不可切除和中晚期肝癌的转化切除

近年来,肝癌的药物治疗取得显著进展,成为中晚期肝癌病人延长生存的重要手段.其中仑伐替尼联合程序性死亡因子1(PD-1)抗体的临床探索在中国非常普遍.部分不可切除或中晚期肝癌病人在接受仑伐替尼联合PD-1抗体治疗的过程中出现肿瘤缩小,从不可切除肝癌转变为可切除肝癌.此文从中国肝癌的现状、不可切除肝癌的转化治疗历史和近年来...     

13例初始不可切除肝癌经转化治疗后行序贯手术切除的初步报告

目的 评估初始不可切除肝癌经转化治疗后行序贯手术切除的临床疗效和分析其临床特征。方法 回顾性收集并分析南方医科大学南方医院2020年1月至2021年12月期间收治的13例初始不可切除肝癌患者的临床数据。结果 13例患者中,12例为男性患者,1例为女性患者,年龄50.0±12.7岁（23~72岁）;Child-Pugh分级标准均为A级;CNLC Stage分级Ib期5例,Ⅱa期2例,Ⅱb期2例,Ⅲa期3例,Ⅲb期1例;ECOG ps评分均≤1分;肝硬化者有6例,无肝硬化者7例;有门脉癌栓者2例,无门脉癌栓者11例;治疗前最大肿瘤直径9.8±2.7 cm,治疗前中位AFP为848.1 ng/mL（IQR：20.0~4638.1 ng/mL）;有乙肝者12例,无乙肝者1例。转化治疗方案：TACE+免疫方案治疗的有2例、TACE+靶向+免疫方案治疗的有6例、HAIC+靶向+免疫方案3例及TACE+HAIC+靶向+免疫方案治疗的2例。中位转化时间为3.4月（IQR：2.7~5.5月）,转化治疗后术前的肿瘤最大直径为7.1±2.2 cm,转化治疗后术前的中位AFP水平17.2 ng/mL（IQR：4.0~121.6 ng/mL）,术前影像学评估（mRECIST）CR 2例,PR 5例,PD 1例,SD 5例,肿瘤学转化7例,外科学转化6例,术前PS评分均≤1分。转化后行手术切除：10例行肝部分切除,3例行半肝切除,经腹腔镜手术6例,开腹手术7例。中位手术时间295.0 min（IQR：230.5~418.0 min）,中位术中出血量300 mL（IQR：100~375 mL）,术后中位住院天数为10 d（IQR：7~13 d）,术后中位拔除引流管的时间为7 d（IQR：5.5~13 d）。术后病理结果pCR 6例,pPR有7例,MVI分级M0 10例,M1有3例,均为<5处脉管内癌栓,其中2例为1处脉管内癌栓,无一例切缘阳性病例。术后出现心衰1例,术后出现肺动脉栓塞1例,术后出现胆漏1例。术后中位随访时间11.9月（IQR：6.3~15.1月）,3位患者出现复发,随访期间无一例患者死亡。结论 转化后行序贯手术切除的临床疗效效果肯定,安全性尚可。     

肝门区中晚期肝癌手术切除

本文介绍自１９８６年１０月至１９９２年１０月对８２例肝门区中晚期肝癌，施行肝叶或肝段切除术的体会。肿瘤分布在Ⅳ，Ⅴ，Ⅷ，Ⅰ段，本组有８７％患者合并有肝硬变。手术特点是经腹部切口完成，不须要开胸；用框架式拉钩；常温下肝门阻断和游离大网膜覆盖创面法。术后并发症少，手术死亡率低。术后总生存率１，３，５年分别为５４．４％，３８．０％和２２．８％。     

原发性肝癌肝切除治疗现状

原发性肝癌肝切除治疗现状陈孝平在我国，原发性肝癌是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。据近年来的统计资料显示，其发病率仍在不断上升，在有些地区，本病已在男性人群恶性肿瘤死亡原因中居第一位。Ｋｅｗ（１９８７）统计了５８５例，平均生存期仅１．５个月。近年来，国内外在以...     

