宫颈癌骨转移48例临床分析

目的：探讨宫颈癌骨转移的临床特征、危险因素和预后。方法：回顾性分析2000年1月至2010年12月云南省肿瘤医院收治的3642例宫颈癌中发生骨转移的48例患者的临床病理资料。结果：宫颈癌诊断后发生骨转移的时间一般在3年内。低分化患者中,平均发生骨转移时间为6.3个月;中-高分化患者,平均发生骨转移时间为23.8个月。骨盆转移35例,腰椎转移28例,肋骨转移6例;单一部位骨转移14例,两处及以上部位骨转移34例。宫颈癌骨转移的发生率为1.32%（48/3642）,其中宫颈腺癌29例、宫颈鳞癌19例。48例发生骨转移的患者中,2例未接受任何治疗或只接受了对症支持治疗,均在6个月内死亡;其他46例患者接受了手术治疗或放、化疗,目前存活2例（生存时间分别为14、26个月）。结论：宫颈癌骨转移一般在诊断后3年内发生,以骨盆和椎骨为主要转移部位,低分化为发生骨转移的危险因素。宫颈癌发生骨转移者预后不良,积极治疗骨转移可以在一定程度上延长患者的生存时间。     

PSA、ECT骨显像诊断前列腺癌骨转移的临床意义

目的:探讨前列腺特异抗原(PSA)、发射型计算机断层扫描(ECT)99Tc-MDP骨显像诊断前列腺癌骨转移的临床意义。方法:对80例(骨转移组31例,非骨转移组49例)前列腺癌病人的PSA、ECT与骨转移的关系进行回顾性分析。结果:骨转移组与非骨转移组的PSA值差异有显著性(139.36μg/Lvs37.58μg/L,P<0.01);PSA与骨转移的程度正相关,PSA<10μg/L,骨转移率为15.38%;PSA<20μg/L,骨转移率为19.35%;PSA>20μg/L,骨转移率为51.02%;PSA>100μg/L,骨转移率为78.95%。结论:ECT骨显像对前列腺癌骨转移有较高的敏感性,对未经治疗的前列腺癌病人,PSA<10μg/L,前列腺癌骨转移的可能性极小;PSA>100μg/L者,骨转移的可能性极大。PSA>20μg/L,建议行ECT骨扫描。     

PSA、ECT骨显像诊断前列腺癌骨转移的临床意义

目的：探讨前列腺特异抗原（PSA）、发射型计算机断层扫描（ECT）99Tc-MDP骨显像诊断前列腺癌骨转移的临床意义。方法：对80例（骨转移组31例,非骨转移组49例）前列腺癌病人的PSA、ECT与骨转移的关系进行回顾性分析。结果：骨转移组与非骨转移组的PSA值差异有显著性（139.36μg/Lvs37.58μg/L,P〈0.01）;PSA与骨转移的程度正相关,PSA〈10μg/L,骨转移率为15.38%;PSA〈20μg/L,骨转移率为19.35%;PSA〉20μg/L,骨转移率为51.02%;PSA〉100μg/L,骨转移率为78.95%。结论：ECT骨显像对前列腺癌骨转移有较高的敏感性,对未经治疗的前列腺癌病人,PSA〈10μg/L,前列腺癌骨转移的可能性极小;PSA〉100μg/L者,骨转移的可能性极大。PSA〉20μg/L,建议行ECT骨扫描。     

Detection of Recurrent Cervical Cancer by Whole-body FDG PET Scans

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of whole-body{ 18 F}fluro-2-dexoxyglucose(FDG)positron emission tomography(PET)scans in the detection of recurrent cervical cancer. METHODS Between June,2000 and January,2006,25 patients had undergone a PET scan at the Peking Union Medical College Hospital to evaluate possible recurrent cervical cancer.All the PET findings were reviewed and compared to available clinical data to classify each PET scan result as a true positive,true negative,false positive,or false negative. RESULTS A total of 38 PET scans were conducted on the 25 patients whose median age was 46 years.The Stage distributions were IA(n=1),IB(n=11),IIA(n=5),IIB(n=4),IIIB(n=2),IVB(n =1),and unknown Stage(n=1).There were 22 cases of squamous cell carcinoma and 3 cases of adenocarcinoma resulting in 9 true positive PET scans,27 true negatives,2 false positives and no false negatives.The sensitivity of the FDG PET scans for detecting recurrent cervical cancer was 100%,specificity 93.1%,positive predictive value 81.8%,and negative predictive value 100%. CONCLUSION The whole body FDG PET scans are a sensitive and specific imaging modality for the detection of recurrent cervical cancer.However the cost of PET scans is too high at this time.A large prospective study will determine whether this modality should be used routinely and take the place of other imaging methods in the early detection of recurrent cervical carcinoma     

