以油包水型微乳为载体促进氟尿嘧啶的经皮渗透

以磺化琥珀酸二辛酯钠 (AOT) 为主要表面活性剂,制备氟尿嘧啶油包水型微乳制剂,以促进药物的经皮渗透。以伪三元相图为基础,依据微乳区域大小, 初步筛选微乳处方;用改进的Franz扩散池和离体小鼠皮肤研究氟尿嘧啶的透皮速率,以单位面积的透皮累积渗透量 (Q_n) 为指标, 考察微乳处方中助表面活性剂的种类、水相比例、混合表面活性剂比例、表面活性剂和助表面活性剂质量比和载药量对离体鼠皮透皮吸收的影响, 优化处方。结果表明,氟尿嘧啶微乳的优化处方为含药0.5%（w/v）,水30%,混合表面活性剂（AOT/Tween 85, K_m = 2）20%, 油相（IPM）49.5%,经皮渗透符合一级速率方程,12 h累积渗透量为（1 355.5 ± 41.1）μg·cm^-2, 分别为0.5%药物水溶液和2.5%（w/w）市售乳膏（O/W）的19.1和7倍。水/AOT/Tween 85/IPM微乳系统能促进5-氟尿嘧啶的透皮吸收, 可以作为氟尿嘧啶等亲水性但水溶性差和渗透性差的药物的新型经皮给药载体。

     

天山雪莲自微乳制剂研究

目的建立雪莲自微乳制剂处方。方法通过配伍实验和伪三元相图的绘制,筛选油相、乳化剂、助乳化剂的最佳配比和处方配比。结果雪莲自微乳制剂处方中油相、表面活性剂、助表面活性剂分别为:肉豆蔻酸异丙酯、司盘80-吐温80和1,2-丙二醇。制剂载药量为6.56%。结论雪莲自微乳制剂处方组成为雪莲提取物、肉豆蔻酸异丙酯、司盘80-吐温80和1,2-丙二醇。油相、乳化剂、助乳化剂质量比为5∶3.3∶1.7。     

杨梅素微乳的制备及质量评价

目的制备杨梅素微乳,并评价其质量。方法选择适宜的油相、表面活性剂和助表面活性剂,利用伪三元相图筛选微乳处方,研制出适合经口给药的微乳制剂;采用HPLC法测定杨梅素的含量,并对微乳的类型、载药量、体外释放等进行考察。结果优选处方为聚山梨酯80-聚山梨酯20-乙醇-油酸-pH 6.5磷酸缓冲液的质量比20∶10∶15∶5∶50,杨梅素质量分数为2%。所制微乳外观透明,平均粒径为(56.3±8.7)nm,zeta电位为-2.73 mV,电导率为13.27 mS.m-1。载药微乳在不同pH值环境下对药物有良好的释放效果。结论通过优化处方制备的杨梅素微乳具有较稳定的理化性质,HPLC法可以有效、准确的测定杨梅素微乳的含量,并且微乳载药系统有良好的释药效果。     

盐酸氟西汀微乳的制备及其离体大鼠透皮作用研究

目的:制备盐酸氟西汀(FLU)微乳并考察其对离体大鼠的透皮能力。方法:筛选空白微乳中表面活性剂、助表面活性剂、油相等的组成及质量比,制备FLU微乳并考察其粒径及分布等指标;用改进的Franz扩散池研究微乳的透皮速率,考察油相含量、混合表面活性剂含量及载药量对透皮吸收的影响以优化处方并进行验证试验。结果:空白微乳组成为肉豆蔻酸异丙酯(IPM)/聚乙二醇羟硬脂酸酯15(SolutolSH15)/聚乙二醇(PEG)400/水;样品平均粒径为44.6nm,呈正态分布,多分散系数为0.317;最优处方为FLU/IPM/SolutolSH15/PEG400/水(1∶9∶20∶20∶39),验证试验中3批样品稳态透皮速率平均值为(128.96±0.32)μg·cm-2·h-1。结论:所制FLU微乳有较强的透皮能力,可进一步开发为FLU的新型透皮给药制剂。     

