Postoperative enhancement on breast MRI: Time course and pattern of changes

Expected postoperative enhancement on breast MRI can appear similar to enhancement seen in recurrent or residual malignancy. Our aim was to assess the time course and patterns of enhancement at the surgical site, thereby helping to distinguish between benign and malignant postoperative enhancement. In 200 MRI scans performed in 153 patients after breast conservation treatment, 43 after surgical excision of atypia, and 4 patients after benign excisional biopsy were categorized by postoperative time interval. We defined 4 patterns of morphologic enhancement on MRI: cavity wall/seroma (Pattern I); thin linear (Pattern II); mass (Pattern III); and fat necrosis (Pattern IV). Of 200 MRI scans, 66 (33%) demonstrated enhancement at the surgical site. Enhancement typically decreased through the postoperative follow‐up period. Enhancement was observed in 41% (28/68) of cases beyond the 18‐month interval but was uncommon after 5 years. Pattern III enhancement was the morphologic pattern seen most commonly with malignancy (5/19 cases, 26%). When associated with delayed washout kinetics, it was even more strongly predictive of malignancy (4/5 cases, 80%). In patients with a history of excisional biopsy and no prior radiation treatment, the percentage of MRI scans showing enhancement was significantly lower than (21% vs 49% with P‐value .0027) in patients who had undergone radiation. Enhancement at the surgical site occurred in one‐third of cases up to 5 years after surgery, particularly in patients who underwent both radiation and surgery. Mass enhancement, particularly in conjunction with delayed washout kinetics, is most predictive of malignancy and should prompt biopsy or re‐excision.     

Comparative Value of Mammography,Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy,and Core Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Invasive Lobular Carcinoma

Abstract: Invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast (ILC) is a lesion often cited as being more difficult to diagnose than invasive ductal carcinoma. Our objective was to assess the role of mammography, fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and large core needle biopsy (LCNB) in the diagnosis of invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast. We reviewed 1,074 consecutive patients with invasive cancers of the breast, of which 102 (9%) were ILC. All the patients with ILC had mammography, 66 had FNAB, and 15 had LCNB performed. Of the patients with ILC, 95 of 102 (93%) had an abnormal mammogram. Seven patients (7%) had a negative mammogram. The most common radiographic finding in patients with ILC was a spiculated mass (42%). The average size of the cancers detected by mammography was 1.17 cm, with no significant effect of size on the ability to detect cancer based on its mammographic presentation for p > .05. Sixty-six patients had FNAB, with a postive diagnosis of cancer in 27 (41%) and suspicious or atypical aspiration in 20 patients (30%). Nineteen patients (28%) had false-negative aspirates. There was no significant difference in size for patients whose cytology demonstrated malignant, suspicious, atypical, or benign aspirates, F (4,56) = 1.01, p > .05. For the fifteen patients who had LCNB, a definitive diagnosis of ILC was made in 13 cases (87%), with another patient having a diagnosis that was “suspicious” for ILC. One patient had a false-negative LCNB. ILC can be detected by mammography, in most instances. FNAB may fail to diagnose this cancer, particularly if the cancer is of low nuclear grade. The lack of reliability of FNAB for diagnosis of ILC, which may occur in some cases is due to the discontinuous infiltrative pattern and the intrinsic cytologic characteristics of this cancer. LCNB is a complementary diagnostic procedure when the FNAB is nondiagnostic to demonstrate the presence of ILC. In the presence of a dominant mass by palpation and a clinical suspicion of the presence of ILC, a negative mammography or a benign FNA should not preclude a surgical biopsy.     

Renal oncocytosis: a morphologic study of fourteen cases.

