Examining primary and secondary school canteens and their place within the school system: a South Australian study

In Australia, school canteens are an integral part of the school environment and an ideal site to encourage healthy eating. However, when the canteen is not supported within the school system, healthy menus may be difficult to implement. The aim of this study was to investigate school canteens and their place within the school system in primary and secondary schools in South Australia. Using a systems approach, 14 schools and their canteens located throughout metropolitan and rural South Australia are discussed. A range of qualitative interviews was conducted with school principals (n = 14), canteen managers (n = 14), parents (n = 50), teachers (n = 10) and focus group interviews were held with students (n = 450). This study showed that although school canteens were located on school grounds and should be supported as an integral part of the school system, in many cases they were not. A range of influences such as: maintaining profit, reduced volunteer support and student choice negatively impacted what was sold on the canteen menu. This study indicated that offering a sustainable healthy school canteen menu largely depended on the support and resources provided to the canteen by the school system in which it belonged.     

Assessment of Food Quality in School Canteens: A Comparative Quantitative Study between Primary and Secondary Schools in Malaysia

Schools are an important food environment to cultivate and promote healthy food choices and practices among children and adolescents. The aim of the present study was to assess the type and quality of food and beverages sold in school canteens in public primary and secondary schools in Kelantan, Malaysia. Eligible schools were randomly selected from the list of all schools and detailed information of all food and beverage items sold in the school canteens were collected during school days. Food and beverages were classified based on food groups derived from the Malaysian Food Dietary Guideline and the Recommended Foods for Healthy Cafeteria Guideline. An assessment of the traffic-light nutrition food-labelling system of the total sugar content in all pre-packaged foods was also undertaken. A total of 568 food items were identified, with secondary school canteens selling a greater proportion of food items than the primary schools (55.5% vs. 44.5%). In terms of the main food groups, grains and cereal products represented the largest food group served (33–36%), followed by beverages (21–25%) and confectionary and sweet foods (12–13%). In contrast, the vegetable and fruit group represented the smallest proportion of food items sold (1–3%). Comparisons between primary and secondary schools showed a similar trend and pattern of food types and quality of foods sold, except for animal-based foods. A greater percentage of food items in this category was found among secondary schools (12.1%) versus primary schools (6.7%). When total sugar content of all pre-packaged foods was quantified based on the traffic-light nutrition-labelling system, almost one-third of foods and beverages were classified as high (29.1%). Confectionary (19.1%) and flavoured milk and fruit drinks (10.0%) both exceeded the recommended sugar levels of >22.5 g per 100 g and >11.25 mL per 100 m L, respectively. Only one of these packaged foods and beverages (0.9%) was classified as a healthy food choice. About a quarter of the food items available in school canteens were classified as prohibited based on a new revised list of prohibited food and beverage items. These findings indicate that, despite the Guidelines, a large number of unhealthy food items are being sold in school canteens. Hence, interventions such as sustainable healthy school canteen menus should be implemented to promote healthy food choices amongst school-aged children.     

北京市中小学校食堂及学生午餐供餐状况

目的：研究北京市中小学校食堂及学生午餐供餐状况,为学校食堂标准体系建设和学生营养改善提供科学依据。方法对北京市教委所属全部1332所公立中小学校午餐供餐情况和学校食堂状况进行问卷调查。结果53．8％的学校有食堂（包括自办食堂和托管食堂,下同）,68．9％的学生在校吃午餐。457所学校自办食堂中有36．1％配备营养师。供餐单位提前公布带量食谱的为58．7％,按年龄制定食谱和为肥胖或营养不良学生提供食谱的分别为10．7％和8．2％。结论学校应完善食堂建设,加强营养师队伍建设,开展学生营养健康教育,使我市学生营养健康状况真正得到改善。     

What are the key food groups to target for preventing obesity and improving nutrition in schools?

