宫、腹腔镜治疗剖宫产瘢痕妊娠21例临床分析北大核心CSCD

目的探讨宫、腹腔镜治疗剖宫产瘢痕妊娠（cesarean scar pregnancy,CSP）的安全性及可行性。方法回顾性分析2014年3月~2015年9月21例CSP的资料,其中内生型12例（其中Ⅰ型6例,Ⅱ型6例）,外生型9例（其中Ⅱ型8例,Ⅲ型1例）。行宫腔镜下清宫6例（Ⅰ型5例,Ⅱ型1例,均为内生型）;腹腔镜监护下宫腔镜下瘢痕妊娠物电切4例（Ⅰ型1例,Ⅱ型3例,均为内生型）;腹腔镜下瘢痕妊娠病灶切除＋子宫修补术＋宫腔镜检查11例（Ⅱ型10例,Ⅲ型1例,包括2例内生型,9例外生型）。结果腹腔镜监护下宫腔镜下瘢痕妊娠物电切术2例因病灶位于瘢痕憩室内,宫腔镜下手术困难,行腹腔镜下病灶切除;腹腔镜下瘢痕妊娠病灶切除＋子宫修补术＋宫腔镜检查术1例术中出血1100 ml;余18例均顺利完成手术。血β-h CG术后2~4周恢复正常,4~6周月经恢复。结论宫、腹腔镜联合治疗CSP是安全可行的。     

腹腔镜对剖宫产瘢痕妊娠的诊治价值

目的：探讨腹腔镜对剖宫产瘢痕妊娠（ cesarean scar pregnancy ,CSP）的诊治价值。方法回顾分析2008年2月～2011年12月15例CSP入院即行腹腔镜治疗（腹腔镜监护下清宫或腹腔镜病灶切除及修补术）和12例经保守性治疗（药物或者超声引导下清宫）失败转腹腔镜治疗的临床资料。结果首选腹腔镜手术治疗15例中,1例因探查发现瘢痕缺损较大,出血多,中转开腹;9例行腹腔镜下病灶切除及修补术,其中3例同时行子宫动脉阻断术（uterine artery embolization,UAE）,2例同时行宫腔镜检查;5例行腹腔镜监护下清宫,其中2例同时行宫腔镜检查术。15例均治愈并保留子宫,术后平均29 dβ-hCG降至正常,平均2个月月经复潮,半年后3例再次妊娠（其中1例足月时剖宫产分娩）。保守性治疗失败12例中,7例在腹腔镜监护下清宫,其中1例同时行宫腔镜检查;5例行腹腔镜下病灶切除及修补术,其中2例行UAE,1例行宫腔镜检查术。12例均治愈并保留子宫,术后平均30 dβ-hCG降至正常,平均1个月月经复潮,半年后2例再次妊娠。结论腹腔镜手术能尽早明确诊断,有多种手术方式选择,降低CSP诊治过程中的风险,可以修复瘢痕部位缺陷,是诊断和治疗CSP的理想方法。     

宫、腹腔镜在治疗剖宫产瘢痕部妊娠中的应用价值

目的探讨剖宫产瘢痕部妊娠（caesarean scar pregnancy,CSP）的诊断及宫、腹腔镜治疗的可行性。方法回顾性分析2000年1月~2010年8月31例子宫下段剖宫产瘢痕部妊娠患者的临床资料。V ial分型Ⅰ型18例,Ⅱ型13例。Ⅰ型应用宫腔镜行妊娠病灶切除术,Ⅱ型应用腹腔镜行子宫瘢痕部位病灶楔形切除＋子宫修补术。结果应用宫腔镜行妊娠病灶局部切除术18例,其中2例包块直径〉3 cm,改行腹腔镜下局部病灶楔形切除＋子宫修补术。应用腹腔镜治疗13例,其中2例因局部包块直径〉5 cm,中转开腹行病灶楔形切除术＋子宫修补术。31例均痊愈出院。无严重并发症发生,术后血β-hCG降至正常时间15~30 d,（20.7±5.3）d,月经周期均恢复正常。结论 CSP如能早期诊断,应用腔镜治疗是可行的,能保留患者生殖功能,值得临床推广。     

