螺内酯对扩张型心肌病心力衰竭患者某些体液因子的影响

目的:探讨螺内酯对扩张型心肌病心力衰竭患者血浆儿茶酚胺、肾素活性、血管紧张素Ⅱ及醛固酮的影响.方法:入选30例扩张型心肌病心力衰竭患者,随机分入螺内酯组与对照组,各15例,用螺内酯治疗前与治疗1个月后,用高效液相色谱法测定血浆去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素,同时采用均相竞争放射免疫方法检测血浆肾素活性、血管紧张素Ⅱ与醛固酮.结果:治疗1个月后螺内酯组血浆去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素、肾素活性、血管紧张素Ⅱ及醛固酮明显低于治疗前,也低于对照组治疗后,均有显著性差异(P＜0.05～0.01).结论:螺内酯可明显抑制扩张型心肌病心力衰竭患者的儿茶酚胺水平,降低肾素活性及醛固酮.     

螺内酯对老年高血压心力衰竭患者某些神经体液因子的影响

目的　探讨螺内酯对老年高血压心力衰竭患者血浆儿茶酚胺、肾素活性、血管紧张素Ⅱ及醛固酮的影响。方法　入选 32例老年高血压心力衰竭患者 ,随机分为螺内酯组与对照组 ,各 16例 ,用螺内酯治疗前与治疗 1个月 ,用高效液相色谱方法测定血浆去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素 ,同时采用均相竞争放射免疫方法检测血浆肾素活性、血管紧张素Ⅱ与醛固酮。结果　螺内酯治疗 1个月的螺内酯组血浆去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素明显低于治疗前 ,也低于对照组。结论　螺内酯可明显降低老年高血压心力衰竭患者的儿茶酚胺水平     

螺内酯对慢性心力衰竭患者神经内分泌激素的影响

目的探讨螺内酯对慢性心力衰竭患者神经内分泌激素的影响。方法92例慢性心力衰竭患者(心功能Ⅱ~Ⅳ级),随机分为贝那普利组(对照组),贝那普利+螺内酯组(螺内酯组)。测定治疗前、治疗3个月后血浆去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素、肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮、内皮素水平的变化。结果两组治疗后血浆去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素、内皮素水平均有明显下降(P<0.01),肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ水平无明显变化(P>0.05)。醛固酮水平在对照组无显著变化(P>0.05),螺内酯组有显著下降(P<0.01)。结论血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂只有与螺内酯长期联合治疗才可以显著降低慢性心力衰竭患者的血浆醛固酮水平。     

苯那普利对充血性心力衰竭患者神经激素及心功能的影响

应用苯那普利对30例充血性心力衰竭患者进行为期4周的治疗，测定治疗前后血浆肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮以及儿茶酚胺水平，观察心率、血压和心功能改善情况。结果显示治疗后患者血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮、去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素水平显著下降（P＜0．01），心率减慢、心功能改善，总有效率达93．3％。提示苯那普利能抑制肾素－血管紧张素－醛固酮系统，降低交感神经活性，改善充血性心力衰竭患者心功能。     

氯沙坦与依那普利治疗慢性心力衰竭对比观察

目的:探讨慢性心力衰竭时血流动力学、肾素活性、血管紧张素Ⅱ和醛固酮变化及氯沙坦对其影响.方法:慢性心力衰竭患者60例随机分为氯沙坦组和依那普利组,每组30例,疗程12周.测定治疗前、治疗1、12周血浆肾素活性、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮和治疗前、治疗12周心功能、血流动力学变化.30例健康体检者作对照组.结果:60例慢性心力衰竭患者血浆肾素活性、血管紧张素Ⅱ和醛固酮水平均较对照组升高(P＜0.01),氯沙坦组治疗后1、12周血浆肾素活性、血管紧张素Ⅱ水平较治疗前升高,以1周升高明显(P＜0.05),而12周与治疗前比较差异无显著性(P＞0.05),醛固酮水平治疗后1、12周与治疗前比较则降低,有显著差异(P＜0.01).依那普利组治疗1周、12周血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮水平较治疗前降低(P＜0.01),而肾素活性水平则升高,以1周升高明显(P＜0.05),而12周与治疗前比较差异无显著性(P＞0.05),治疗前后两组间比较差异无显著性(P＞0.05).氯沙坦组和依那普利组在治疗12周后,多项血流动力学指标与本组治疗前比较均有改善(P＜0.05).结论:慢性心力衰竭患者血流动力学异常、肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统激活是心力衰竭病理生理特征之一,氯沙坦治疗后可获得有益的临床、血流动力学及神经激素效应,且有较好的耐受性.     

