哮喘儿童父母养育方式对患儿行为和心理健康的影响

目的 探讨哮喘儿童父母养育方式对患儿行为和心理健康的影响,为实施心理干预、采取综合治疗方案提供参考.方法 应用父母养育方式评价量表、Rutter儿童行为问卷父母问卷、汉密顿焦虑量表和抑郁状态问卷,调查了在山东大学第二医院就诊的44例哮喘患儿,并与34例健康儿童对照.结果 哮喘组焦虑、抑郁、行为问题评分,哮喘组行为问题阳性检出率均高于对照组(P＜0.01).抑郁与父亲情感温暖与理解、母亲情感温暖与理解呈负相关.行为与父亲过分干涉、父亲拒绝否认、母亲拒绝否认呈正相关.母亲情感温暖与理解与父亲情感温暖与理解、父亲过分干涉呈正相关;母亲过干涉过保护与父亲情感温暖与理解、父亲惩罚严厉、父亲过分干涉、过度保护呈正相关;母亲拒绝否认与父亲惩罚严厉、父亲拒绝否认呈正相关;母亲惩罚严厉与父亲惩罚严厉、父亲拒绝否认、父亲过度保护呈正相关.结论 哮喘儿童较健康儿童存在更多心理行为问题,父母养育方式对患儿行为和心理健康有一定影响,父亲养育方式与母亲养育方式之间有相互关系.     

儿童行为问题与父母养育方式之间的关系

【目的】探讨儿童行为问题与父母养育方式之间的关系。【方法】应用Rutter儿童行为问卷父母问卷(Rutter)、父母养育方式评价量表(Egma Minnen av Bardndosnauppforstran,EMBU)对山东省淄博市某小学一至五年级在校学生652人进行调查。【结果】儿童行为问题总阳性检出率为14.35%。有行为问题者的父亲惩罚严厉、父亲偏爱、父亲拒绝否认、母亲过分干涉过分保护、母亲惩罚严厉、母亲偏爱因子分显著高于无行为问题者,而父亲情感温暖理解、母亲情感温暖理解因子分显著低于无行为问题者。Rutter总分与父亲情感温暖理解、母亲情感温暖理解因子分呈显著负相关,与父亲惩罚严厉、父亲偏爱、母亲过度干涉过度保护、母亲惩罚严厉、母亲偏爱因子分呈显著正相关。【结论】儿童行为问题与父母养育方式密切相关,妥善的养育方式可以减少行为问题的发生。     

哮喘儿童母亲心理健康状况及其与父母养育方式的相关性

目的 探讨哮喘儿童母亲心理健康状况特点、哮喘儿童父母养育方式及两者之间的相关性。方法 采用父母养育方式评价量表测查50例哮喘患儿,并与31例健康儿童对照,采用状态-特质焦虑问卷、自评抑郁量表对上述儿童母亲进行测查。结果 哮喘儿童母亲状态焦虑、特质焦虑、抑郁分值显著高于健康儿童母亲(P均 <0.01)。哮喘儿童与健康儿童父母养育方式基本一致。受教育程度低的哮喘儿童母亲对子女有更多惩罚严厉倾向,受教育程度高的哮喘儿童父亲有更多过分干涉倾向。哮喘儿童母亲状态焦虑、特质焦虑与父亲情感温暖与理解、母亲情感温暖与理解呈负相关,母亲抑郁与父亲情感温暖与理解呈负相关。 结论 临床医生应重视对哮喘儿童母亲的心理帮助与支持,改善家庭养育方式,提高患儿及其母亲的生存质量。     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童父母养育方式及血铅水平调查

【目的】观察注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)儿童的父母养育方式及血中微量元素水平,为临床诊治提供参考依据。【方法】评定160例ADHD患儿(实验组)和160例健康儿童(对照组)的父母养育方式,测定血中微量元素水平。【结果】实验组患儿父母"情感温暖、理解"因子分显著低于对照组(P0.05),"父亲惩罚、严厉"、"父亲拒绝、否认"、"母亲过分干涉、过度保护"、"母亲惩罚、严厉"、"母亲偏爱被试"因子分和血铅水平显著高于对照组(P0.05)。"父亲惩罚、严厉"、"母亲惩罚、严厉"、血铅水平、"父亲拒绝、否认"是预测ADHD的重要因素。【结论】父母养育方式和患儿血铅水平是预测ADHD发病的重要因素。     

情绪障碍儿童的亲子关系与父母养育方式的相关性

目的研究情绪障碍儿童的亲子关系与其父母养育方式的关系。方法采用对照研究,将68例符合国际疾病分类第10版诊断标准的儿童情绪障碍患者作为病例组,选取与情绪障碍患儿年龄、性别和年级相同的正常儿童作为对照组。使用亲子关系诊断量表(Parent-child relationship Test,PCRT)和父母养育方式评价量表(Egma Minnen av Bardndosna Uppforstran,EMBU)作为评定工具,分别对病例组和对照组儿童进行评定。结果病例组PCRT的拒绝、支配和服从量表分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。病例组EMBU中,父亲的拒绝否认、惩罚严厉和情感温暖理解因子分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);母亲的惩罚严厉和过度保护干涉因子分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。病例组父母的否认、拒绝和惩罚严厉因子分与PCRT的拒绝量表分呈正相关,情感温暖、理解和偏爱被试因子与PCRT的拒绝量表分呈负相关;父母的惩罚、严厉、过分干涉、过度保护因子和情感温暖、理解与PCRT的支配量表分呈正相关;父母的过分干涉、过度保护、偏爱被试和情感温暖、理解因子与PCRT的保护量表分呈正相关,惩罚、严厉因子与保护量表分呈负相关;父母的偏爱被试和情感温暖、理解因子与PCRT的服从量表分呈正相关,拒绝、否认和惩罚、严厉因子与服从量表分呈负相关。结论情绪障碍儿童的亲子关系和其父母的养育方式存在一定问题。情绪障碍儿童的亲子关系与父母养育方式有一定的相关性。     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童父母养育方式与自我意识特征研究