经阴道手术治疗剖宫产术后子宫瘢痕部位妊娠

目的探讨经阴道手术治疗剖宫产术后子宫瘢痕部位妊娠（caesareanscarpregnancy,CSP）的价值。方法对我科2009年8月至2012年8月收治的符合CSP诊断标准的21例患者行经阴道手术治疗,采用腰硬联合麻醉,膀胱截石位,按阴道手术常规操作,于宫颈阴道部与阴道前壁交界处,横向切开阴道前壁,上推膀胱腹膜反折2—3cm,暴露子宫前壁下段,见到病灶后,酌情切开子宫前壁下段,吸出病灶。结果2l例CSP行经阴道病灶切除联合子宫修补术,术后平均住院4（3～5）d。均获随访,所有患者手术后3周内血绒毛膜促性腺激素（p—humanchorionicgonadotrophin,p．HCG）降至正常,1～2个月月经恢复正常。结论经阴道手术治疗子宫瘢痕部位妊娠效果确切,疗效好,恢复快,值得临床推广应用。     

宫、腹腔镜治疗剖宫产瘢痕妊娠21例临床分析

目的探讨宫、腹腔镜治疗剖宫产瘢痕妊娠(cesarean scar pregnancy,CSP)的安全性及可行性。方法回顾性分析2014年3月~2015年9月21例CSP的资料,其中内生型12例(其中Ⅰ型6例,Ⅱ型6例),外生型9例(其中Ⅱ型8例,Ⅲ型1例)。行宫腔镜下清宫6例(Ⅰ型5例,Ⅱ型1例,均为内生型);腹腔镜监护下宫腔镜下瘢痕妊娠物电切4例(Ⅰ型1例,Ⅱ型3例,均为内生型);腹腔镜下瘢痕妊娠病灶切除+子宫修补术+宫腔镜检查11例(Ⅱ型10例,Ⅲ型1例,包括2例内生型,9例外生型)。结果腹腔镜监护下宫腔镜下瘢痕妊娠物电切术2例因病灶位于瘢痕憩室内,宫腔镜下手术困难,行腹腔镜下病灶切除;腹腔镜下瘢痕妊娠病灶切除+子宫修补术+宫腔镜检查术1例术中出血1100 ml;余18例均顺利完成手术。血β-h CG术后2~4周恢复正常,4~6周月经恢复。结论宫、腹腔镜联合治疗CSP是安全可行的。     

宫、腹腔镜在剖宫产瘢痕妊娠治疗中的应用

目的探讨宫、腹腔镜治疗剖宫产瘢痕妊娠（cesarean scar pregnancy,CSP）的可行性及价值。方法回顾性分析2003年1月－2009年l1月我院行宫、腹腔镜下CSP病灶：切除的10例资料,术前均用甲氨蝶呤（MTX）化疗或子宫动脉栓寒预处理。2例子宫前壁下段内不均质混合性包块向宫外突出,近突破子宫浆膜层,包块直径〉3cm,采川腹腔镜下病灶切除,余8例宫腔镜下病灶切除。结果J0例均治疗成功,无并发症发牛。术后血3-hCG恢复止常时间14-36d,正常月经来潮时间20-40d。5例宫腔镜手术者再次妊娠,其中1例一次CSP,行MrrX保守治疗治愈、结论宫、腹腔镜下CSP病灶切除,是CSP微创治疗的可行方法。     

经阴道子宫下段瘢痕妊娠病灶清除术治疗外生型剖宫产瘢痕妊娠的临床效果

目的 探讨经阴道子宫下段瘢痕妊娠病灶清除术治疗外生型剖宫产瘢痕妊娠(CSP)的临床效果。方法 回顾性分析2019-09—2021-02在河南驻马店市妇幼保健院行手术治疗的76例外生型CSP患者的临床资料,根据子宫下段瘢痕妊娠病灶清除方式分为经阴道组和腹腔镜组,各38例。比较2组患者的基线资料;记录手术时间、术中出血量,以及术后疼痛评分、肛门排气时间、住院时间、住院费用、血清β-hCG降至正常时间、月经恢复正常时间;统计术后并发症发生率。结果 2组均顺利完成相关手术。清除组织均经病理学检查证实为胎盘绒毛组织。经阴道组的手术时间、术后肛门排气时间和住院时间短于腹腔镜组,术中出血量和住院费用少于腔镜组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组患者术后24 h的疼痛评分、血清β-hCG降至正常时间、月经恢复正常时间,以及并发症的发生率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 经阴道子宫下段瘢痕妊娠病灶清除术和腹腔镜子宫下段瘢痕妊娠病灶清除术治疗外生型CSP效果确切,其中前者治疗创伤更轻、患者治疗负担更低。     