Diffuse renal involvement by numerous oncocytic nodules has rarely been described. We report 14 cases (19 specimens) with innumerable oncocytic nodules in the kidney. Invariably, these kidneys showed additional associated findings. We suggest the term renal oncocytosis for this entire morphologic spectrum. Six (43%) cases had histologically or radiologically proven bilateral involvement. Each specimen had at least one dominant tumor (2.0-10.5 cm) in addition to numerous other microscopic to macroscopic oncocytic nodules. Additional features observed were: interstitial pattern, with the oncocytic tubules and acini diffusely intermingling with and infiltrating between non-neoplastic parenchyma (one case); diffuse oncocytic change in the nonneoplastic tubules, cytologically difficult to separate from the oncocytic nodules (seven cases); and benign oncocytic cortical cysts (four cases). The dominant mass in 13 specimens was a renal oncocytoma and in two, a chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. In four specimens, the largest tumor was considered a hybrid tumor because of the presence of mixed histologic features of both tumor types. Most smaller nodules had the morphologic features of renal oncocytoma, but a few had the appearance of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma or nodules with hybrid features. We conclude that the presence of numerous oncocytic nodules may be associated with a wide spectrum of oncocytic changes in the kidney. The association of numerous renal oncocytoma-like nodules with lesions having a mixed morphology or a morphology of pure chromophobe renal cell carcinoma suggests that they may constitute a morphologic spectrum of oncocytic tumors and that renal oncocytoma and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma may arise from a common progenitor lesion.     

Sterile, benign radiculitis associated with lumbosacral lateral recess spinal canal stenosis: evaluation with enhanced magnetic resonance imaging

Two cases of symptomatic lumbar lateral recess stenosis are described in which the compressed nerve root became focally enhanced on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies performed with gadolinium DTPA. Two men with low back pain and lumbar radiculopathy were examined with contrast-enhanced MRI studies, which showed intradural enhancement of the symptomatic nerve roots. In selected cases of lateral recess stenosis, focal radicular injury may be visualized on enhanced MRI as a result of a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier.     

Fibromatosis of the breast: case report and current concepts in the management of an uncommon lesion

Fibromatosis is an uncommon breast lesion that can mimic breast carcinoma in its clinical presentation. We present a case in which excisional biopsy was necessary to establish a diagnosis of fibromatosis. Clinical, diagnostic imaging, and pathologic features are discussed. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a tool for further characterization of breast lesions and as a screening modality in high-risk patient populations. Ours marks the second case in which dynamic MRI has been correlated with histologically confirmed primary mammary fibromatosis. Unlike the previous report, MRI in this case mimics breast carcinoma in its morphologic and pharmacokinetic features of enhancement. Wide local excision with clear margins remains the treatment of choice. Current data on radiotherapy and pharmacologic therapy for mammary fibromatosis are reviewed.     

Three cases of pituitary abscess

We report three cases of pituitary abscess. Three patients, all females, had suffered headache and complained of general fatigue. In each case magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a sellar mass with suprasellar extension. T1-weighted images revealed an isointense or slightly hypointense lesion with thin ring-enhancement following gadolinium injection. No inflammatory signs were found in two cases. In one case, a gradual change in clinical symptoms and MRI findings was noted: the hypophyseal hemorrhagic lesion detected on MRI changed into a cystic lesion with thin ring-enhancement. Transsphenoidal surgery was performed in all three cases. In each case, however, no organism was cultured and no tumor component was found. It is difficult to diagnose pituitary abscess prior to surgery if no inflammatory signs are present. Diagnosis of this condition requires careful radiological evaluation. Findings of a suprasellar round cystic mass with thin ring-enhancement on MRI associated with thickened stalk, hyperprolactinemia, and diabetes insipidus may be suggestive of a pituitary abscess.     

Does preoperative magnetic resonance imaging beneficially alter surgical management of invasive lobular carcinoma?

The role of breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer remains controversial. The objective of this study is to determine the impact of preoperative breast MRI on patients with biopsy-proven invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) initially deemed eligible for breast conserving therapy. We analyzed a prospective cohort study of patients with biopsy-proven ILC that consented to undergo preoperative diagnostic MRI at our institution. Data analysis of 20 patients accrued from January 2010 through January 2011 was performed. Outcome measures included discovery of occult lesions, need for additional biopsies, change in surgical management, and need for surgical reexcision. MRI found an additional cancer in 40 per cent of patients and increased extent of disease in one patient. MRI led to eight biopsies, for a pathologically confirmed true positive rate of 82 per cent [95% confidence interval (CI) 62-101%] and only two unnecessary biopsies. Preoperative MRI beneficially altered surgical management in 42 per cent of patients (95% CI 19-65%) without leading to unnecessary surgery, and only one patient required reexcision for positive margins (5.8%, CI -5.8-17.4%). In conclusion, preoperative MRI in patients with ILC can detect additional disease that was missed by conventional workup, allowing for better preoperative planning and more appropriate oncologic resection.     