利多卡因——卵磷脂微乳处方的初步研究

目的 :以卵磷脂微乳为载体 ,制备利多卡因透皮给药系统。方法 :伪三元相图考察油包水型微乳形成区域 ;测定微乳黏度 ,正交分析法筛选微乳处方 ;紫外分光光度法直接测定微乳中盐酸利多卡因浓度。结果 :助表面活性剂的种类和Km(表面活性剂 /助表面活性剂用量比 )对微乳形成区域有显著性影响 ,正丙醇和异丙醇所形成的微乳区较大 ;低纯卵磷脂微乳形成区域较高纯卵磷脂大 ;醇的种类对微乳的黏度均有显著的影响 ,Km 对微乳的黏度有较大影响。选定紫外检测波长为 2 6 2nm ,盐酸利多卡因浓度在 0 .0 2～ 0 .5mg/mL范围内线性关系良好 (R =0 .9999)。平均回收率 ( 10 0 .17± 0 .16 ) %。日内差与日间差分别为 0 0 137±0 0 12 1,0 0 119± 0 0 115。结论 :选择混合表面活性剂利于制备微乳 ,醇的种类与用量对于利多卡因透皮微乳体系处方的选择具有重要意义。     

来那度胺纳米水凝胶的制备及其体外透皮吸收研究

目的:制备性质稳定、质量可控的来那度胺纳米水凝胶,评价其理化性质并考察其体外透皮吸收情况。方法:通过对药物溶解度的增加程度初步筛选用于制备来那度胺纳米乳的油相、表面活性剂和助表面活性剂;通过表面活性剂对油相的乳化效果进一步筛选油相;绘制伪三元相图,优化表面活性剂与助表面活性剂的质量比(K_m)。用激光粒度测定仪测定来那度胺纳米乳的粒径。将来那度胺纳米乳分散于卡波姆940中制备来那度胺纳米水凝胶,考察来那度胺纳米乳的外观、形态、pH值、Zeta电位、稳定性以及体外透皮性能。结果:来那度胺纳米乳的最优处方为辛癸酸甘油酯/RH40/1,2-丙二醇/水=1∶4.5∶4.5∶6.95(m/m)。以此处方制备的来那度胺纳米乳澄清透明,外观透亮,pH值为5.20±0.14,平均粒径为(24.76±0.82)nm,多分散指数为0.256±0.088,粒径分布均一,Zeta电位为-47.33 mV,高速离心后无分层现象,耐寒耐热试验前后无明显差异,稳定性良好。来那度胺水凝胶的累积透过量显著高于原料药,透皮性能良好。结论:该研究制备的来那度胺纳米水凝胶处方组成合理、性质稳定、透皮性能良...     

卵磷脂微乳的制备与理化性质考察

目的：对25℃各卵磷脂系统中微乳的形成区域以及微乳理化性质随系统中各组分的变化情况进行研究。方法：卵磷脂作表面活性剂,短链醇类作助表面活性剂,采用不同油相考察相图中油包水型微乳形成区域的变化;选择不同处方组分的微乳测定微乳理化性质。结果：各个系统均可形成油包水型微乳,室温下放置数月未见分层。卵磷脂/醇质量比(K_m)与水相量对微乳的粘度有显著影响;电导率随着水相含量增加而增大;微乳的粒径随着体系中水相的增加而增大。结论：K_m较大,水相含量适中的微乳体系较为适合制备药物载体。     

亚甲蓝油包水微乳的制备及其淋巴示踪特性的考察

目的研究亚甲蓝油包水微乳的处方工艺,并对其淋巴示踪特性进行研究。方法助表面活性剂浓度法绘制伪三元相图,考察油相、表面活性剂、助表面活性剂及其浓度对微乳形成的影响,正交设计优化处方,透射电镜观察形态,激光散射法测定粒径。通过小鼠右后脚掌皮下注射,观察小鼠腘淋巴结、髂淋巴结及腹主动脉(右肾)淋巴结的蓝染情况。结果亚甲蓝微乳的最终处方为m(大豆油)∶m[Span80-Tween80(HLB=8)]∶m(Transcutol P)∶m(质量分数为5%的葡萄糖溶液)=54.0∶36.0∶5.4∶3.6,载药质量分数为1%。亚甲蓝微乳外观圆整而呈球状,平均粒径为74.11 nm,30 m in内可将小鼠三级淋巴结蓝染。结论亚甲蓝微乳是一种具有开发前景的淋巴示踪剂,可使示踪更加准确、有效。     