OBJECTIVE: To determine differences in the contribution of foods and beverages to energy consumed in and out of school, and to compare consumption patterns between school canteen users and noncanteen users. DESIGN: Cross-sectional National Nutrition Survey, 1995. SETTING: Australia. SUBJECTS ON SCHOOL DAYS: A total of 1656 children aged 5-15 y who had weekday 24-h dietary recall data. RESULTS: An average of 37% of total energy intake was consumed at school. Energy-dense foods and beverages such as fat spreads, packaged snacks, biscuits and fruit/cordial drinks made a greater contribution to energy intake at school compared to out of school (P< or =0.01). Fast foods and soft drinks contributed 11 and 3% of total energy intake; however, these food groups were mostly consumed out of school. Fruit intake was low and consumption was greater in school. In all, 14% of children purchased food from the canteen and they obtained more energy from fast food, packaged snacks, desserts, milk and confectionary (P< or =0.05) than noncanteen users. CONCLUSIONS:: Energy-dense foods and beverages are over-represented in the Australian school environment. To help prevent obesity and improve nutrition in schools, biscuits, snack bars and fruit/cordial drinks brought from home and fast food, packaged snacks, and confectionary sold at canteens should be replaced with fruit and water.     

上海市宝山区中小学校食堂卫生设施现况调查

[目的]了解宝山区中小学校食堂卫生设施状况，为加强学校食堂卫生设施建设提供科学依据。[方法]2004年1～3月，对宝山区41所中学食堂、73所小学食堂进行调查。[结果]食堂建筑和布局合格率中学为96．59％，小学为94．07％（P〉0．05）；食堂厨房设施设备合格率中学为90．10％，小学为86．60％（P〈0．05）；食堂备餐间卫生设施合格率中学为86．71％，小学为80．52％（P〈0．05）；食堂餐具清洗消毒设施合格率中学为90．20％，小学为86．90％（P〉0．05）；食堂仓库设施合格率中学为87．80％，小学为81．73％（P〉0．05）。[结论]多数卫生设施中学食堂好于小学食堂。     

小学生营养素养及食物消费干预效果评价

  目的  探索基于营养健康食堂建设的综合干预对用餐小学生营养素养、食物消费及食堂建设相关行为及态度的影响,为学校营养健康食堂建设提供建议。  方法  选取台州市一所小学作为干预组,另一所条件相当的小学作为对照组,采用整群随机抽样选取2所学校五年级320名学生(干预组163名,对照组157名),干预组在学校开展为期5个月基于营养健康食堂建设的综合干预,包括健康就餐环境打造、菜品改良、厨师培训、营养健康教育等;对照组不进行任何干预。干预前后分别进行问卷调查。  结果  干预前,干预组与对照组的技能均值及营养素养总得分、多种食物摄入频率、食堂建设相关行为及态度差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。干预后,干预组每天摄入蔬菜、奶制品、鱼/禽/蛋/瘦肉的比例分别提高19.63,15.95,19.63百分点(χ2值分别为15.25,9.14,13.93,P值均 < 0.01);干预组看过宣传材料的比例(95.71%)高于对照组(84.71%)、非常赞同提供低盐低油低糖菜品的比例(74.85%)高于对照组(48.41%)(χ2值分别为11.04,23.73,P值均 < 0.01)。  结论  基于营养健康食堂的综合干预能够提高学生营养素养,改善学生饮食结构,建议采取“家校联动”形式开展大样本、多地区、长期的营养健康食堂建设。     

Facilitators and Barriers to Implementing Healthy School Canteen Intervention among Malaysian Adolescents: A Qualitative Study

This study evaluated implementing a school-based intervention to promote healthier dietary habits in the school environment among Malaysian adolescents using qualitative methods. This qualitative study was conducted in four secondary schools in Perak and Selangor (two urban and two rural schools) that received the intervention (either training or training and food subsidy). A total of eight focus groups (68 students aged 15 years old) and 16 in-depth interviews were conducted with canteen operators, school convenience shop operators, school teachers and school principals in each school. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data to identify suitable themes. We found several initiatives and changes by the schools’ stakeholders to change to a healthy school canteen programme. The stakeholders also noticed the students’ food preferences that influence healthy food intake in canteens and convenience shops. The food vendors and school administrators also found that subsidising healthy meals might encourage healthy eating. Among barriers to implementing healthy school initiatives were the student’s perception of healthy food and their eating habits, which also affect the food vendors’ profit if they want to implement a healthy canteen. The school-based intervention has the potential to promotes healthier eating among school adolescents. Continuous training and monitoring of canteen operators and convenience shops are needed, including building partnerships and educating the students on healthy eating to cultivate healthy eating habits.     