Coregistered whole body magnetic resonance imaging‐positron emission tomography (MRI‐PET) versus PET‐computed tomography plus brain MRI in staging resectable lung cancer

BACKGROUND:

The objective of this study was to assess whether coregistered whole brain (WB) magnetic resonance imaging‐positron emission tomography (MRI‐PET) would increase the number of correctly upstaged patients compared with WB PET‐computed tomography (PET‐CT) plus dedicated brain MRI in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

METHODS:

From January 2010 through November 2011, patients with NSCLC who had resectable disease based on conventional staging were assigned randomly either to coregistered MRI‐PET or WB PET‐CT plus brain MRI (ClinicalTrials.gov trial NCT01065415). The primary endpoint was correct upstaging (the identification of lesions with higher tumor, lymph node, or metastasis classification, verified with biopsy or other diagnostic test) to have the advantage of avoiding unnecessary thoracotomy, to determine appropriate treatment, and to accurately predict patient prognosis. The secondary endpoints were over staging and under staging compared with pathologic staging.

RESULTS:

Lung cancer was correctly upstaged in 37 of 143 patients (25.9%) in the MRI‐PET group and in 26 of 120 patients (21.7%) in the PET‐CT plus brain MRI group (4.2% difference; 95% confidence interval, ?6.1% to 14.5%; P = .426). Lung cancer was over staged in 26 of 143 patients (18.2%) in the MRI‐PET group and in 7 of 120 patients (5.8%) in the PET‐CT plus brain MRI group (12.4% difference; 95% confidence interval, 4.8%‐20%; P = .003), whereas lung cancer was under staged in 18 of 143 patients (12.6%) and in 28 of 120 patients (23.3%), respectively (?10.7% difference; 95% confidence interval, ?20.1% to ?1.4%; P = .022).

CONCLUSIONS:

Although both staging tools allowed greater than 20% correct upstaging compared with conventional staging methods, coregistered MRI‐PET did not appear to help identify significantly more correctly upstaged patients than PET‐CT plus brain MRI in patients with NSCLC. Cancer 2013. © 2013 American Cancer Society.     

18F‐Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography for the detection of recurrent bone and soft tissue sarcoma

BACKGROUND:

The clinical utility of modern hybrid imaging modalities for detecting recurrent bone or soft tissue sarcoma remains to be determined. In this report, the authors present a clinical study on the diagnostic accuracy and incremental value of integrated ¹⁸F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (¹⁸F‐FDG PET/CT) in patients with a history of sarcoma who have clinically suspected disease recurrence.

METHODS:

Forty‐three patients who had a history of bone or soft tissue sarcoma and had documented complete remission underwent ¹⁸F‐FDG PET/CT. Image analysis was performed independently for ¹⁸F‐FDG PET (n = 43) and for contrast‐enhanced spiral CT (CE‐CT) (n = 30) by 2 separate readers, whereas combined ¹⁸F‐FDG PET/CT (n = 43) images were analyzed in consensus by both readers. Imaging findings were rated on a 5‐point scale and finally were reported as malignant, benign, or equivocal. Imaging findings were validated either by histopathology (n = 24) or by clinical follow‐up (n = 19).

RESULTS:

¹⁸F‐FDG PET/CT had greater sensitivity and specificity compared with CE‐CT alone (94% and 92% vs 78% and 67%, respectively), resulting in significantly greater accuracy (93% vs 73%; P = .03). ¹⁸F‐FDG PET/CT was particularly superior regarding detection of local recurrence or soft tissue lesions (sensitivity and specificity: 83% and 100% vs 50% and 100%, respectively) or bone metastases (100% and 100% vs 85% and 88%, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS:

¹⁸F‐FDG PET/CT had greater diagnostic accuracy in the detection of recurrent bone or soft tissue sarcoma compared with CE‐CT alone. The detection of local recurrence was the most evident advantage of ¹⁸F‐FDG PET/CT over CE‐CT. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.     

