毒品依赖者社会支持与心理健康的相关分析

目的：揭示毒品依赖者的社会支持特点及其与心理健康状况的关系。方法：采用症状自评量表和社会支持量表对戒毒所收治的143例毒品依赖者进行调查分析，并和正常组对照。结果：毒品依赖者的社会支持总分和客观支持分，主观支持分，支持利用度等3个因子分明显低于对照组(大学生)，尤以客观支持分为低，毒品依赖者中男性客观支持分和对支持的利用度高于女性。社会支持总分和各因子分大都与SCL-90总分及各因子分呈负相关。结论：毒品依赖者的社会支持差，社会支持与其心理健康状况密切相关。     

大学生社会支持与心理健康的关系

目的　本研究观察了社会支持对大学生心理健康的影响。方法　采用社会支持评定量表 ( SSRS)和 SCL-90分别测试 45 7名大学生。SCL-90的心理障碍筛查标准如下 :总分 >1 60或阳性项目数〉43项 ,或任何一个因子分〉2。结果　在所有受试中 ,SCL-90共筛查诊断为心理障碍 5 0名 ( 1 1 .0 % )。心理健康组的社会支持各因子分 ,均高于心理障碍组。结论　大多数学生保持心理健康。心理健康与社会关系和社会支持有密切关系。对于大学生的心理健康 ,不断的监测和提供适当的支持系统是相当重要的。     

社会支持与精神分裂症康复的关系

目的探讨社会支持与精神分裂症康复的关系和作用。方法按入组标准随机抽样,再由患者与家属共同填写焦虑自评量表(SAS)[2]、症状自评量表(SCL-90)和社会支持量表[3],并进行对比研究。结果精神分裂症患者的3个量表评分与正常人群测试结果有较大的差异,P<0.01～0.001。结论精神分裂症患者存在严重的社会支持不足,随着患者病情的加剧或反复不愈,这种社会支持不足将进一步影响患者的康复。     

初中生社会支持与心理健康的关系研究

目的了解初中生的心理健康状况及其与社会支持的关系。方法采用社会支持评定量表(SSRS)、症状自评量表(SCL-90)对273名初中生进行问卷调查,然后对数据进行t检验和相关分析。结果初中女生的问题检出率高于男生;学生的心理问题集中在强迫症状、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对等5个因子上,女生的客观支持显著高于男生(t=-2.146,P<0.05);心理健康大部分因子与社会支持存在显著相关(r=0.258,P<0.01)。结论初中生心理健康状况总体较好,但是问题检出率仍不乐观,女生的问题检出率高于男生;社会支持与心理健康密切相关。     

社会支持与脑卒中后抑郁的关系

目的 探讨脑卒中后抑郁(PSD)与社会支持的关系。方法 采取病例对照研究,用社会支持量表对53例卒中后抑郁和65例不伴有抑郁的脑卒中患者进行评定。结果 抑郁组客观支持、主观支持和对支持的利用度因子分均低于非抑郁组,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05或P<0.01);抑郁组男性患者对支持的利用度低于女性(P<0.05);抑郁组主观支持、支持利用度因子分与SDS总分呈负相关(r=-0.320,P<0.05和r=-0.429,P<0.01);客观支持与SDS总分无明显相关关系(r=-0.033,P>0.05)。结论 社会支持不足可能是脑卒中后抑郁发生的原因之一,其中主观支持和对支持的利用度与脑卒中后抑郁关系可能更为密切,男性患者和女性患者之间在对社会支持的利用度方面可能存在差异。     

社会支持与重症监护(ICU)科室护士心身健康的关系

目的 评价影响ICU护理人员心理健康状况的因素,探讨社会支持与其心身健康的关系.方法 以ICU科室44名和非ICU护士36名为被试,采用自评式问卷施测,包括社会支持量表、症状自评量表(SCL-90)和总体幸福感量表.结果 ①ICU科室护士与全国常模相比,多数因子均有显著差异:与非ICU护士相比,只在躯体化上有显著差异.②客观支持与多数身心健康因子有显著相关,支持利用度与抑郁显著相关.结论 ICU科室护士存在一定程度的心身症状,因此有必要采取多种措施,改善ICU科室护士的心理健康水平.     