The price of healthy and unhealthy foods in Australian primary school canteens

Objective : To describe the price of Australian school canteen foods according to their nutritional value. Methods : Primary school canteen menus were collected as part of a policy compliance randomised trial. For each menu item, dietitians classified its nutritional value; ‘green’ (‘good sources of nutrients’), ‘amber’ (‘some nutritional value’), ‘red’ (‘lack adequate nutritional value’) and assigned a food category (e.g. ‘Drinks’, ‘Snacks’). Pricing information was extracted. Within each food category, ANOVAs assessed differences between the mean price of ‘green’, ‘amber’ and ‘red’ items, and post‐hoc tests were conducted. Results : Seventy of the 124 invited schools participated. There were significant differences in the mean price of ‘green’, ‘amber’ and ‘red foods’ across categories, with ‘green’ items more expensive than ‘amber’ items in main‐meal categories (‘Sandwiches’ +Objective : To describe the price of Australian school canteen foods according to their nutritional value. Methods : Primary school canteen menus were collected as part of a policy compliance randomised trial. For each menu item, dietitians classified its nutritional value; ‘green’ (‘good sources of nutrients’), ‘amber’ (‘some nutritional value’), ‘red’ (‘lack adequate nutritional value’) and assigned a food category (e.g. ‘Drinks’, ‘Snacks’). Pricing information was extracted. Within each food category, ANOVAs assessed differences between the mean price of ‘green’, ‘amber’ and ‘red’ items, and post‐hoc tests were conducted. Results : Seventy of the 124 invited schools participated. There were significant differences in the mean price of ‘green’, ‘amber’ and ‘red foods’ across categories, with ‘green’ items more expensive than ‘amber’ items in main‐meal categories (‘Sandwiches’ +$0.43, ‘Hot Foods’ +$0.71), and the reverse true for non‐meal categories (‘Drinks’ ?$0.13, ‘Snacks’ ?$0.18, ‘Frozen Snacks’ ?$0.25^). Conclusion : Current pricing may not encourage the purchasing of healthy main‐meal items by and for students. Further investigation of pricing strategies that enhance the public health benefit of existing school canteen policies and practices are warranted. Implications for Public Health : Providing support to canteen managers regarding healthy canteen policies may have a positive impact on public health nutrition.     

2012年胶南市学校食堂卫生现状调查

[目的]了解胶南市学校食堂卫生现况,为加强学校食堂卫生监督管理提供依据。[方法]2012年5月,对胶南市177所学校食堂进行现场调查。[结果]调查学校食堂177所,卫生许可证持证率为89.83%;从业人员持证上岗率为96.31%;设置专业卫生管理员的占27.68%;食堂操作间使用面积≤50m2的占19.77%;31.64%的学校食堂没有餐厅;食堂布局合理的占89.83%;配备有效"三防设施"的占87.01%;84.18%的学校能做到生食品、半成品和熟食品分柜存放。食堂操作间使用面积≤50m2、设有餐厅家数、配备有效"三防设施"、生食品、半成品和熟食品分柜存放的学校食堂家数,小学、初中、高中差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。调查680名食品从业人员,学校食堂相关卫生知识总知晓率为45.82%。[结论]胶南市学校食堂卫生状况普遍较差。     

上海市学校食堂配送中心食品安全现况调查与监管对策探讨

目的为调查掌握上海市学校食堂配送中心食品安全现状,以及现存的主要食品安全问题及隐患,从而针对性提出监管对策,为食品安全决策和监管提供参考。方法采用现场检查和问卷调查相结合的方法,对上海市学校食堂配送中心进行现况调查。结果学校食堂配送中心存在发证管理不健全、食品采购控制存在风险、配送食品包装标识不全、冷链配置有待完善等主要食品问题和隐患,亟待加强监管。对策完善学校食堂配送中心的发证管理,规范其检测能力、全面推行食品进货电子台账登记制度、试行食品供应商备案和大宗食品进货预报批制度、配送半成品加贴统一RFID标签、建立并完善食品冷链系统。     

Competitive foods and beverages available for purchase in secondary schools--selected sites, United States, 2004