Laparoscopic extraperitoneal para-aortic lymphadenectomy in locally advanced cervical cancer: a prospective correlation of surgical findings with positron emission tomography/computed tomography findings

BACKGROUND:

Failure to detect metastasis to para‐aortic nodes in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer leads to suboptimal treatment. No previous studies have prospectively compared positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) with laparoscopic extraperitoneal staging in the evaluation of para‐aortic lymph nodes.

METHODS:

Sixty‐five patients were enrolled; 60 were available for analysis. Patients with stage IB2‐IVA cervical cancer without evidence of para‐aortic lymphadenopathy on preoperative CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were prospectively enrolled. All patients underwent preoperative PET/CT. Laparoscopic extraperitoneal lymphadenectomy was performed from the common iliac vessels to the left renal vein.

RESULTS:

The median age at diagnosis was 48 years (range, 23‐84). The median operative time was 140 minutes (range, 89‐252). The median blood loss was 22.5 mL (range, 5‐150). The median length of hospital stay was 1 day (range, 0‐4). The median number of lymph nodes retrieved was 11 (range, 1‐39). Fourteen (23%) patients had histopathologically positive para‐aortic nodes. Of the 26 patients with negative pelvic and para‐aortic nodes on PET/CT, 3 (12%) had histopathologically positive para‐aortic nodes. Of the 27 patients with positive pelvic but negative para‐aortic nodes on PET/CT, 6 (22%) had histopathologically positive para‐aortic nodes. The sensitivity and specificity of PET/CT in detecting positive para‐aortic nodes when nodes were negative on CT or MRI were 36% and 96%, respectively. Eleven (18.3%) patients had a treatment modification based on surgical findings.

CONCLUSIONS:

Laparoscopic extraperitoneal para‐aortic lymphadenectomy is safe and feasible. Surgical staging of patients with locally advanced cervical cancer should be considered before planned radiation and chemotherapy. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.     

Detection of occult bone metastases of lung cancer with Fluorine‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography

Accurate staging of cancer has a critical role in optimal patient management. Fluorine‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) is superior to CT in the detection of local and distant metastases in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer. Although Tc‐99 m methylene diphosphonate (MDP) bone scanning is well established in the evaluation of bone metastases, there are conflicting reports on the use of FDG PET in the evaluation of skeletal metastases. We report on a patient with locally advanced lung carcinoma in whom FDG PET accurately identified previously unsuspected widespread asymptomatic bone metastases (bone scan and X‐rays negative, confirmed on MRI). Assessment of glucose metabolism with FDG PET might represent a more powerful tool to detect bone metastases in lung cancer compared with conventional bone scans.     

A study on the clinical value of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography combined with serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen in diagnosing recurrence/metastases in patients with early metaphase cervical cancer

Cervical cancer (CC) is the most common female genital tract malignancy, with repercussions on the psychophysiological health of female patients. Patients with CC are faced with a high risk of postoperative recurrence and metastases. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical value of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) combined with serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag) in the diagnosis of postoperative recurrence/metastases in patients with early stage CC. This was a prospective follow-up study on 246 patients who received surgery for early stage CC. The results of clinical follow-up and pathological examination were taken as the gold standard. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were calculated for PET/CT, serum SCC-Ag determination and the combined PET/CT and serum SCC-Ag method. Results demonstrated that 90.11% patients completed the follow-up, and the median follow-up time was 22 months (range, 7–42 months). Tumor recurrence or metastasis was confirmed in a total of 137 patients (55.7%), including 18 deaths. The diagnostic sensitivity of PET/CT scan combined with serum SCC-Ag determination for postoperative metastases/recurrence in patients with early stage CC was 93.43% (95% CI, 0.875–0.967). The specificity was 92.67% (95% CI, 0.856–0.965), the positive predictive value was 94.12% (95% CI, 0.884–0.972), the negative predictive value was 91.81% (95% CI, 0.846–0.959) and the area under the ROC curve was 0.930±0.019 (95% CI, 0.893–0.968; P<0.001). The results also revealed that the serum SCC-Ag level was positively correlated with SUVmax (r=0.458; P<0.001). The results from the present study demonstrated that for patients with early metaphase CC, PET/CT scan combined with serum SCC-Ag determination during the follow-up was capable of earlier, more comprehensive and more accurate detection of recurrence/metastatic lesions, which is of high clinical application value.     