原发性肝癌的手术切除治疗

目的　总结原发性肝癌手术切除病例的治疗效果。方法　回顾性分析近 5年我院 30 1例肝癌病人手术切除治疗情况。结果　 4 0 %有乙肝病史 ,6 2 %伴有肝炎。肝功能A级 4 6 % ,B级38% ,C级 16 %。肿瘤位于左肝占 31% ,右肝 6 5 % ,左右肝 4 %。小肝癌 2 3% ,大肝癌 76 %。 6 1%合并肝硬化 ,8%合并门静脉癌栓 ,3%合并胆管癌栓。左外叶切除 8 6 % ,左半肝切除 8% ,右半肝切除12 6 % ,肝段切除 71 8%。 31%采用Pringle术 ,阻断时间为 15± 4min ,最长 30min。 10 %采用半肝血流阻断术 ,阻断时间为 2 5± 12min ,最长 6 0min。 1 3%采用全肝血流阻断术 (改良Heaney法 ) ,阻断时间为 14± 4min ,最长者为 2 0min。术中出血量为 10 5 6± 1195ml,输血量为 6 6 5± 5 91ml,手术时间为 194± 84min。术后总并发症发生率为 19 9% ,严重并发症发生率为 7 3% ,手术死亡率为2 7% ,住院时间为 2 5± 12d。术后 1,3,5年存活率分别为 74 % ,5 6 % ,4 2 %。结论　肝切除术后并发症发生率较高 ,但严重并发症发生率和手术死亡率较低。术中控制出血及肝切除量 ,减少手术时间是降低术后并发症和死亡率的关键     

原发性肝癌极量肝切除的确定

目的：探讨原发性肝癌(简称肝癌)患行极量肝切除的指征和安全性。方法：2000年11月至2002年10月行极量肝切除治疗原发性肝癌共33例，合并肝硬化26例，分析评估肝癌极量肝切除的术前各项指标、术中处理和术后恢复情况。结果：全组无手术死亡，术后并发症发生率为33．3％，经及时治疗后均顺利恢复。结论：肝脏储备功能良好的肝癌患，在保证切肝量不超过肝组织量的50％的基础上，尽可能多地保留肝组织，术后加强残肝功能保护，及时处理并发症，肝癌行极量肝切除仍然是安全的。     

原发性肝癌的局部切除治疗

局部切除治疗原发性肝癌36例，肝癌直径＞5．0cm30例，小于等于5．0cm6例，中位直径6．8cm，36例中右肝癌15例，中肝癌2例，左肝癌19例，行肝癌局部切除术后无肝功能衰竭发生，无手术死亡，1，3，5年生存率各72．3％，42．4％，30．3％，本资料表明局部切除治疗原发性肝癌手术并发症少，长期生存率满意，对肝硬化肝癌尤其适用。     

肝动脉阻断及二期切除治疗不能切除的肝癌

肝细胞癌是我国常见恶性肿瘤之一 ,目前治疗仍以手术为首选 ,但手术切除率低 ,由于症状隐匿 ,发现时往往已是中晚期〔1〕。我院于 1995年 2月至2 0 0 1年 12月 ,采用介入肝动脉注碘油加明胶海绵栓塞 (ＴＡＥ)或手术探查时结扎肝动脉及门静脉置化疗泵 ,治疗不能切除原发性肝癌取得一定疗效 ,报告如下。资料与方法1.临床资料 :本组 2 70例 ,男 183例 ,女 87例。年龄 32～ 86岁 ,平均 5 9 2岁。本组均经ＣＴ ,彩色Ｂ超或ＭＲＩ ,ＡＦＰ证实不能切除 2 2 8例 ,经手术探查不能切除原发性肝癌 4 2例。肝癌Ⅱ～Ⅲ期 2 31例 ,Ⅳ期 39例。肿瘤位于右…     

肝切除治疗原发性肝癌156例体会

我科采用常温下病侧肝血流阻断施行非规则性肝切除术治疗原发性肝癌１５６例，均经手术治疗，病检证实。患者年龄１７￣６８岁，平均年龄为４３．５岁。Ｉ期肝切除１５４例，Ⅱ期肝切除２例。手术并发症５例，全组无手术死亡。切除标本最重３．５ｋｇ。１、３、５年生存率分别为６２．１％、３０．８％、２０．５％，５年以上仍存活者５例。此种手术只需游离所需切除肝脏的所属韧带，毋需解剖肝门，简化手术步骤，既能完成肝切除，又     

不可切除中晚期肝癌的转化治疗后肝切除术

多数肝癌起病隐匿,早期症状不明显,就诊时往往已属中晚期,预后不佳.转化治疗可使不可切除晚期肝癌病人获得手术治疗机会,并达到R0切除.在转化治疗后,对病人肿瘤、肝脏及其他器官细致全面的评估,将为安全肝切除的术前决策提供依据.转化治疗期间建议采用多学科综合治疗协作组模式定期评估转化治疗效果,并及时制定手术切除方案.     