The percentage of overweight youths aged 12-19 years in the United States more than tripled from 5% during 1976-1980 to 16% during 1999-2002. Overweight youths are at increased risk for cardiovascular consequences and other serious physical and psychosocial health problems. Because most youths are enrolled in school, the school nutrition environment is integral to any strategy to improve dietary behavior and reduce overweight among youths. In most schools, the nutrition environment has two components: the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) school meals program and the sale of competitive foods. USDA defines competitive foods as those foods and beverages, regardless of nutritional value, sold at a school separate from the USDA school meals program. To identify the types of competitive foods and beverages available for purchase from school vending machines or at school stores, canteens, or snack bars, CDC analyzed data from the 2004 School Health Profiles for public secondary schools in 27 states and 11 large urban school districts. This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicated that, in 2004, the majority of secondary schools (median across states: 89.5%; median across large urban school districts: 81.5%) allowed students to purchase snack foods or beverages from vending machines or at the school store, canteen, or snack bar. In addition, the percentage of schools offering certain types of snack foods and beverages varied across states and large urban school districts. Although the majority of schools offered some nutritious foods and beverages in these settings, the majority of schools also offered less nutritious choices. Educators, families, and school and public health officials should work together to provide school nutrition environments that will help improve dietary behavior and reduce overweight among youths.     

The commercial food landscape: outdoor food advertising around primary schools in Australia

Objective: Food marketing is linked to childhood obesity through its influence on children's food preferences, purchase requests and food consumption. We aimed to describe the volume and nature of outdoor food advertisements and factors associated with outdoor food advertising in the area surrounding Australian primary schools. Methods: Forty primary schools in Sydney and Wollongong were selected using random sampling within population density and socio‐economic strata. The area within a 500m radius of each school was scanned and advertisements coded according to pre‐defined criteria, including: food or non‐food product advertisement, distance from the school, size and location. Food advertisements were further categorised as core foods, non‐core foods and miscellaneous drinks (tea and coffee). Results: The number of advertisements identified was 9,151, of which 2,286 (25%) were for food. The number of non‐core food advertisements was 1,834, this accounted for 80% of food advertisements. Soft drinks and alcoholic beverages were the food products most commonly advertised around primary schools (24% and 22% of food advertisements, respectively). Non‐core food products were twice as likely to be advertised close to a primary school (95 non‐core food advertisements per km 2 within 250 m vs. 46 advertisements per km 2 within 250–500 m). Conclusions: The density of non‐core food advertisements within 500 m of primary schools, and the potential for repeated exposure of children to soft drink and alcoholic beverage advertisements in particular, highlights the need for outdoor food marketing policy intervention. Implications: Outdoor advertising is an important food marketing tool that should be considered in future debates on regulation of food marketing to children.     

中国2012-2017年学生营养改善计划地区学校食堂建设及供餐状况

目的 分析"农村义务教育学生营养改善计划"启动后学校食堂及供餐状况变化,为提高学校食堂供餐成效提供基础数据.方法 2012-2017年,在"营养改善计划"覆盖的中国中西部22个省699个国家试点县中,每年按照食堂供餐、企业供餐和混合供餐3种模式,随机抽取不少于10％的小学和初中,采用问卷调查方法,收集学校食堂建设及食堂...     

拉萨市几所学校食堂卫生状况调查分析

目的了解拉萨市区部分学校食堂卫生状况,为今后做好学校食堂卫生监督管理工作提供依据。方法对西藏自治区卫生监督所直属管辖的13家学校食堂进行现场检查。结果各学校有50%以上的学生在集体食堂就餐;各校均设有食堂管理人员;都有卫生许可证和上下水设施、冷藏设施;有库房的食堂大部分能做到物品隔墙离地上架,主、副食分类、分架存放;从业人员均持健康证上岗,但经过相关卫生培训者较少。结论拉萨市内由区卫生监督所管辖的多数学校集体食堂的基础卫生设施、卫生管理及食品卫生总体状况较好。     

吴江市学校食堂的食品安全现状

目的了解和分析吴江市学校食堂的食品安全现状。方法采用普查的方法对2007—2009年辖区内全部学校食堂的食品卫生分级进行评估,随机抽查各18所普通中学、小学、幼儿园(以上3类为公办)和民工子弟学校(包括幼儿园和小学),调查学校的组织管理、基本卫生设施、食堂从业人员卫生知识知晓率和因食物引起的缺课率等与食品安全相关的指标。结果吴江市公办学校食堂的卫生等级基本以A、B为主,61.9%的民工子弟学校食堂都处在C(较差)的水平。公办学校的食堂都建有健全的卫生组织管理和制度并加以落实,民工子弟学校食堂卫生设施较差,而且食堂从业人员卫生知识的知晓率明显低于公办学校,因食物引起的缺课率也高于公办学校。结论该市公办学校食堂食品安全状况较好,但民工子弟学校食堂存在严重的食品安全隐患,直接影响了该类学校在校生的健康。     