辅酶Q10自微乳化释药系统的制备及稳定性研究

筛选辅酶Q10自微乳化释药系统(CoQ10-SMEDDS)的处方并考察其稳定性。通过溶解度实验筛选油相、表面活性剂和助表面活性剂;绘制三元相图,以乳化时间、乳化效果和乳滴粒径大小为指标,确定最佳处方及配比;考察CoQ10-SMEDDS在各处理条件下的稳定性。CoQ10-SMEDDS最佳处方配比为油酸乙酯∶Cremo-phor EL∶PEG400为18∶35∶7,自乳化形成平均粒径为30.9 nm的微乳。所制备的CoQ10-SMEDDS对CoQ10的溶解度大,自乳化效果好,乳滴粒径小,稳定性高。     

甲氨蝶呤微乳的制备与质量评价

目的:制备甲氨蝶呤微乳并评价其质量。方法:选用无水乙醇作助表面活性剂,以甲氨蝶呤在各种油相组分中的溶解度、不同体系的最大载油量为指标,通过滴定法绘制伪三元相图,确定微乳区,筛选甲氨蝶呤微乳的最佳处方;以外观、平均粒径及其分布、Zeta电位、含量、pH值为指标进行质量评价。结果:微乳的最佳处方为聚氧乙烯氢化蓖麻油RH-40、大豆磷脂、无水乙醇、油酸乙酯(3∶1.5∶1.5∶3),其中甲氨蝶呤在大豆磷脂中的溶解度为585.95μg·mL-1,在聚氧乙烯氢化蓖麻油RH-40/大豆磷脂体系中的最大载油量为42.8%;其外观均一透明,平均粒径为25.1nm,多分散指数为0.273,Zeta电位为-1.723mV,pH值为6～7,含药量均大于94%。结论:所制制剂理化性质稳定,制备工艺简单,质量稳定易控。     

胸腺五肽油包水型口服微乳的处方设计与评价

目的对胸腺五肽油包水(W/O)型口服微乳进行处方设计及评价。方法 Km值(Km=m乳化剂∶m助乳化剂)滴定法制备伪三元相图,考察油相、乳化剂、助乳化剂、Km值、温度和药物对W/O微乳区域面积和载水量的影响,求出W/O型微乳的最佳处方组合。结果物理化学性质稳定且W/O区域面积和载水量均较高的W/O型微乳的最佳处方组合为蒸馏水/豆磷脂/无水乙醇/辛癸酸三甘油酯(Km=1∶1),制备温度为室温(20±1)℃。根据最佳处方组合,将水溶性药物胸腺五肽溶于水相中,制备了含药微乳的伪三元相图。结论蒸馏水/豆磷脂/无水乙醇/辛癸酸三甘油酯(Km=1∶1)组合具有较大W/O区域面积和载水量,可成功地将水溶性肽类药物包载于水相,并可将其应用于口服药物传递载体。     

反相微乳制备的影响因素考察及处方优化

目的:考察油相、乳化剂和药物对反相微乳形成的影响。方法:采用伪三元相图法,考察乳化剂为司盘-80/吐温-80,模型药为胸腺五肽,油相为长链甘油酯、中链甘油酯、非甘油酯等各因素不同组成对反相微乳形成的影响,筛选最优处方。结果:以中链甘油酯为油相制得的反相微乳具有最大的W/O区域面积;确定最终处方为蒸馏水/司盘-80/吐温-80/辛癸酸三甘油酯(2∶3∶6∶9),胸腺五肽溶于水相中较宜。结论:乳化剂及油相组成、药物均对反相微乳的形成有影响,实际制备中应对各因素水平进行优化。     