Biologic significance of false-positive magnetic resonance imaging enhancement in the setting of ductal carcinoma in situ

BACKGROUND: Imaging patterns of benign proliferative processes often complicate the assessment of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We investigated the pathologic and biologic characteristics of false positive enhancement by breast MRI. METHODS: DCIS (n = 45), benign (n = 5), and false-positive (MRI enhancement and nonmalignant pathology) (n = 10) cases were characterized by immunohistochemistry and MRI features. RESULTS: For DCIS cases, images that overestimated pathologic size had heterogeneous enhancement on MR, were estrogen receptor positive, and were low grade by pathology. False-positives had higher rates of proliferation, angiogenesis, and inflammation compared with benign tissue but lower values than DCIS. Benign proliferative processes accounted for all false-positive and size overestimated cases. CONCLUSIONS: Lesions that enhance on MRI have higher proliferation, angiogenesis, and inflammation compared with nonproliferative breast tissue. Benign proliferative processes often enhance on MRI and are difficult to differentiate from low-grade, ER+ DCIS lesions. False-positive MRI enhancement may reflect a spectrum of change within high-risk tissue.     

Physiologic changes in breast magnetic resonance imaging during the menstrual cycle: perfusion imaging, signal enhancement, and influence of the T1 relaxation time of breast tissue

This study was undertaken to determine the best time during the menstrual cycle to perform dynamic breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The contralateral "normal" breast of 50 premenopausal women (mean age 40.4 +/- 6.4 years, range 30--52 years) were enrolled in a protocol designed to correlate an ipsilateral suspicious breast lesion with pathology. The contralateral breast in each patient was examined with palpation and mammography prior to MRI on a 1.5 T scanner using gradient echo and dynamic contrast-enhanced echo-planar without and following gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) injection. Pre-contrast T1 relaxation times were measured before calculating extraction flow product (EFP) maps using a multicompartmental model. T1, EFP, and enhancement were measured in the control breast on four slices centered around the nipple and recorded as a function of the phases of the menstrual cycle. Lesions or areas with focal enhancement were excluded. Analysis of variance and Fisher's tests were performed. The cyclic changes in T1 relaxation time were not significant (p>0.2). EFP and enhancement varied significantly during the cycle (p<0.003 and p<0.004, respectively), with low values during the first half of the cycle and high values during the second half. The lowest values of EFP and enhancement (5.5+/-2.9 ml/100 g/min and 26+/-17%) were observed during the proliferative phase (days 3--7), and the highest values (17+/-10.2 ml/100 g/min and 104+/-28%) were observed during the secretory phase (days 21-27) (p<0.0006 and p<0.0008, respectively). Dynamic breast MRI should be performed during first half of the menstrual cycle (days 3--14) in order to minimize interpretative difficulties related to the uptake of gadolinium in normal breast tissue due to hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle.     

Breast MRI in Invasive Lobular Carcinoma: A Useful Investigation in Surgical Planning?

