference in attitude to their present care wasfound. Diabetic patients with chronic complications comparedto those without were less satisfied both with the care theyreceived at the onset of diabetes (40 versus 61%, p<0.001)and at the time they answered the questionnaire (59 versus 72%,p<0.01). Patients in the most sparsely populated health districtwere more seldom able to be seen by the same physician (70 versus93% and 94%, p<0.001) and patient-physician continuity waspoorer over a 3 year period (48 versus 80%, p<0.001). Basedon results of this study, we conclude that use of, experienceof and attitudes to diabetes care are primarily related to genderand sickness factors. Living in sparsely populated areas probablyaffects the use and continuity of hearth care depending on themeans available. The differences demonstrated might be an argumentfor planning more individualized care for diabetic patientsin the future.     

Variables influencing condom use among intravenous drug users.

Correlates of condom use were identified using cross-sectional data from a convenience sample of 211 sexually active intravenous drug users enrolled in methadone maintenance in New York City. Sixty-eight percent did not use condoms at all in the previous month and only 11 percent used condoms every time. Nineteen percent were planning on conception, only 20 percent of whom had been tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody (all seronegative). Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that condom use was independently associated with greater personal acceptance of condoms, greater partner receptivity to sexual protection, and recent entry to methadone treatment.     

Patterns of drug use among a sample of drug users and injecting drug users attending a General Practice in Iran

Aim  

This study aimed to examine drug use, drug treatment history and risk behaviour among a sample of Iranian drug users seeking treatment through a general practice clinic in Iran.     

Mark-recapture estimates of injecting drug users in Sydney

Abstract: The number of injecting drug users in the Central and Eastern Sydney Area Health Services (CSAHS and ESAHS) in 1989–1990 was estimated by applying the Petersen mark-recapture method to data obtained from the Australian National AIDS and Injecting Drug Use Surveys conducted in 1989 and in 1990. The population estimates for injecting drug users were 8368 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI) 6099 to 11 829) for ESAHS and 1466 (CI 742 to 2841) for CSHS. An estimate was also obtained for the number of injecting opioid users residing within the ESAHS; our figure of 3597 (CI 2731 to 5737) was consistent with previously reported estimates obtained using mark-recapture but based on different data sets.     

Contraceptive practices of non-HIV-seropositive injecting drug users

Aims: To study the sociodemographic characteristics and sexual behaviours in contraception choices of injecting drug users (IDUs) and to compare the contraceptive practices of non-HIV-positive IDUs to those of the general population. Design: Two surveys were used: a sample of IDUs attending 10 drug abuse treatment centres in the Paris region (IDU) and the Parisian subsample of the National French Survey of Sexual Behaviour (ACSF). Measurements: Percentages of contraception practices were estimated separately for 81 IDU and 130 ACSF women, and for 175 IDU and 168 ACSF men, aged 25–34, not reporting prostitution or HIV seropositivity. Findings: Most IDU (77%) and ACSF (84%) women, and IDU (73%) and ACSF (75%) men currently used a contraceptive method. Male condoms were more widely used by IDUs than by the general population (64 vs. 10% in women, 75 vs. 14% in men), for all subgroups of educational level, marital status, recent multipartnership status and sexual activity. Conclusions: Contraceptives are used as often by IDUs as by the general population aged 25–34. However, the methods employed differ, with higher condom use by IDUs, which suggest that IDUs take into account the risk of HIV contamination in their contraceptive practices.     

Establishing safe injecting rooms in Australia: attitudes of injecting drug users

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the attitudes of injecting drug users (IDUs) towards the establishment of safe injecting rooms (SIRs) in Melbourne, Australia. METHODS: Multi-site convenience sampling at Needle and Syringe Exchange Programs (NSEPs) within six Melbourne suburbs. Four hundred current IDUs were recruited directly through NSEP and participant snowballing. Respondents completed either a semi-structured interview, anonymous self-report questionnaire, face-to-face interview or participated in a focus group. Participants were asked to report on their knowledge and attitudes about SIR, their experiences and concerns as participants of street-based illicit drug markets, and their willingness to use SIRs if established. RESULTS: Participants (91%) were knowledgeable about the SIR issue and thought such a strategy had potential to address both personal and wider community harms associated with public injecting. Most (77%) indicated they would be willing to use a SIR if established in Melbourne. Gender, lifetime non-fatal overdose episodes and frequency of heroin use were all significantly related to a person's willingness to use SIRs. A significant number also reported a preference for injecting at their own place of residence due to concerns regarding privacy, safety and police presence within street-based market places. CONCLUSIONS: This study has identified a number of important issues relating to the likely demand and uptake of SIRs that should be addressed when considering the feasibility of establishing SIRs within Australia.     