血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂及螺内酯对扩张型心肌病心肌纤维化及心功能的影响

目的评价血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂培多普利(商品名:雅思达)及螺内酯逆转原发性扩张型心肌病(DCM)心肌纤维化及改善心功能的作用.方法采用放射免疫方法测定24例正常对照者及原发性DCM应用培多普利及螺内酯治疗前后心肌纤维化指标:血清Ⅲ型前胶原(PCⅢ)、层粘连蛋白(LN)、透明质酸(HA),同时测定血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)、醛固酮(ALD)浓度,采用超声方法测定左室射血分数(LVEF).结果原发生DCM PCⅢ、LN、HA明显升高,血浆AngⅡ、ALD活性增强,使用培多普利和螺内酯治疗6个月后PCⅢ、LN、HA显著下降,AngⅡ、ALD活性减低,心功能明显改善.结论原发性DCM存在不同程度心肌纤维化.血管紧张素换酶抑制剂及螺内脂通过抑制AngⅡ、ALD逆转心肌纤维化,明显改善心功能.     

布新洛尔对充血性心力衰竭患者神经介质活性的影响

充血性心力衰竭(CHF)时,交感神经系统和肾素-血管紧张素系统激活,以致血浆去甲肾上腺素水平和肾素活性增加。血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)抑制剂虽然有效,但长程治疗中血浆去甲肾上腺素水平仍可继续升高,这说明 ACF抑制剂并不能长期抑制反射性交感神经系统激活。本文评价β受体阻滞剂布新洛尔(bucindolol)对 CHF 患者血浆肾素活性和去甲肾上腺素水平的影响。     

胰岛素诱发大鼠高血压机制中肾素—血管紧张素系统的作用

目的 探讨胰岛素诱发大鼠高血压机制中肾素-血管紧张素系统所发挥的作用。方法雄性Wistar大鼠40只,重259.2±17.35g,随机分组,实验组30只,分为A、B和C组各10只。A组单纯皮下注射精蛋白锌胰岛素,B、C组注射同时分别加服心得安和开搏通。所有大鼠注射前、后测血压,注射后留24小时尿测尿纳,尿儿茶酚胺。后心脏取血测血糖,血浆胰岛素,血浆肾素活性和血管紧张素Ⅱ。对照组10只大鼠,皮下注射等量生理盐水。结果 A组血压,C组尿量较对照组显著升高。A、B和C组尿肾上腺素,B、C组尿去甲肾上腺素较对照组显著升高。A、B和C组血糖较对照组显著降低,血浆胰岛素较对照组显著升高。A组血浆肾素活性,血管紧张素Ⅱ均较对照组显著升高,B、C无明显差异。结论 胰岛素诱发大鼠高血压是由肾素-血管紧张素系统活性升高介导的,注射胰岛素后引起低血糖所致交感-儿茶酚胺系统活性增加是肾素-血管紧张素系统活性增加原因之一。     

血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂抗心衰作用及对神经内分泌激素的影响

目的：探讨血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂ｃｏｚａａｒ（商品名科素亚）抗心力衰竭疗效及对充血性心力衰竭患者血浆部分神经内分泌激素的影响。方法：３５ 例充血性心力衰竭患者服用ｃｏｚａａｒ ２５ ｍ ｇ／ｄ～５０ｍ ｇ／ｄ 治疗１２ 周,观察其治疗前后血浆肾素活性（ＰＲＡ）、血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡｎｇⅡ）、去甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ）、肾上腺素（Ｅ）、内皮素（ＥＴ）、一氧化氮（ＮＯ） 水平及治疗前后心功能改变情况。结果：ｃｏｚａａｒ 治疗１２ 周后心功能得到明显改善,血浆ＰＲＡ、ＡｎｇⅡ、ＮＥ、ＥＴ水平均显著下降,ＮＯ水平升高。结论：血管紧张素Ⅱ拮抗剂不仅能抑制肾素一血管紧张素活性,还能抑制交感神经系统活性,调节内皮细胞舒缩功能,改善心功能     