【目的】 探讨注意缺陷多动障碍患儿的父母养育方式和自我意识特征,以便更好地促进患儿身心健康发展。 【方法】 采用父母养育方式和儿童自我意识量表对ADHD儿童和正常儿童分别进行评估。 【结果】 ADHD 儿童的父母在理解及温暖的情感养育儿童方面得分明显低于正常组(P<0.05),ADHD儿童父亲更多拒绝和否定患儿,母亲则更多严厉惩罚患儿(P<0.05),差异有统计学意义。而在偏爱、过度保护、干涉方面两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。ADHD患儿行为、智力与学校情况、躯体外貌与属性、合群、幸福满足及总分低于对照组,焦虑分高于对照组。患儿的自我意识水平与父母养育方式中的多个因子相关。 【结论】 ADHD儿童的父母不能理解患儿,不能以温暖的情感养育患儿,更多的采用拒绝和否定,严厉惩罚儿童,同时ADHD患儿的自我意识发展不良,自我评价低。患儿的自我意识低下与父母养育方式不当相关。     

父母养育方式对儿童行为和心理健康影响的研究

【目的】了解父母养育方式对儿童行为和心理健康的影响，以便能对儿童的心理咨咖提供科学依据。【方法】采用父母养育方式评价量表（Egma Minnen av Bardndosnauppfor stran，EMBU）、儿童行为量表（Child Behavior Checklist，CBCL）、症状白评量表（SCL-90）对181名小学六年级学生（其中男79名、女102名）进行测评。【结果】男女生父母养育方式各因子比较发现父亲的惩罚严厉（F2）、过分干涉（F3）、拒绝否认（F5）和过度保护（F6），母亲的情感温暖与理解（M1）、惩罚严厉（M2）、过分干涉和过度保护（M3）因子差异有显著性（分别为P〈0．05和〈0．01），儿童行为问题检出率为16．6％，进一步相关和逐步回归分析均表明．父母养育方式与儿童行为和心理健康水平关系密切；父母养育方式量表的惩罚严厉（F2）对儿童行为问题具有预测作用，拒绝否认（F5）对心理健康问题具有预测作用。【结论】某些不适当的父母养育方式特别是父亲的严厉和拒绝对儿童行为和心理健康具有不利的影响。     

非意愿妊娠青少年父母教养方式研究

目的:了解非意愿妊娠青少年父母教养方式。方法:采用"父母养育方式评价量表"(EMBU)对621名到青春期生殖健康服务门诊就诊的青少年进行了测评。结果:妊娠组与非妊娠组青少年在父亲的情感温暖与理解、惩罚严厉、拒绝否认因子上差异显著(P<0.05～0.001),妊娠组青少年的父亲表现出较少的情感温暖与理解关心,过多的惩罚严厉及拒绝否认;两组在母亲的情感温暖与理解、过干涉过保护、拒绝否认、惩罚严厉因子上差异显著(P<0.05～0.001),妊娠组青少年的母亲表现出较少的情感温暖与理解关心、过干涉过保护、过多的拒绝否认及惩罚严厉。结论:青少年非意愿妊娠的发生与不良的父母教养方式密切相关。     

犯罪青少年的父母养育方式调查

【目的】　通过对犯罪青少年进行父母养育方式调查 ,并与同龄正常青少年学生为对照 ,了解犯罪青少年在父母养育方式上是否存在误区。　【方法】　采用EMBU量表对 2 0 0名男性犯罪青少年和 2 0 0名男性在校中学生进行集体问卷调查。　【结果】　观察组中单亲家庭占 43 .4%,其父母及本人的文化素质低、家庭经济条件差 ,与对照组差异具有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。观察组中母亲情感温暖理解得分与对照组无显著差异 ,但父亲情感温暖理解得分显著减少 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,父母拒绝否定、严厉惩罚、过度保护、过度偏爱行为显著增多 (P <0 .0 1)。　【结论】　犯罪青少年的家庭环境及家庭养育方式与对照组比较存在显著差异。单亲家庭、经济条件差、父母文化素质低、家庭情感温暖理解减少 ,而负性情感教育增多 ,对男童的身心健康成长十分不利 ,应提倡正性情感教育     

宁波市中学生抑郁情绪现状及其相关因素分析

了解宁波市中学生抑郁情绪现状及其相关危险因素,为有效促进学生心理健康教育工作提供依据.方法 采用随机整群抽样法在宁波市4个地区的初中、高中抽取中学生1 939名,采用儿童抑郁障碍自评量表(DSRSC)调查学生抑郁情绪现状,同时调查家庭一般状况、应对方式及父母教养方式等.结果 宁波市中学生抑郁情绪检出率为17.23%;无抑郁组学生在健康状况、学习成绩、伙伴关系、父母和睦程度等均优于抑郁组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05),父母教养方式中无抑郁组父母情感温暖因子评分高于有抑郁组,父母惩罚严厉及拒绝否认因子低于抑郁组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01);Logistic回归分析显示,与抑郁情绪的相关危险因素包括伙伴关系差、父母陪伴时间少、父母情感温暖理解得分低、父亲惩罚及母亲拒绝否认高、针对问题的解决及积极合理解释得分低、忍耐高(P值均<0.01).结论 父母养育方式对学生的抑郁情绪影响较明显.改善父母养育方式及学生的应对方式,可有效减少中学生抑郁情绪的发生.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.