通化市学校（托幼机构）食品安全现状分析及对策

目的为了更深入的研究通化市全部学校中现阶段食堂的安全状况，以便加强学校食堂中的食品安全管理。方法对我市共有的33家学校的内部食堂进行大规模检查。结果我市的这33家学校都办理过卫生许可证，上岗人员中没有健康证的占总上岗人数的22％，食品安全知识知晓率低；15所学校（托幼机构）食堂布局流程不合理，占45．45％；16所学校（托幼机构）食堂采购食品及其原料无索证或索证不全，且无验收制度，占48．5％。结论改进食品安全监管方法．增加食品安全的内部盘查，加大力度对上岗人员的食品安全培训，在托儿场所中建立安全信用服务中心，这样能够有效防止学校食堂中发生食物中毒现象，将中毒源扼杀在摇篮中。     

浙江省公立小学食堂午餐供餐现状

  目的  评价浙江省公立小学食堂午餐供应现状,为开展学生午餐科学指导提供依据。  方法  2019年5-6月,9-10月,采用称重法和记账法对浙江省44所公立小学食堂午餐的食物供应情况及就餐人数进行2次调查,每次调查1周。  结果  40.91%的学校食堂配餐时依据学生口味,45.45%制作食谱时参考《学生餐营养指南》。食物种类供应中,谷薯类、蔬菜类、水果、畜禽肉、鱼虾类、蛋类、牛奶、大豆坚果类、植物油、盐的供应量分别为109.05,118.01,0,63.96,9.25,11.31,0,10.68,10.47,2.54 g。只有植物油的供应量与推荐量基本持平。各类营养素的供应中,能量、蛋白质、脂肪供能比、碳水化合物供能比、钙、铁、锌、维生素A、维生素B₁、维生素B₂、维生素C和膳食纤维的供应量分别为820.84 kcal,32.79 g,37.56%,48.47%,164.18 mg,7.84 mg,4.71 mg,23.07 μgRAE,0.41 mg,0.35 mg,20.47 mg,2.34 g; 只有能量、维生素B₁的供应量与推荐量基本持平(P值均>0.05)。城镇与乡村小学午餐各类食物和营养素之间差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。  结论  浙江省公立小学食堂午餐供应情况不容乐观,供应结构不合理,某些营养素供应量与推荐量差距较大。建议结合本地饮食特点进行学生餐科学指导。     

辉县市中小学校和幼儿园食堂卫生状况调查

目的厂解辉县市中小学校和幼儿园食堂卫生状况,以便为进一步加强学校食品卫生监督提供科学依据,确保学生饮食卫生安全。方法依照餐饮业食品卫生量化分级监督检查表项目,对中小学校和幼儿园食堂卫生和管理状况进行检查。结果依法取得卫生许可证的单位占16．2％;从业人员取得有效健康证明的占91．9％;建筑布局基本合理的占24．3％;“三防”设施齐全的占36．8％;冷藏设施齐全的占66．9％;餐具消毒设施完善的占47．8％。结论辉县市中小学校食堂硬件投入不足,存在诸多安全隐患,也是大多数食堂无法取得卫生许可证的原因。     

南通市通州区学校食堂实施食品卫生监督量化分级管理的效果

目的确定南通市通州区学校食堂食品卫生风险度、信誉度现状及主要影响因素。方法对所有145个学校集体食堂实行食品卫生监督量化分级管理评定。结果经过评定,最多的为B级110个,占75.26%;其次为C级20个,占13.79%;A级15个,占10.35%。结论中学集体食堂食品卫生监督量化分级管理评定等级好于小学及幼儿园,城区学校食堂好于农村学校食堂。预防性卫生监督及卫生制度的落实是重要的影响因素。推行食品卫生监督量化分级管理对鼓励学校自律、合理配置卫生人力资源、科学监督管理、提高学校食堂食品卫生整体水平具有一定的成效。