剖宫产子宫切口瘢痕部位妊娠临床分析

目的探讨剖宫产术后子宫瘢痕部位妊娠的临床表现、诊断、治疗及预后。方法回顾性分析9例子宫瘢痕部位妊娠患者的临床资料,包括临床表现、发生子宫瘢痕部位妊娠距前次剖宫产术的时间、辅助检查、治疗方法及预后。结果患者发病距前次剖宫产妊娠时间2～25年;孕龄：早孕6例,中孕2例,晚孕1例。治疗方法：氨甲喋呤全身或局部化疗2例;宫腔镜病灶电切3例;吸宫术1例;开腹病灶切除1例;剖宫取胎术3例;子宫次全切除3例。结论随着剖宫产率的升高,子宫瘢痕部位妊娠的发病率明显上升,是剖宫产术后严重的并发症。二维超声、宫腔镜检查、MRI、血β-HCG对CSP的诊断和鉴别诊断有很高的价值。氨甲喋呤全身和局部用药后再行吸宫术有效,开腹行病灶局灶切除安全,病灶〈5cm、局限在浅肌层宫腔镜电切安全有效。     

腹腔镜双侧子宫动脉阻断联合宫腔镜妊娠病灶清除治疗剖宫产瘢痕妊娠

目的探讨腹腔镜双侧子宫动脉阻断联合宫腔镜妊娠病灶清除治疗剖宫产瘢痕妊娠(cesarean scar pregnancy,CSP)的疗效。方法 2013年1月~2015年5月北京大学第三医院妇科诊治62例CSP,均行经阴道超声检查进行初筛,盆腔MRI确诊,腹腔镜下先分离出双侧子宫动脉并进行阻断,然后在宫腔镜下清除剖宫产瘢痕部位的妊娠病灶,复查术后血h CG、妇科超声,评估治疗效果。结果 62例均成功实施腹腔镜下双侧子宫动脉阻断及宫腔镜妊娠病灶清除,无中转开腹及子宫切除。术中出血量中位数为30 ml(P_(25):20 ml,P_(75):100 ml),4例因病灶范围大,术中出血分别为600、600、800、800 ml,其中3例输血。1例因术后h CG下降不满意再次行宫腔镜妊娠病灶清除术。血h CG术后4~75 d,(30.9±16.9)d降至正常。术后20~75 d,(34.8±11.4)d月经恢复来潮。62例随访4~32个月,(15.8±8.0)月,5例再次妊娠,其中4例足月剖宫产分娩,1例术后再次发生CSP,行宫腔镜病灶清除。结论腹腔镜双侧子宫动脉阻断联合宫腔镜瘢痕妊娠病灶清除治疗CSP疗效确切,是治疗CSP的理想方法。     

Ⅱ型剖宫产瘢痕妊娠的腹腔镜处理

目的探讨腹腔镜下子宫动脉阻断、病灶切除及子宫修补术治疗Ⅱ型剖宫产瘢痕妊娠(cesarean scar pregnancy,CSP)的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2009年9月~2013年12月31例Ⅱ型CSP的临床资料,均在腹腔镜下游离出双侧子宫动脉并以3-0可吸收线结扎,然后行妊娠病灶切除及子宫修补术,5例有生育要求者松解子宫动脉的结扎线。术后随访血β-h CG、月经恢复的情况。结果 31例手术均获成功,无中转开腹,无严重手术并发症。手术时间50~100 min,(70.4±12.3)min。术中出血量50~200 ml,(123.6±36.8)ml。术后血β-h CG降至正常时间10~25 d,(19.8±8.1)d,月经周期均恢复正常。结论腹腔镜下子宫动脉阻断、病灶切除及子宫修补术具备微创、安全、疗效确切等优点,是Ⅱ型CSP的有效治疗方法。     

Hepatic adenoma during pregnancy and anesthetic management

We report the case of a 24-year-old woman with a large hepatic adenoma diagnosed in the third trimester of pregnancy. The adenoma was at risk of rupture. She underwent scheduled preterm cesarean delivery under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia, followed by transarterial embolization on post-partum day six. Definitive resection of the adenoma took place two months postpartum.     