5-氟尿嘧啶口服微乳的制备及其大鼠肠吸收作用研究

目的:制备5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fu)口服微乳,并考察其在大鼠肠吸收的作用。方法:以肉豆蔻酸异丙酯为油相、单辛/癸酸甘油酯为乳化剂,借助伪三元相图法对不同5-Fu微乳处方进行评价;用外翻肠囊法制备肠吸收离体模型,考察5-Fu微乳的吸收部位和促吸收效果。结果:选择肉豆蔻酸异丙酯-单辛/癸酸甘油酯-无水乙醇-水(Km=1∶2)体系作为5-Fu微乳的载药体系;与其溶液比较,5-Fu微乳可明显改善药物的肠吸收,小肠中后段是其最佳吸收部位,90min时累积吸收率微乳是溶液的3倍。结论:所制备的5-Fu微乳性质稳定、肠吸收效果良好。     

双氯芬酸钠自乳化给药系统的研制

目的研制双氯芬酸钠自乳化给药系统。方法通过测定双氯芬酸钠在各种溶剂中的平衡溶解度,选择适宜油相、乳化剂、助乳化剂,并在此基础上绘制伪三元相图。通过对各处方比例的筛选,结合各处方载药量以及所形成微乳的稳定性,确定最佳处方。结果以油相为三辛酸/癸酸甘油酯,乳化剂为Cremophor EL,助乳化剂为丙二醇,Km1为4∶1,Km2为1∶9,双氯芬酸钠在微乳中的质量浓度为25g.L-1,该处方为最佳处方。结论所研制的自乳化给药系统具有粒径小、载药量高、性质稳定的优势,可作为进一步研究的基础。     

Enhancement of transdermal delivery of theophylline using microemulsion vehicle

A microemulsion vehicle had been studied as a possible matrix for transdermal delivery of theophylline. The existence of microemulsion regions were investigated in pseudo-ternary phase diagrams, and various microemulsion formulations were prepared using oleic acid, Cremophor RH40/Labrasol (1:2) and water. The optimal formulation of the microemulsion was evaluated in vitro using Franz diffusion cells. The droplet size of microemulsion was characterized by photo correlation spectroscopy. Pharmacokinetic study in vivo was conducted using rabbits, and the results indicated that AUC(0-->infinity) of transdermal administration was 1.65-fold higher than that of oral solution administration. These studies showed that microemulsion system of theophylline might be promising vehicles for the transdermal delivery of theophylline.     

Evaluation of nicotinamide microemulsion on the skin penetration enhancement

This study purposed to evaluate a microemulsion containing nicotinamide for its characteristics, stability, and skin penetration and retention comparing with a solution of nicotinamide in 2:1 mixture of water and isopropyl alcohol (IPA). The microemulsion system was composed of 1:1 mixture of Span80 and Tween80 as a surfactant mixture, isopropyl palmitate (IPP) as an oil phase, and 2:1 mixture of water and IPA as an aqueous phase. Nicotinamide microemulsion was prepared by dissolving the active in the aqueous phase before simply mixing with the other components. It was determined for its characteristics and stability under various conditions. The skin penetration and retention studies of nicotinamide microemulsion and solution were performed by modified Franz diffusion cells, using newborn pig skin as the membrane. The results showed that nicotinamide microemulsion could be obtained as clear yellowish liquid, was water-in-oil (w/o) type, possessed Newtonian flow, and exhibited physicochemical stability when kept at 4?°C and room temperature (≈30?±?2?°C) during 3 months. From the skin penetration data, the microemulsion could enhance the skin penetration of nicotinamide comparing with the solution. Additionally, nicotinamide microemulsion could provide much higher amount of skin retention than that of skin penetration, resulting in suitability for a cosmeceutical product.     