黄芪对心力衰竭患者心室重构的影响

目的观察黄芪对慢性心力衰竭患者心室重构的治疗作用。方法 160例慢性心力衰竭患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,各80例。对照组采用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂、β受体阻滞剂、利尿剂和正性肌力药等常规治疗,治疗组在常规治疗的基础上加用黄芪免煎颗粒,两组疗程均为12周。观察治疗前后超声心动图及血浆肾素、血管紧张素和醛固酮等指标的变化。结果两组治疗后超声心动图及血浆肾素、血管紧张素和醛固酮等均有改善,治疗组与对照组比较效果更明显(P<0.05)。结论常规治疗与黄芪联合,对慢性心力衰竭患者的肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统活性有明显抑制作用,可进一步改善患者的心室重构和心功能。     

Edema of cardiac origin. Studies of body water and sodium, renal function, hemodynamic indexes, and plasma hormones in untreated congestive cardiac failure

This study provides data on plasma hormone levels in patients with severe clinical congestive cardiac failure who had never received therapy and in whom the presence of an accumulation of excess water and sodium had been established. Eight patients were studied; two had ischemic cardiac disease, and six had dilated cardiomyopathy. Mean hemodynamic measurements at rest were as follows: cardiac index, 1.8 l/min/m2; pulmonary wedge pressure, 30 mm Hg; right atrial pressure, 15 mm Hg. Total body water content was 16% above control, extracellular liquid was 33% above control, plasma volume was 34% above control, total exchangeable sodium was 37% above control, renal plasma flow was 29% of control, and glomerular filtration rate was 65% of control. Plasma norepinephrine was consistently increased (on average 6.3 times control), whereas adrenaline was unaffected. Although plasma renin activity and aldosterone varied widely, they were on average above normal (renin 9.5 times control, aldosterone 6.4 times control). Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (14.3 times control) and growth hormone (11.5 times control) were consistently increased. Cortisol was also increased on average (1.7 times control). Vasopressin was increased only in one patient.     

老年原发性高血压患者动态血压参数与部分体液因素的相关性研究

目的观察老年原发性高血压患者动态血压参数与血浆肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ及醛固酮的相关性及其临床意义。方法将162例患者分为A纽82例（〉60岁）,B组80例（〈60岁）,采用放射免疫法检测162例原发性高血压患者的血浆肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ及醛固酮水平,同时测定24h动态血压,进行相关分析。结果（1）老年高血压具有是脉压增大,波动性大,晨峰高血压现象及并发症多的特点;（2）A组血浆肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ及醛固酮水平明显高于B组;（3）血浆肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ及醛固酮与老年高血压的特点,特别是脉压增大、波动性大、晨峰高血压现象有关。结论老年原发性高血压患者血浆肾素和血管紧张素Ⅱ浓度升高,提示血浆肾素、血管紧张素一醛固酮系统对老年原发性高血压心血管系统有影响,导致老年原发性高血压患者血压特征性的变化,血浆肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ和醛固酮的测定可作为老年原发性高血压患者病情监测及治疗指标之一。     

Determinants of increased angiotensin II levels in severe chronic heart failure patients despite ACE inhibition

INTRODUCTION: The beneficial effects of ACE inhibitors are generally ascribed to blockade of neurohormonal activation. However, especially in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients plasma angiotensin II and aldosterone levels can be elevated despite ACE inhibition, the so-called ACE escape. In the present study, we aimed to identify the frequency and determinants of ACE escape in CHF patients. METHODS: We studied 99 stable chronic heart failure patients (NYHA class III and IV, 66% ischemic etiology) receiving long-term therapy with ACE inhibitors. In all patients, cardiac, renal, and neurohormonal parameters were measured. ACE escape was defined as plasma angiotensin level > or = 16 pmol/L. RESULTS: Mean (+/- SD) left ventricular ejection fraction of our 99 patients (79 men and 20 women, age 69 +/- 12 years) was 28 +/- 10%. In addition to an ACE inhibitor, 93% of patients received diuretics, 71% a beta-blocker, and 49% spironolactone. None of the patients used an angiotensin receptor blocker. In our population, 45% of the patients had an angiotensin II plasma concentration higher than 16 pmol/L (median concentration was 14.1 pmol/L). Spironolactone use was an independent predictor of elevated plasma angiotensin II levels. Furthermore, spironolactone users had significantly higher plasma active renin protein and aldosterone levels. Plasma angiotensin II concentration was positively correlated to active renin, plasma angiotensin I and plasma aldosterone. No correlation was found between plasma angiotensin II levels and serum ACE activity, dose of ACE inhibitor, or duration of use. CONCLUSION: In a group of severe chronic heart failure patients, 45% had elevated plasma angiotensin II levels independent of serum ACE activity despite long-term ACE inhibitor use. Although a causal link could not be proven, an association was found between spironolactone use and active renin protein, angiotensin II and aldosterone levels, suggesting that escape from ACE is mainly caused by a feedback mechanism.     