Barriers to condom use and needle cleaning among impoverished minority female injection drug users and partners of injection drug users.

This study was undertaken to describe sexual behaviors and drug use and other factors that inhibit condom use and needle cleaning among impoverished women who are injection drug users (IDUs) or sexual partners of IDUs. This study also investigated whether risky sexual behavior or barriers to risk reduction differ with ethnicity and level of acculturation. Survey instruments to assess drug and sexual activity were administered to 378 African American and Latina women recruited primarily from homeless shelters and drug recovery programs. The most commonly cited barriers to condom use were belief that partners did not have acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), lack of knowledge about where to get and how to use condoms, and discomfort discussing condom use with partners. African American women were more likely to report having multiple partners and unprotected sex, and more likely to report barriers in using, discussing, and obtaining condoms. Latina women were more likely to report partners'' dislike of condoms. African American and highly acculturated Latina women were more likely to be IDUs than less acculturated Latina women. The most pervasive barriers for needle cleaning were not having personal needles, being high and not interested in needle cleaning, and not having disinfectant available. In a multiple logistic regression analysis for engaging in unprotected sex and cleaning needles, not ethnic or acculturation differences were found after controlling for selected demographic characteristics and risk factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Survey of abuses against injecting drug users in Indonesia

In Indonesia, an ongoing government "war on drugs" has resulted in numerous arrests and anecdotal reports of abuse in detention, but to date there has been little documentation or analysis of this issue. JANGKAR (also known in English as the Indonesian Harm Reduction Network), a nongovernmental organization (NGO) based in Jakarta, surveyed 1106 injecting drug users in 13 cities about their experiences of police abuse. Of those interviewed, 667 or 60% reported physical abuse by police. These findings indicate the importance of continuing efforts to promote police reform and harm reduction in Indonesia.     

新疆静脉吸毒者HIV-1原发耐药分析

目的研究新疆伊犁州经静脉吸毒(IDU)感染人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(HIV-1)未经抗病毒治疗者原发耐药株的流行情况。方法于2009年12月—2010年3月收集新疆伊犁州77例IDU HIV-1感染者血样及流行病学信息,提取血浆病毒RNA,逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和巢式PCR方法扩增pol基因区1.3 kb片段并测序;构建系统进化树分析病毒亚型,提交斯坦福大学HIV耐药数据库进行耐药性分析。结果 77例感染者中,76例(98.7%)为CRF07_BC亚型,1例(1.3%)为B亚型;蛋白酶区未检出主要耐药突变,耐药相关次要突变主要出现在第10、58和71位;其中71位氨基酸突变发生频率最高(11/77),其次为第10位(6/77)和第58位(3/77);第71位氨基酸由野生型的A突变为V者7例,突变为T者3例,突变为I者1例;第10位氨基酸由野生型的L突变为I者5例,突变为V者1例;第58位氨基酸由野生型的Q突变为E者3例;1例病例逆转录酶区同时存在Y181C及M184V耐药突变。结论新疆伊犁州未接受抗病毒治疗的IDU感染者中检出原发耐药株,原发耐药率处于较低水平,但应加强该地区IDU感染者的耐药监测,防止耐药株产生和流行。     

Inconsistent condom use among socially excluded heroin users

The study focused in sexual behaviour among socially excluded heroin users, identifying factors associated with inconsistent condom use. Data was collected in the cities of Granada and Seville between July and October 2000, through a structured questionnaire, to 391 participants. Twenty two and 15% of participants have made consistent use of condoms in vaginal sex in the last year with occasional and regular partners respectively. There is a greater likelihood of inconsistent condom use with occasional partners among users who had had oral sex, and who does not know if their partner(s) inject or injected drugs. For regular partners those who have an injecting partner and do not speak with their sexual partners about AIDS have a higher probability to do not use always a condom. For both groups, when always the partner is who propose the use of condoms (when used) and not themselves, the risk not to use it is near 4 times more than when themselves propose to use it. Speaking about condoms and AIDS with mate, partners and family, and learning to negotiate the use of condoms seems to be the most important strategies to be approached for this sample, from the social and health care system in order to promote a protected sex.