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is highly sensitive in detecting invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) of the breast. In our institution, patients who are deemed to be suitable for breast conserving surgery (BCS) with unifocal small ILC on standard imaging are offered breast MRI to exclude multifocal and larger ILC. Our study investigates the usefulness of breast MRI in ILC. A prospective cohort study over a 58‐month period, including all consecutive patients with ILC having breast MRI. Primary objective was to find out the proportion of ILC patients where preoperative MRI caused a change in the surgical treatment. Secondary objectives included finding mastectomy rate (initial & final), re‐operation rate, cancer size correlation with different imaging modalities and final histopatholgy, loco‐regional recurrence and disease‐free survival. A total of 334 bilateral breast MRI were performed including 72 (21.5%) MRI for ILC patients. All these MRI were carried out within 2 week of patients given the diagnosis (median 5.5 days). Age range was 24–83 (median 56.5) years. Nineteen of 72 ILC patients (26.4%) had a change in their planned operation from BCS to a different operation owing to MRI findings (seven patients with multifocal cancers, 10 with significantly larger size of the cancer and two with contralateral malignancy). Initial mastectomy rate was 31.9%, final mastectomy rate was 36.1% and re‐operation rate in BCS group was 18.3%. MRI correlated better with ILC histopathology cancer size than mammogram and ultrasound scans. There was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.999) between the cancer size on histology (median 23 mm) and MRI (median 25 mm). However, mammogram (median 17 mm) and ultrasound (median 14.5 mm) scans showed cancer sizes significantly different to final histology cancer size (p = 0.0008 and p = 0.0021 respectively). Over a 44 months median follow‐up (range 27–85), 95.8% disease‐free survival and 98.6% overall survival have been observed. One out of every four patients (26.4%) with ILC had a change in their planned operation due to MRI findings. A relatively high disease‐free survival over a medium‐term follow‐up proves the oncological safety of MRI in ILC. Our study provides evidence in support of the targeted use of preoperative breast MRI among patients with ILC to improve surgical planning.     

乳腺导管原位癌的MRI特点分析

目的:分析乳腺导管原位癌的影像学表现及MRI的诊断价值,以进一步提高对乳腺导管原位癌的影像学认识。材料和方法:回顾性分析18例经病理证实为乳腺导管原位癌病人的临床资料,研究其乳腺磁共振图像的形态学特点、动态增强方式及扩散加权成像特点。结果:18例导管原位癌的形态学表现及增强方式大体可分为两类。一类是非肿块型13例(72.2%),包括不规则片状6例和段状改变7例,其时间-信号强度曲线呈Ⅱ型者12例,Ⅲ型者1例;另一类表现为肿块型,5例(27.8%),时间-信号强度曲线呈Ⅰ型者1例,Ⅱ型者2例,Ⅲ型者2例。弥散加权成像发现病灶15例,检出率达83.3%,表面扩散系数(ADC)1.30×10-3mm2/s有10例。结论:乳腺导管原位癌MR图像上多表现为非肿块的段状分布及片状分布的异常强化,少数也可表现为肿块型改变,弥散加权成像在定性诊断上能起重要的辅助作用。     

Breast MRI in the Evaluation of Patients with Occult Primary Breast Carcinoma

▪ Abstract: Occult primary breast carcinoma presenting as isolated ipsilateral axillary lymph node metastases in patients with normal mammograms and normal physical exams accounts for less than 1% of all breast carcinomas. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may identify the site of primary breast carcinoma and effect management of these patients. We report on eight consecutive women evaluated in our multidisciplinary clinic who had biopsy-proven metastatic adenocarcinomas to axillary lymph nodes and occult primary carcinomas. Each patient underwent MRI at 1.5 T with a volumetric fast-spoiled gradient-echo (3D FSPGR) pulse sequence before and after injection of gadopentetate dimeglumine. Wire localization of suspicious areas of enhancement was performed under MRI or mammography guidance followed by surgical excision. Seven (88%) of the eight normal mammograms showed dense (>50%) breast parenchyma. In two (25%) of the eight patients, suspicious focal or regional enhancement was seen on MRI. Following wire localization and excision, pathologic exam showed an invasive ductal carcinoma and ductal carcinoma in situ with invasion corresponding to the MRI enhancement in the two cases. Breast MRI can identify the primary tumor site and influence management of patients presenting with clinically and mammographically occult primary breast carcinomas. ▪     

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facilitates Breast Conservation for Occult Breast Cancer