Incorporation of Antitubercular Drug Isoniazid in Pharmaceutically Accepted Microemulsion: Effect on Microstructure and Physical Parameters

Purpose The purpose of present study is to formulate microemulsion composed of oleic acid, phosphate buffer, Tween 80, ethanol and to investigate its potential as drug delivery system for an antitubercular drug isoniazid. Materials and Methods The pseudo-ternary phase diagram (Gibbs Triangle) was delineated at constant surfactant/co-surfactant ratio (Km 0.55). Changes in the microstructure were established using conductivity (σ), viscosity (η), surface tension (γ) and density measurements. Dissolution studies and particle size analysis were carried out to understand the release of isoniazid from the microemulsion formulation. Further, partitioning studies and spectroscopic analysis (FT-IR and ¹H NMR) was performed to evaluate the location of drug in the colloidal formulation. Results Physico-chemical analysis of microemulsion system showed the occurrence of structural changes from water-in-oil to oil-in-water microemulsion. It has been observed that the microemulsion remained stable after the incorporation of isoniazid (in terms of optical texture, pH and phase separation). The changes in the microstructure of the microemulsion after incorporation of drug was analyzed on the basis of partition studies of isoniazid in microemulsion components and various parameters viz pH, σ, η,γ. In addition, the particle size analysis indicates that the microemulsion changes into o/w emulsion at infinite dilution. The spectroscopic studies revealed that most of the drug molecules are present in the continuum region of an o/w microemulsion. Dissolution studies infer that a controlled release of drug is expected from o/w emulsion droplet. In the present system the release of isoniazid from microemulsion was found to be non-Fickian. Conclusion The present Tween based microemulsion appears beneficial for the delivery of the isoniazid in terms of easy preparation, stability, low cost, sustained and controlled release of a highly water soluble drug. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

The novel oral imatinib microemulsions: physical properties,cytotoxicity activities and improved Caco-2 cell permeability

The objective of this study was to formulate imatinib (IM) loaded to water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsions as an alternative formulation for cancer therapy and to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of microemulsions Caco-2 and MCF-7. Moreover, permeability studies were also performed with Caco-2 cells. W/o microemulsion systems were developed by using pseudo-ternary phase diagram. According to cytotoxicity studies, all formulations did not exert a cytotoxic effect on Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, all formulations had a significant cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells and the cytotoxic effect of M3IM was significantly more than that of other microemulsions and IM solution (p?<?0.05). The permeability studies of IM across Caco-2 cells showed that permeability value from apical to basolateral was higher than permeability value of other formulations. In conclusion, the microemulsion formulations as a drug carrier, especially M3IM formulation, may be used as an effective alternative breast cancer therapy for oral delivery of IM.     

Formulation and ex-vivo evaluation of metronidazole microemulsion loaded hydrogel for prevention of periodontitis

Periodontal disease comprises a group of inflammatory conditions of periodontal tissues with common etiologic agent (bacteria) in the form of dental plaque. The objective of this research was to prepare a water-in-oil type microemulsion comprising metronidazole and equate its potency towards the effective treatment of periodontitis. A pseudo ternary phase diagram for microemulsion investigated using quaternary system containing water/captex 500/ tween 80/acconon CC6. The microemulsion was preferred from the microemulsion area on the phase diagram. Stable water-in-oil type metronidazole microemulsion was prepared successfully using the quaternary system of water/captex 500/ tween 80/acconon CC6 at 4:1 ratio having droplet size in the range of 81 ± 12.91 to 196 ± 10.73 nm, conductivity 50.6 ± 0.8 to 330.7 ± 1.1 μs/cm. In-vitro drug release, in vitro and ex vivo antimicrobial activities by agar well diffusion were investigated. Metronidazole Microemulsion loaded hydrogel formulations (F9 and F10) were found to be optimized for maximum release and antimicrobial activity in terms of zone of inhibition. The in vitro release evidenced that metronidazole microemulsion loaded hydrogel release rate was maximum as compared to other plain metronidazole gels. Stability study proved that microemulsion persisted stable for at least 6 months; with no changes in clarity, characteristic properties, and no sign of crystallization of metronidazole. In ex vivo evaluation, microemulsion based hydrogels were effective against the microbial flora of the human oral cavity suffering from periodontitis. The system was found to be appropriate for application and more effective in reducing the clinical symptoms of periodontitis.