大学生心理健康状况及其与应对方式、社会支持的关系

目的 了解大学生心理健康状况及其与应对方式、社会支持的关系，为开展心理健康教育提供依据。方法 采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）、应对方式问卷（CSQ）、社会支持评定量表（SSRS），对陕西3所院校756名本科生进行问卷调查。结果 大学生存在一定的心理问题，心理问题检出率21.69%，SCL-90各因子分存在城乡和文理科差异（P值均〈0.05）。心理健康状况与应对方式、社会支持显著相关（P值均〈0.01），自责、解决问题、求助、幻想应对方式和对支持的利用度、客观支持、主观支持进入回归方程。结论 改善大学生的社会支持，引导他们采用积极的应对方式，有针对性地加强心理健康教育。     

煤炭企业管理者退休初期心理状况与社会支持、应对方式的关系研究

目的了解退休初期煤炭企业管理者心理健康状况与社会支持、应对方式的关系,为有针对性地开展老年工作提供依据。方法采用整群抽样法抽取开滦集团386名退休煤炭企业管理者进行症状自评量表、社会支持量表和简易应对方式问卷评估。结果①386名退休初期煤炭企业管理者中,30.9%的人可能存在心理问题,并且女性心理问题检出率明显高于男性(χ2=4.568,P<0.05);②消极应对、社会支持总分与退休初期煤炭企业管理者的心理健康显著相关,并且能够联合解释退休初期煤炭企业管理者心理健康4.7%的变异量,社会支持直接预测心理健康,消极应对在支持的利用度和心理健康之间起中介作用。结论 30.9%的退休初期煤炭企业管理者存在心理问题,男性心理问题低于女性;社会支持正向预测心理健康水平,消极应对在支持的利用度和心理健康之间起中介作用。     

The Influence of Sociocultural Factors on Body Image: A Meta-Analysis

Various factors have been implicated in the development of body image dissatisfaction. Especially important are three constructs: awareness of a thin ideal, internalization of a thin ideal, and perceived pressures to be thin. Using meta-analysis, we calculated the strength of the relationships between each of these constructs and body image, and we evaluated the differences in magnitude across the average effect sizes. We also tested the moderating effects of age and ethnicity, and we compared the average effect sizes with those from meta-analyses of prospective and experimental studies in order to determine whether the effect sizes differed by study design. The results indicated the following: all three sociocultural factors had statistically significant relationships with body image; internalization and perceived pressures have a significantly stronger relationship to body image than does awareness; the effect sizes from cross-sectional studies were significantly larger than those of both longitudinal and experimental studies; and neither age nor ethnicity was a statistically significant moderator of the relationship between awareness and body image or that between internalization and body image. In this article, we discuss the limitations and implications of the findings on future research, theory, and clinical application.     

The Influence of Sociocultural Factors on Body Image: Searching for Constructs

Body image is a multidimensional construct that has received increasing scientific study over the past few decades. Considerable research has examined the determinants of body image development and functioning and their implications for other aspects of psychosocial well-being, especially eating pathology among girls and young women. Cafri, Yamamiya, Brannick, and Thompson (this issue) reported the results of a meta-analysis of how selected, self-reported sociocultural influence variables correlate with the basic dimension of body image evaluation. Their work raises and reinforces important questions about the definition and measurement of sociocultural influence constructs.     

Genetic and Environmental Factors in Relative Body Weight and Human Adiposity

We review the literature on the familial resemblance of body mass index (BMI) and other adiposity measures and find strikingly convergent results for a variety of relationships. Results from twin studies suggest that genetic factors explain 50 to 90% of the variance in BMI. Family studies generally report estimates of parent–offspring and sibling correlations in agreement with heritabilities of 20 to 80%. Data from adoption studies are consistent with genetic factors accounting for 20 to 60% of the variation in BMI. Based on data from more than 25,000 twin pairs and 50,000 biological and adoptive family members, the weighted mean correlations are .74 for MZ twins, .32 for DZ twins, .25 for siblings, .19 for parent–offspring pairs, .06 for adoptive relatives, and .12 for spouses. Advantages and disadvantages of twin, family, and adoption studies are reviewed. Data from the Virginia 30,000, including twins and their parents, siblings, spouses, and children, were analyzed using a structural equation model (Stealth) which estimates additive and dominance genetic variance, cultural transmission, assortative mating, nonparental shared environment, and special twin and MZ twin environmental variance. Genetic factors explained 67% of the variance in males and females, of which half is due to dominance. A small proportion of the genetic variance was attributed to the consequences of assortative mating. The remainder of the variance is accounted for by unique environmental factors, of which 7% is correlated across twins. No evidence was found for a special MZ twin environment, thereby supporting the equal environment assumption. These results are consistent with other studies in suggesting that genetic factors play a significant role in the causes of individual differences in relative body weight and human adiposity.     