Introduction: Occult primary breast cancer, i.e., isolated axillary adenocarcinoma without detectable tumor in the breast by either physical exam or mammography, represents up to 1% of operable breast cancer. Modified radical mastectomy (MRM) is generally the accepted treatment for this condition although tumor is identified in only two-thirds of mastectomy specimens. Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can identify occult breast carcinoma and may direct therapy. This study examined the ability of breast MRI to detect occult breast cancer and to facilitate breast conservation therapy.Methods: Forty women with biopsy-proven metastatic adenocarcinoma to an axillary lymph node and no evidence of primary cancer were studied. All patients had a physical examination, mammography, and MRI of the breast. Using a dedicated breast coil, MRI imaging was performed with and without gadolinium enhancement. Positive MRI scans were compared with histopathologic findings at the time of operation (n 5 21).Results: MRI identified the primary breast lesion in 28 of 40 women (70%). Of these 28 patients, 11 had MRM, 11 had lumpectomy/axillary lymph node dissection (ALND)/radiotherapy (XRT), 2 had ALND/XRT alone, and 4 had no local treatment secondary to stage IV disease. Two women initially treated with lumpectomy/ALND subsequently had mastectomy for positive margins. Of the women with positive MRI who had breast surgery, 21 of 22 (95%) had tumor within the surgical specimen. Twelve women had negative MRI of the breast. Five of these 12 underwent MRM, of whom 4 had no tumor in the mastectomy specimen. The remaining 7 patients had ALND and whole breast radiation (ALND/XRT) (n 5 5), or were observed (n 5 2). Overall, 18 of 34 women surgically treated had MRM, while 16 (47%) preserved their breast. Tumor yield for patients having breast surgery was 81%.Conclusions: MRI of the breast can identify occult breast cancer in many patients and may facilitate breast conservation in select women. Negative breast MRI predicts low tumor yield at mastectomy.     

Radiological features of renal pelvic hemangioma: a case series

BackgroundRenal pelvic hemangioma (RPH) is often misdiagnosed as renal pelvis cancer (RPC) due to its similarity in presentation, and there are few reports on the imaging findings of RPH. This study is aimed at improving the understanding of imaging findings specific for RPH by a retrospective analysis of the imaging findings of RPH.MethodsRPH cases confirmed by pathology and with high-quality images were collected in the analysis. Nine cases of RPH were enrolled, of which 6 cases underwent ultrasound (US); 7 cases underwent computed tomography (CT), including 6 cases with an enhanced scan; and 2 cases underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including 1 case with an enhanced scan. All images of cases were analyzed and sorted independently by two senior attending radiologist blinded to the pathological results, according to the imaging indicators, such as the density and intensity on CT and MRI respectively. When the opinions between radiologists were inconsistent, images were re-evaluated together until a consensus was reached.ResultsNine cases of RPH were collected from 5 males and 4 females, aged 16–70 years old, with a median age of 41 years. Five cases were located in the left kidney and 4 cases were located in the right kidney. The clinical symptoms mostly presented with hematuria. Nine cases demonstrated solitary masses, with 4 cases with blurred margins and 5 cases with well-defined margins. The size of the mass was about 1.5–8.0 cm, and the median size was 2.5 cm. The US showed mostly hypoechoic masses and color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) showed minimal to no blood flow signal. Unenhanced CT scans showed mostly hypodensity and mostly mild continuous enhancement on an enhanced scan. The intensity of lesions was commonly heterogeneous on MRI due to hemorrhage and necrosis. One case showed mild continuous enhancement on an enhanced MRI scan.ConclusionsThe imaging findings of RPH commonly present as a focal lesion with blurred or well-defined margins, mild and continuous enhancement, and no cachexia of the clinical symptoms. RPH should be differentiated from malignant tumors of the renal pelvis for treatment.     

1.5T乳腺专用磁共振诊断乳腺导管内乳头状瘤的应用价值

目的:探讨乳腺专用磁共振诊断导管内乳头状瘤的应用价值。方法:收集我院经手术病理证实的31例乳腺导管内孤立/多发乳头状瘤病例进行回顾性分析。所有病人术前均行乳腺X线、超声检查及AURORA乳腺专用磁共振平扫及动态增强扫描。参照乳腺影像报告和数据系统(BI-RADS),评价其病灶的形态学(包括病灶大小、形状、部位、边缘、多形性及与导管的关系)、动态增强扫描的强化模式及其他相关的特征,并与X线、超声检查相对照。结果:31例病人孤立导管内乳头状瘤23例,多发导管乳头状瘤8例。MRI共检出30个病灶,其中2例导管内乳头状瘤MRI为阴性,1例双侧多发导管乳头状瘤MRI检出双侧病灶。其MRI形态学表现最多见是沿导管分布多发小结节样或环形强化(38.7%),其次为乳晕后区孤立或多发结节样强化(22.6%)及乳晕后方导管样、线状、分支样强化(12.9%),伴或不伴导管扩张,MRI增强信号-时间曲线以平台型和流出型为主,具有一定的特征性。部分(4例)表现为类似恶性肿瘤的MRI征象(12.9%),难以与恶性肿瘤区分。结论:乳腺专用MRI检查对检出导管内乳头状瘤(病)具有较大的优势,能为临床手术治疗提供准确定位,具有较好的应用价值。     