早期肝癌的手术治疗:肝切除与肝移植比较

肝切除及肝移植被认为是可能治愈肝癌的主要方法.以往认为肝切除适合肝功能代偿良好的病人,而肝移植则适用肝功能不佳及肿瘤无法切除的病人.对于符合米兰标准的早期肝癌,哪种方式更适合?近年来,一些研究显示:肝移植病人在无瘤生存方面具有优势.但是由于肝移植相关并发症的存在,例如移植物排斥及免疫抑制等,在长期生存方面,肝移植并无明显优势.目前由于肝源紧张,肝癌病人在等待移植时,可能因肿瘤进展而失去移植机会.肝切除后补救性肝移植对于肝癌治疗同样是一个很好的策略.因此建议肝功能良好病人行肝切除治疗,必要时行补救性肝移植.如果等待肝源时间较短,可以选择肝移植而获得较好的无瘤生存.     

Long-term surgical outcomes in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing laparoscopic vs. open liver resection: A retrospective and propensity score-matched study

Background/objectivesThere is limited availability of well-designed comparative studies using propensity score matching with a sufficient sample size to compare laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) vs. open liver resection (OLR) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We aimed to compare the feasibility and safety of LLR and OLR in patients with HCC.MethodsWe enrolled 168 patients who underwent elective LLR (n = 58) or OLR (n = 110) for HCC in two tertiary medical centers between November 2009 and December 2018. Patients who underwent LLR were propensity score-matched to patients who underwent OLR in a 1:1 ratio. Perioperative and postoperative outcomes and disease-free and overall survival rates were prospectively evaluated.ResultsAmong the 116 patients analyzed, 58 each belonged to the LLR and OLR groups. We performed 85 segmentectomies or sectionectomies, 19 left-lateral-sectionectomies, 9 left-hemihepatectomies, and 3 right-hemihepatectomies. There was no significant difference in age, sex, Child-Pugh class, original liver disease, preoperative alpha-fetoprotein, tumor size, tumor location, overall morbidity, and operative time. There was a significant difference in the length of postoperative hospital stay between the two groups (LLR vs OLR; 8 vs 10 days, p = 0.003). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival rates in the LLR and OLR groups were 96.6%, 92.8%, and 73.3% and 93.1%, 88.8%, and 76.1%, respectively (p = 0.642). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year disease-free survival rates in the LLR and OLR groups were 84.4%, 64.0%, and 60.2% and 93.1%, 67.4%, and 63.9%, respectively (p = 0.391).ConclusionLLR for HCC can be performed safely with acceptable short-term and long-term outcomes compared with OLR.     

The significance of surgical resection for pulmonary metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary metastasis, which is the most common type of extrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), has been considered unsuitable for surgical resection because most pulmonary metastases are multiple. Until now there have been few reports about surgical resection for pulmonary metastasis from HCC. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the significance of surgical resection for pulmonary metastasis from HCC. METHODS: Among 615 patients who underwent radical hepatic resection for HCC in our hospital over the past 15 years, 8 patients who had developed 1 or 2 pulmonary metastases underwent pulmonary resection for the pulmonary metastases (resection group), the other 6 patients who had developed 1 or 2 pulmonary metastases did not undergo pulmonary resection (nonresection group). The clinicopathologic features and long-term prognosis of the resection group were examined and compared with those of the nonresection group. RESULTS: In the resection group, although intrahepatic recurrences were present before the diagnosis of pulmonary metastasis in 4 patients, they were well controlled by repeated transarterial chemoembolization and/or further hepatic resections. The average survival periods after the pulmonary resection and after the initial hepatic resection were 29 months (range, 5-80 mo) and 61 months (range, 24-133 mo), respectively. No patients in the resection group showed pulmonary recurrence after the pulmonary resection, and the cause of death of the patients in the resection group was not pulmonary metastasis. The survival rate of patients in the resection group was significantly better than that in the nonresection group. CONCLUSIONS: It may be concluded that surgical resection for pulmonary metastasis from HCC might be beneficial in selected patients.     