子宫肌壁间妊娠：宫腔镜及腹腔镜成功诊治一例并文献复习

目的探讨子宫肌壁间妊娠(intramural pregnancy, IMP)临床病理特征,诊断与鉴别诊断及治疗方案。 方法回顾分析1例IMP患者的临床表现、辅助检查、临床治疗、活检及病理结果,对IMP进行相关讨论及文献复习。 结果患者接受宫腹腔镜联合探查术,病灶成功切除并保留子宫。 结论子宫肌层妊娠,因诊断困难,治疗上尚缺乏经验,但对于有人工流产史、子宫内膜异位症、胚胎移植史的高危人群,应该警惕此病。     

Unusual gestational choriocarcinoma arising in an interstitial pregnancy

INTRODUCTION

Choriocarcinoma is a highly malignant trophoblastic neoplasm. Its association with ectopic pregnancy is very rare and usually with aggressive behavior.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

We report a new case arising in an interstitial pregnancy occurring in a 46-year-old woman. The patient was admitted for severe pelvic pain and abundant metrorrhagia. One month ago, she had had a laparoscopic resection of an interstitial pregnancy subsequent to failure of chemotherapy by methotrexate. The raise of serum βhCG level and the hyperechoic intrauterine mass were in favor of gestational trophoblastic disease. Urgent laparotomy was performed for circulatory collapse. Hysterectomy was done. Histological examination revealed a choriocarcinoma. The patient underwent chemotherapy. Two years later, neither metastasis nor recurrence was detected.

DISCUSSION

Clinical diagnosis of primary interstitial choriocarcinoma is difficult, since it is rare and manifesting by non-specific abnormal vaginal bleeding. Imaging findings are also not helpful in ectopic location. The frequency of metastasis is related to the delayed diagnosis. Serial measurement of βhCG level was the most useful marker of diagnosis and follow up. Histopathological examination remains the only tool of the precise diagnosis. Choriocarcinoma has a very good prognosis even in advanced stages, since it is very chemosensitive.

CONCLUSION

The current trend of the treatment of ectopic pregnancy by conservative surgery requires adequate monitoring of βhCG and careful examination of pathologic specimens to avoid misdiagnosis of ectopic gestational trophoblastic disease.     

Relation between Semen Quality and Fate of Pregnancy: Retrospective Study on 534 Pregnancies

Full semen analysis including sperm and seminal plasma (SP) was performed on 534 men, within 3 months of their wives conception. 65% of the pregnant wives eventually delivered, while the remainder aborted. The abortions were divided into five groups: early abortion (6%), late abortion (3%), repeated abortion (14%), and habitual abortion (12%). SP quality of the husbands of the various groups were identical. The motility and vitality of spermatozoa of the various groups were in the same range. Sperm concentration was significantly higher in the repeated and habitual abortion groups with a tendency to polyzoospermia. The morphology of spermatozoa was much better in these two groups. Generally, sperm quality of the men whose wives were repeated or habitual aborters was better than in the other groups. We could not find any evidence in the routine semen analysis indicating that sperm quality was responsible for the abortions. The reason for the abortions seems to be a female factor or chromosomal aberrations.     

经阴道两种减胎术的比较研究

目的 :对比分析胸心搏动区注射和卵黄囊抽吸进行选择性减胎手术的治疗效果。　方法 :选择多胎妊娠患者共 2 3例 ,采取胸心搏动区注射 10 %KCl( 8例 )和卵黄囊抽吸 ( 15例 )进行多胎妊娠选择性减胎手术 ,观察平均穿刺数、平均减胎操作时间、减胎失败率、流产发生率、感染发生率等。　结果 :卵黄囊抽吸的平均减胎时间 ( 2 .8± 0 .7)min ,明显少于胸心搏动区注射的 ( 5 .11± 1.35 )min(P <0 .0 5 ) ;卵黄囊抽吸和胸心搏动区注射感染发生率分别为6 .7%和 37.5 % (P >0 .0 5 ) ,但胸心搏动区注射感染发生率有高于卵黄囊抽吸的趋势 ;而在平均穿刺次数、减胎失败率、流产发生率方面 ,两种方法差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。　结论 :卵黄囊抽吸和胸心搏动区注射减胎术均是安全可靠的减胎方法 ,但卵黄囊抽吸减胎术具有操作时间短、感染发生率低等优点 ,适用于妊娠 6 0d内的多胎妊娠患者。     