Effects of adding spironolactone to an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in chronic congestive heart failure secondary to coronary artery disease

In chronic heart failure, a diuretic plus an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor only partially suppresses aldosterone despite the fact that aldosterone has many harmful effects independent of angiotensin II. These possible harmful effects of aldosterone are magnesium loss, increased cardiac sympathetic activity, and increased ventricular arrhythmias. We have therefore assessed whether adding the aldosterone antagonist, spironolactone, to a loop diuretic and ACE inhibitor reverses any of these potentially harmful effects of residual aldosterone. In a preliminary animal study, we found that exogenous aldosterone reduced myocardial norepinephrine uptake by 24% in anesthetized rats in vivo. In our main study, 42 patients with New York Heart Association II to III congestive heart failure were randomized to spironolactone (50 to 100 mg/ day, titrated to blood pressure and plasma potassium) or placebo in a double-blind fashion. Our principal finding is that cardiac norepinephrine uptake as assessed by ¹²³I-metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy increased with spironolactone (p < 0.01). Spironolactone also elevated plasma magnesium (p < 0.05), reduced urinary magnesium excretion (p < 0.05), and caused a reduction in ventricular arrhythmias on 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography (p < 0.05). Spironolactone increased plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone (p < 0.01), 24-hour urinary sodium excretion (p < 0.05), and urinary sodium/potassium ratio (p < 0.01). Echocardiographic-determined measurements of left ventricular systolic and diastolic function were unaltered by spironolactone. Therefore, spironolactone has potentially beneficial effects on cardiac adrenergic tone, divalent cation balance, and ventricular arrhythmias in patients with chronic heart failure who are already receiving standard doses of ACE inhibitors. All of these factors could be significant in the prevention of sudden cardiac death in this population.     

Effects of the Calcium Antagonist Felodipine on the Sympathetic and Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Systems in Essential Hypertension

ABSTRACT Studies were performed in 10 male patients with untreated essential hypertension, WHO grade I-II, aged 25–62 years, to explore the acute (single dose) and long-term (8 weeks) effects of felodipine on sympathetic activity—evaluated by plasma and urinary catecholamines—as related to blood pressure, heart rate and the activity in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The patients were hospitalized for 8 (acute) and 6 (long-term) days and were maintained on a standardized daily intake of sodium (150 mmol), potassium (75 mmol) and water (2500 ml). Acute felodipine administration (10 mg) significantly reduced blood pressure and increased heart rate. Plasma and urinary noradrenaline, plasma renin activity and angiotensin II increased, whereas plasma and urinary adrenaline, dopamine, aldosterone and plasma vasopressin were unaltered. Long-term felodipine treatment, 10 mg twice daily, reduced blood pressure to a similar extent as acute felodipine administration, but heart rate was not significantly changed. Plasma noradrenaline 3 and 12 hours after the last dose and urinary noradrenaline were increased, whereas plasma and urinary adrenaline and dopamine were unchanged. Plasma renin activity and angiotensin II were increased 3 hours, but unchanged 12 hours after the last dose. Plasma aldosterone was unchanged but urinary aldosterone increased. Plasma vasopressin was unchanged. The changes in plasma noradrenaline as related to blood pressure, heart rate, plasma renin activity and angiotensin II during long-term felodipine treatment may reflect decreased cardiac and renal β-adrenoceptor-mediated responses. Increased renal clearance of aldosterone could partly explain the unaltered plasma aldosterone level in spite of increased plasma angiotensin II following long-term felodipine treatment.     