Factors Related with Adiponectinemia in Obese and Normal-Weight Women and with Its Variation in Weight Loss Programs

ObjectiveTo assess different factors influencing adiponectinemia in obese and normal-weight women; to identify factors associated with the variation (Δ) in adiponectinemia in obese women following a 6-month weight loss program, according to surgical/non-surgical interventions.MethodsWe studied 100 normal-weight women and 112 obese premenopausal women; none of them was on any medical treatment. Women were characterized for anthropometrics, daily macronutrient intake, smoking status, contraceptives use, adiponectin as well as IL-6 and TNF-α serum concentrations.ResultsAdiponectinemia was lower in obese women (p < 0.001), revealing an inverse association with waist-to-hip ratio (p < 0.001; r = −0.335). Normal-weight women presented lower adiponectinemia among smokers (p = 0.041); body fat, waist-to-hip ratio, TNF-α levels, carbohydrate intake, and smoking all influence adiponectinemia (r² = 0.436). After weight loss interventions, a significant modification in macronutrient intake occurs followed by anthropometrics decrease (chiefly after bariatric procedures) and adiponectinemia increase (similar after surgical and non-surgical interventions). After bariatric intervention, Δ adiponectinemia was inversely correlated to Δ waist circumference and Δ carbohydrate intake (r² = 0.706). Conclusion: Anthropometrics, diet, smoking, and TNF-α levels all influence adiponectinemia in normal-weight women, although explaining less than 50% of it. In obese women, anthropometrics modestly explain adiponectinemia. Opposite to non-surgical interventions, after bariatric surgery adiponectinemia increase is largely explained by diet composition and anthropometric changes.Key Words: Obesity, Adiponectin, Adipokines, Lifestyle factors, Weight loss, Bariatric surgery     

下肢康复训练减重支撑系统的研究现状

目的：下肢减重康复训练已成为下肢功能康复重要的治疗方法之一,因其在恢复步行能力、纠正步态、改善平衡、减轻肌肉痉挛、减少心肺负荷等方面具有优势,故下肢减重康复训练越来越受到众多学者的关注。然而,下肢康复训练减重支撑系统是下肢减重康复训练必不可少的一部分,因为合理舒适的减重支撑系统对于减重康复训练的效果具有较大的影响。因此随着科技的发展下肢康复训练减重支撑系统也在一步步改进以满足患者的需求。本文对下肢康复训练减重支撑系统的国内外研究现状进行综述,并展望其发展趋势。方法：通过查阅国内外相关文献,同时融合本单位的相关经验分析总结进行综述。结果：目前所使用的减重支撑系统（BWS）主要有悬吊减重系统、斜床背部支撑减重系统、水浮力减重系统、空气压差式减重系统等。结论：上述几种减重系统都有其缺点,在使用时具有一定的局限性,因此需要进行相关技术的进一步改进以设计出更加自然、合理的下肢减重支撑系统以满足更多患者的需求,故下肢康复训练减重支撑系统具有广阔的发展空间和良好的应用前景。     

甘草苷对抑郁模型大鼠体重及行为学的影响

目的:观察甘草苷对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠体重及行为学的影响。方法:72只成年SD雄性大鼠,随机分为6组:正常对照组、模型组、氟西汀组,以及甘草苷3个剂量组,每组12只。采用慢性应激加孤养造模,应激持续5周,从第3周起进行药物干预。观察大鼠体重及行为学改变。结果:应激5周后,与正常对照组相比模型组大鼠体重降低(429±45/494±37,P<0.01),糖水消耗量降低(8.3±3.3/14.4±2.7,P<0.01),强迫游泳的不动时间延长(96±10/37±9,P<0.01)。3周甘草苷灌胃后,大鼠体重仍低于正常对照组(444±45、442±22、423±28/494±37,P<0.01),但与模型组相比差异无显著性;甘草苷3个剂量组的糖水消耗量较模型组大鼠增加(11.4±4.0、14.1±3.5、14.0±2.5/8.3±3.3,P<0.05);强迫游泳不动时间较模型组大鼠也缩短(63±8、66±10、26±8、41±11/96±10,z=-2.02、-3.52、-3.03,P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:除未发现对体重的影响外,3周灌胃甘草苷可以有效逆转抑郁模型大鼠上述的行为学改变,提示甘草苷具有抗抑郁样作用。     

The Role of Body Image and Depression in Tanning Behaviors and Attitudes

In the current study, we examined correlates of tanning behaviors and attitudes. Undergraduates (N = 277; 53% female; average age = 19.27 years) completed measures of appearance orientation and appearance evaluation from the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire, the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, and questions addressing tanning behaviors and attitudes. Women were more likely to engage in indoor tanning and perceived greater susceptibility to photoaging than men. Body image and depression were associated with tanning behaviors and attitudes. Results suggest that psychological factors are important motivators of both indoor and outdoor tanning, although each has unique correlates. Implications for reducing risky tanning behaviors are discussed.     

初探青少年学生体像烦恼与社交问题

目的 探讨青少年体像烦恼与社交问题的关系。方法 采用自编问卷对3121名大、中学生进行抽样调查。结果 体像烦恼与社交问题间存在显著相关,主要表现为社交问题与性器官烦恼间的相关;性别,家庭住址不影响体像烦恼者的社交问题。但在学段上却表现出明显差异。结论 体像烦恼特别是性器官烦恼是影响社交问题的因素之一。