Aneurysmal bone cyst of the temporal bone

Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) of the temporal bone is rare. The nature of the underlying disorder that converted into the ABC might, however, be difficult to ascertain on imaging as well as on histopathology. The unusual CT and MRI findings in a case of ABC of the temporal bone are presented. This had transdural intracerebral spread with a large component of solid enhancing matrix but no peripheral calcific rim. The patient was an adult of 45 years with a history of headache for more than 1 year.     

Metastatic cutaneous malignant melanoma: Spectrum of imaging findings and the role of multimodality imaging

Cutaneous malignant melanoma is one of the most lethal and widely metastasising cancers with unpredictable pathways of spread. One of the most significant factors associated with survival in patients who have distant metastases is the number of organ sites involved. Innovative treatment options are now available for metastatic melanoma, and diagnostic imaging has become crucial for accurate staging and restaging of disease. The objective of this pictorial review is to illustrate the imaging spectrum of metastatic cutaneous malignant melanoma including both the common and the relatively ubiquitous sites of involvement using both conventional cross‐sectional and metabolic molecular imaging. This review also highlights the importance of combining multiple imaging methods for accurate staging of metastatic melanoma.     

Comparison of accuracy and long‐term prognosis between computed tomography‐based and magnetic resonance imaging‐based brachytherapy for cervical cancer: A meta‐analysis

High‐dose‐rate brachytherapy (HDR‐BT) has been shown to play an important role in the treatment of cervical cancer patients. The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to compare the dose parameters and long‐term effects of MRI‐based, CT‐based and hybrid imaging (MRI/CT)‐based volumetric planning. A systematic search was conducted to identify the clinical studies of BT treatment on cervical cancer patients. After study selection, a total of 13 clinical studies were enrolled for further analysis. No obvious differences were observed among the treatment parameters and the patients included. In detail, no significant difference was observed among these three techniques of volumetric planning in the parameters of high‐risk clinical target volume (HR‐CTV), total dose of D90 or mean fraction dose of D90. Meanwhile, MRI‐based planning was superior to CT‐based treatment in the total dose D2cc to organs at risk (OAR) for the bladder, rectum and sigmoid. Furthermore, no significant difference was observed among MRI‐, CT‐ or hybrid‐based treatments with the mean fraction dose D2cc to OAR for the bladder, rectum or sigmoid. In conclusion, MRI provides good anatomical delineation of the relevant HR‐CTV and OAR, and performed better in the analyses of dose parameters compared with CT. At least one MR image is required to assess the tumour extension, with clinical findings and MRI information facilitating much more accurate CT‐based contouring.     

Evolution of imaging in rectal cancer: multimodality imaging with MDCT,MRI, and PET

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), and positron emission tomography (PET) are complementary imaging modalities in the preoperative staging of patients with rectal cancer, and each offers their own individual strengths and weaknesses. MRI is the best available radiologic modality for the local staging of rectal cancers, and can play an important role in accurately distinguishing which patients should receive preoperative chemoradiation prior to total mesorectal excision. Alternatively, both MDCT and PET are considered primary modalities when performing preoperative distant staging, but are limited in their ability to locally stage rectal malignancies. This review details the role of each of these three modalities in rectal cancer staging, and how the three imaging modalities can be used in conjunction.     

Expression of CD44v6 in advanced gastric cancer and its relationship to hematogenous metastasis and long-term prognosis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Variants of CD44 have been proposed to be important in promoting tumor progression and metastasis. We attempted to determine the expression of CD44v6 product in advanced gastric cancer and to evaluate its prognostic value. METHODS: The expression of CD44v6 was analyzed immunohistochemically in advanced gastric cancers using monoclonal antibody, 44-2V. We investigated the relationship between CD44v6 expression and prognosis in 201 gastric cancer patients. RESULTS: Ninety-five (47.3%) of 201 cancer tissues expressed CD44v6. The expression of CD44v6 protein was significantly higher in differentiated, adenocarcinoma than in diffuse type carcinoma. The CD44v6-positive cancers were more frequently associated with hematogenous metastasis. There was no significant correlation between CD44v6 immunoreactivity, and prognosis among the combined cases. Among patients with differentiated adenocarcinoma, however, the prognosis was significantly poorer in patients with CD44v6-positive tumors than in those with CD44v6-negative tumors. CONCLUSIONS: CD44v6 protein may have an important role in hematogenous metastasis, and may be a biologic marker of prognostic significance in differentiated type gastric cancers.