依那普利对心力衰竭患者血压及交感活性的影响

目的 研究不同剂量依那普利治疗后,在不同血压水平对充血性心力衰竭患者交感神经活性的影响.方法 选取2012年1月至2013年4月在江苏省泰兴市人民医院住院的心力衰竭患者,在未服降压药物的情况下,血压110/70 mm Hg（1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa）以上,纽约心脏协会心功能Ⅲ级或不必卧床的Ⅳ级.所有患者在入院时进行病史资料采集,并检测血浆肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮浓度.入选后予依那普利口服,起始剂量5 mg/d,根据血压情况,逐渐加量至10 mg/d.三周后按平均收缩压≥100 mm Hg和＜100 mm Hg分为A组和B组.对于A组患者,从第4周开始,增加药物剂量,至平均收缩压＜100 mmHg,并维持至第6周.B组患者继续原治疗方案至第6周.在第3周和第6周分别进行上述神经内分泌因子活性检测,比较不同时间段两组神经内分泌因子的活性.结果 48例患者入选,其中A组26例,B组22例.两组治疗前临床特点、交感活性及治疗后左心室射血分数比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.治疗6周后,A组血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ACEI）剂量较B组大,差异有统计学意义[（14.3±4.5） mg vs.（7.5±2.4） mg,P＜0.05].两组肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素浓度比治疗前显著降低,差异有统计学意义[A组肾上腺素：（256.1±77.3） pg/mL vs.（168.7±53.3）,P＜0.05;A组去甲肾上腺素：（1 734±534） pg/mL vs.（844±399） pg/mL,P＜0.05;B组肾上腺素：（248.7±62.3） pg/mL vs.（218.1±60.3） pg/mL,P＜0.05;B组去甲肾上腺素（1 645±619）pg/mL vs.（1 084±431） pg/mL,P＜0.05],且A组下降更明显.两组治疗前后血浆肾素、血管紧张素、醛固酮变化不明显,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂治疗后,达到相同目标血压时,较大治疗剂量患者交感活性下降明显,而治疗剂量较小者交感活性虽有下降,但下降幅度小,提示对于后者应当采取各种措施进一步降低交感活性.     

The vasopressor system in patients with heart failure due to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy-influence of the clinical stage of disease and of chronic drug treatment

Summary Alterations in the vasopressor system found in cardiac failure are part of compensatory measures that may modify pharmacologic-therapeutic response. Therefore, in 64 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, we investigated its enhanced activity in different clinical stages of the disease as compared to normal controls. Patients in NYHA class II (n=20) demonstrated increased activity of the sympathico-adrenal, reninangiotensin-aldosterone, vasopressin, and atrial natriueretic factor systems, while maximum values were found in patients of NYHA class IV (n=24). In these patients, noradrenaline was enhanced by a factor of 7, adrenaline by a factor of 2, plasma-renin-activity by a factor of 7, angiotensin II by a factor of 2.5, aldosterone by a factor of 5, vasopressin by a factor of 1.5, and ANF by a factor of 4 as compared to normal controlsClinical NYHA classes correlated to a certain degree with the various plasma hormones. Patients treated with an aldosterone inhibitor in addition to digitalis and diuretics revealed significantly higher values for aldosterone, vasopressin, and angiotensin II as compared to those who received digitalis and diuretics alone. The addition of ACE-inhibitor therapy resulted in a decrease of angiotensin II, aldosterone, and vasopressin. Plasma catecholamines and ANF, however, did not change under the influence of cardiac medication.Diuretic treatment in NYHA class II patients reduced plasma volumes (p<0.01). Plasma volume in NYHA class IV patients only was found to be higher than in normal controls.Thus, analysis of the neurohumoral system can aid both in the identification of the clinical degree of dilated cardiomyopathy and in its optimal therapy.     

血管紧张素Ⅱ和醛固酮对心脏成纤维细胞Ⅲ型胶原mRNA表达的影响

目的　研究肾素 血管紧张素 醛固酮系统 (RAAS)的效应激素血管紧张素Ⅱ (ANGⅡ )和醛固酮 (ALD)对培养的心脏成纤维细胞Ⅲ型胶原mRNA表达的影响。方法　用RT PCR的方法检测原代培养心脏成纤维细胞Ⅲ型胶原mR NA表达。结果　ANGⅡ (10 - 8mol L)和ALD(10 - 8mol L)分别能促进心脏成纤维细胞Ⅲ型胶原mRNA表达 ,其各自的受体拮抗剂可分别拮抗它们的作用。结论　ANGⅡ和ALD可直接促进Ⅲ型胶原在心肌间质沉积 ,在心室重塑的病理生理过程中扮演重要角色。应用ANGⅡ和ALD的受体拮抗剂可抑制心肌纤维化 ,预防心室重塑的发生。