Laparoscopic liver resection of hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND: We have continued to develop laparoscopic hepatectomy as a means of surgical therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: We evaluated the degree of invasiveness and analyzed the outcomes of laparoscopic hepatectomy compared with open hepatectomy for HCC. RESULTS: There were notable differences with respect to blood loss and operating time compared with open hepatectomy cases. Patients started walking and eating significantly earlier in the laparoscopic hepatectomy group, and these more rapid recoveries allowed shorter hospitalizations. On the Estimation of Physiologic Ability and Surgical Stress (E-PASS) scoring system, there was no difference in preoperative risk. However, a significant difference was seen in the surgical stress and comprehensive risk scores between the open hepatectomy and laparoscopic hepatectomy groups. Concerning the survival rate and disease-free survival rate, there were no significant differences between procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic hepatectomy avoids some of the disadvantages of open hepatectomy and is beneficial for patient quality of life (QOL) as a minimally invasive procedure if the operative indications are appropriately based on preoperative liver function and the location and size of HCC.     

Laparoscopic hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma

Despite recent progress in diagnostics for hepatocellular carcinoma, the rate of resectability remains low, mainly because of the advancement of the underlying liver disease. We report a case of a 54-year-old man with a hepatocellular carcinoma and poor liver function that was treated successfully with a laparoscopic hepatic resection. Laparoscopic hepatic resection is considered to be feasible with the aid of an ultrasonic dissector and a microwave coagulator; however, close attention should be paid to the development of air embolism and hepatic vein injury.     

Perspective of laparoscopic liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma

Liver resection(LR) for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) in patients with chronic liver disease(CLD) is associated with high risks of developing significant postoperative complications and multicentric metachronous lesions, which can result in the need for repeated treatments. Studies comparing laparoscopic procedures to open LR consistently report reduced blood loss and transfusionsrequirements, lower postoperative morbidity, and shorter hospital stays, with no differences in oncologic outcomes. In addition, laparoscopic LR is associated with reduced postoperative ascites and a lower incidence of liver failure for HCC patients with CLD, due to the reduced surgery-induced parenchymal injury to the residual liver and limited destruction of the collateral blood/lymphatic flow around the liver. Finally, this procedure facilitates subsequent repeat LR due to minimal adhesion formation and improved vision/manipulation between adhesions. These characteristics of laparoscopic LR may lead to an expansion of the indications for LR. This editorial is based on the review and meta-analysis presented at the 2nd International Consensus Conference on Laparoscopic Liver Resection in Iwate, Japan, in October 2014(Chairperson of the congress is Professor Go Wakabayashi from the Department of Surgery, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine), which is published in the Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences.     

A simple, noninvasively determined index predicting hepatic failure following liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma

Background  A novel index, the serum aspartate aminotransferase activity/platelet count ratio index (APRI), has been identified as a biochemical surrogate for histological fibrogenesis and fibrosis in cirrhosis. We evaluated the ability of preoperative APRI to predict hepatic failure following liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods  Potential preoperative risk factors for postoperative hepatic failure (hepatic coma with hyperbilirubinemia, four patients; intractable pleural effusion or ascites, 30 patients; and variceal bleeding, one patient) as well as APRI were evaluated in 366 patients undergoing liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Prognostic significance was determined by univariate and multivariate analyses. Results  Hepatic failure developed postoperatively in 30 patients, causing death in four. APRI correlated with histological intensity of hepatitis activity and degree of hepatic fibrosis, and was significantly higher in patients who developed postoperative hepatic failure than in others without failure. Risk of postoperative hepatic failure increased as the serum albumin concentration and platelet count decreased and as indocyanine green retention rate at 15 min, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activities, and APRI increased. Only APRI was an independent preoperative factor on multivariate analysis. Of the four patients who died of postoperative hepatic failure, three had an APRI of at least 10. Conclusions  Preoperative APRI independently predicted hepatic failure following liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Patients with an APRI of 10 or more have a high risk of postoperative hepatic failure.     

解剖性肝切除术治疗原发性肝癌的安全性及疗效探讨

目的探讨解剖性肝切除术治疗原发性肝癌的安全性以及临床疗效。方法38例肝切除术治疗原发性肝癌的患者分为2组：解剖性肝切除术组15例，非解剖性肝切除术组23例，对两组病例的手术和随访情况进行分析评价。结果两组患者均无手术死亡，术中出血、并发症发生率、住院时间差异无统计学意义。解剖性肝切除标本切缘满意率（〉2cm）较高、术后近期复发率显著降低，1年无瘤生存率高于非解剖性肝切除。结论解剖性肝切除术是治疗原发性肝癌安全有效的术式，对有适应证的病例应尽可能采用此种手术方式，有望获得较好的疗效。