Four years' experience of a ROTEM®-guided algorithm for treatment of coagulopathy in obstetric haemorrhage

We report four years of observational data from a large UK hospital and tertiary referral unit, following the introduction of a rotational thromboelastometry-guided algorithm for treatment of coagulopathy in major obstetric haemorrhage. Fibrinogen concentrate was used to treat acquired hypofibrinogenaemia as defined by a FibTEM A5 value of < 7 mm, or 7–12 mm with ongoing or high risk of haemorrhage. Of 32,647 deliveries over 4 years, 893 (2.7%) women had an estimated blood loss ≥ 1500 ml. Two-hundred and three (23%) of these had a FibTEM A5 ≤ 12 mm and 110 received fibrinogen concentrate. We compared clinical outcomes and blood product use with 52 patients who met the same criteria, over a 12-month pre-intervention period during which shock packs were used. In the algorithm group, there was a significant reduction in the number of units (p < 0.0001) and total volume (p = 0.0007) of blood products transfused, with a reduction in transfusion-associated circulatory overload (p = 0.002). Women with placental abruption exhibited more severe coagulopathy and required higher doses of fibrinogen concentrate than women who bled due to other causes. Analysis of rotational thromboelastometry results demonstrated that coagulopathy is not observed in all women who suffer obstetric haemorrhage and cannot be predicted solely by blood loss. Therefore, formulaic treatment with blood products is not justified. When coagulopathy does occur, it appears to be multifactorial and can be severe. Point-of-care testing allows early identification and individualised treatment of coagulopathy. This is supported by the improved outcomes reported.     

Stressful life events,hypertensive disorders,and high blood sugar during pregnancy

The objective of this study was to examine the association of life events stressors with risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) by using the multilevel sample from the 2007 Los Angeles Mommy and Baby (LAMB) survey. Four multilevel logistic regression models were applied while accounting for the multilevel design of the LAMB study. The following demographic variables were used as covariates: maternal age, race/ethnicity, maternal educational attainment, household income level in the previous year, physical exercise, and prepregnancy body weight status. The scale for total number of stressors was positively associated with GDM in Model 1, but the association did not reach the significance threshold of 0.05. In Model 2 where four specific domains of stressors (financial, traumatic, spousal, and emotional stressors) were used as the key exposure variables, the number of financial stressors during pregnancy was significantly associated with a higher risk of GDM. The scale for total number of stressors was associated with HDP in Model 3. Experience of financial stressors during pregnancy was significantly associated with a higher risk of HDP in Model 4. In conclusion, exposure to higher number of financial stressors was associated with an elevated risk of GDM and HDP.     

Whole body MRI for systemic staging of breast cancer in pregnant women

When breast cancer is diagnosed during pregnancy, treatment should be as close; as possible to what is used in non-pregnant patients. This requires accurate local and systemic staging: ultrasound (US) is used for local staging and allows adequate evaluation of the liver and pelvis, but chest and bones cannot be explored and imaging techniques involving exposure to ionizing radiation would be needed. However, since imaging techniques involving ionizing radiation and the use of radionuclides should be limited, whole body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) without administration of contrast agent represents a very interesting alternative, but limited data is available. In this paper we describe the obstetrical and oncological outcome of 14 patients in whom breast cancer was diagnosed during the second or third trimester of pregnancy and that were staged using WB-MRI. Median age of the patient at diagnosis was 35 years (range 20–36), median gestational age at MRI was 30 weeks (range 13–32) and median age at delivery was 38 weeks (range 32–38). At birth, one new-born presented respiratory distress syndrome and one jaundice. We conclude that diffusion-weighted MRI is feasible accurate and safe for the mother and for the foetus. It may represent the staging technique of choice in pregnant women diagnosed with breast cancer after the first trimester of pregnancy.     

Laparoscopic Management or Laparoscopy Combined with Transvaginal Management of Type II Cesarean Scar Pregnancy

Objective:

To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of laparoscopic management of cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) by deep implantation.

Background:

A pregnancy implanting within the scar from a previous cesarean delivery is a rare condition of ectopic pregnancy. There are two different types of CSPs. Type I is caused by implantation of the amniotic sac on the scar with progression toward either the cervicoisthmic space or the uterine cavity. Type II (CSP-II) is caused by deep implantation into a previous CS defect with infiltrating growth into the uterine myometrium and bulging from the uterine serosal surface, which may result in uterine rupture and severe bleeding during the first trimester of pregnancy. Thus, timely management with an early and accurate diagnosis of CSP-II is important. However, laparoscopic management in CSP-II has not yet been evaluated.

Methods:

Eleven patients with CSP-II underwent conservative laparoscopic surgery or laparoscopy combined with transvaginal bilateral uterine artery ligation and resection of the scar with gestational tissue and wound repair to preserve the uterus from March 2008 to November 2011. Patients with CSP-II were diagnosed using color Doppler sonography, and the diagnosis was confirmed by laparoscopy. The operation time, the blood loss during surgery, the levels of β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) before surgery, the time taken for serum β-hCG levels to return to <100 mIU/mL postoperatively, and the time for the uterine body to revert to its original state were retrospectively analyzed.

Results:

All 11 operations were successfully performed using laparoscopy with preservation of the uterus. One patient underwent a dilation and curettage after laparoscopic bilateral uterine artery ligation. Eight patients were treated solely by laparoscopic bilateral uterine artery ligation and resection of the scar with gestational tissue and wound repair. The remaining two patients underwent laparoscopic bilateral uterine artery ligation and transvaginal resection of the CS with gestational tissue and wound repair because of dense adhesions and heavy bleeding. The average operation time was 85.5 (±17.5) minutes, and the blood loss was 250.0 (±221.4) mL. The blood serum level of β-hCG returned to <100 mIU/mL in 16.4 (±5.3) days postoperatively. Among the 10 patients who underwent resection of CS and wound repair, the time for the uterus to revert to its original state (judged by ultrasonography) was 10.8 (±3.0) days postoperatively.

Conclusions:

Laparoscopy can remove ectopic gestational tissue and allow subsequent wound repair, as well as provide diagnostic confirmation. Being a minimally invasive procedure, laparoscopic or laparoscopy combined with transvaginal bilateral uterine artery ligation and resection of the scar with gestational tissue and wound repair can become an effective alternative for the treatment of CSP-II.     

Pregnancy‐associated breast cancer in a contemporary cohort of newly diagnosed women

Pregnancy‐associated breast cancer (PABC) refers to breast cancer (BC) diagnosed during pregnancy, lactation, or in the postpartum period. There is evidence that PABC is associated with a poorer prognosis, and that the development of the disease is influenced by the unique hormonal milieu of pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinicopathologic characteristics associated with PABC in a contemporary cohort of women with newly diagnosed BC. Our institutional Breast Cancer Database was queried for women diagnosed with BC between 2009‐2018 who had at least one full‐term pregnancy (FTP). Variables of interest included patient demographics and clinical and tumor characteristics. PABC was defined as breast cancer diagnosed within 24 months of delivery. Statistical analyses included Pearson's chi‐square and logistic regression. Out of a total of 2202 women, 46 (2.1%) had PABC. Median follow‐up in the total cohort was 5.5 years. After adjusting for age at first FTP, PABC was associated with younger age at diagnosis, older age at first FTP, non‐Caucasian race, BRCA positivity, presentation with a palpable mass, higher pathologic stage, higher histologic grade, and ER‐negative and triple‐negative receptor status. The association of PABC with non‐Caucasian race may be reflected in the increased proportion of triple‐negative breast cancers in the PABC group. PABC was also associated with older age at first FTP. As more women delay childbearing, risk for PABC may increase. Our findings suggest that women who become pregnant at older ages should be followed carefully during pregnancy and the postpartum period, especially if they are BRCA mutation carriers. The optimal approach for monitoring older women during pregnancy and the postpartum period is unclear.