原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤MRI表现

目的探讨原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤(PCNSL)的MRI表现。方法回顾性分析29例接受MR平扫+增强检查,且经手术病理证实,具有完整临床资料的PCNSL病变的MRI表现,观察病灶的部位、大小、形态、边缘轮廓、瘤周水肿、占位效应、MRI平扫信号特点,重点观察增强后病灶的典型及非典型强化特点。结果 29例中单发者16例,多发者12例(30个病灶),共46个病灶,弥漫浸润型1例。肿瘤好发于胼胝体、基底节区等深部脑组织(35/46,76.09%)。瘤周水肿多为中度(15/46,32.61%)或重度(27/46,58.70%),未见出血及钙化。肿瘤T1WI多呈等低信号(30/46,65.22%)或等信号(14/46,30.43%),T2WI多呈等信号(14/46,30.43%)或等高信号(29/46,63.04%),DWI多为高信号(42/46,91.30%)。增强扫描表现出多种强化方式:典型强化方式包括均匀一致团块状或结节状强化、"裂隙征"、"蝶翼征"、"皮层下刻痕征"、以及"卫星灶征";不典型强化方式包括环形强化、"开环样"强化、4脑室匍匐贴壁生长病灶,沿软脑膜弥漫分布粟粒结节样病灶。结论 PCNSL的MRI表现具有一定的特征性,对PCNSL的诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要的价值,但确诊仍有赖于病理。     

菲立磁增强磁共振在肝脏局灶性病变中的诊断作用

目的 研究菲立磁增强磁共振在肝脏局灶性病灶中的灵敏性和特异性。方法 对54例临床或其他检查怀疑肝脏占位病变的病人进行平扫、菲立磁增强扫描,分析增强前后图像上病灶和肝脏的信号强度的变化。结果 平扫T2W像上,原发性肝癌和肝转移瘤信号稍高于肝脏或为中等信号。肝硬化再生结节为等信号或稍低信号。菲立磁增强后原发性肝癌和转移瘤显示为中等或明显高信号;肝硬化再生结节仍显示为等或低信号。结论 菲立磁增强磁共振对肝脏局灶性病变有较高的特异性和敏感性。     

The Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Investigation and Management of Invasive Lobular Carcinoma—A 3‐Year Retrospective Study in Two District General Hospitals

Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) accounts for 5–15% of breast cancers. In comparison to other types of breast cancer, ILC is more likely to be associated with multifocal and contralateral breast involvement as well as a tendency to a diffuse infiltrative growth pattern which can represent a diagnostic challenge. The National Institute of Clinical Excellence guidelines in 2009 recommended the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the preoperative assessment of ILC. This study aims to assess compliance with the guidelines in two District General Hospitals and the utility of MRI in the investigation of ILC. All cases of ILC between 2011 and 2013 were retrospectively identified from the pathology database and their breast imaging findings, pathology report, and operative intervention were reviewed. A total of 126 patients were identified with ILC, of these 46 had MRI preoperatively (36.5%). MRI upgraded mammography/ultrasound diagnoses in 10 patients (21.7%). MRI showed multicentric unilateral disease in 17 patients (37.0%) occult on ultrasound/mammogram, with these patients undergoing mastectomy and 16/17 (94.1%) confirmed multifocality on pathology. MRI showed a contralateral lesion in 9 patients (19.6%), four (8.7%) of which were malignant and had bilateral surgery, and five (10.9%) were benign on further imaging/biopsy. MRI also downgraded three patients (6.5%) to unifocal disease with reported multifocal appearances on mammography/ultrasound, and these patients underwent breast‐conserving surgery. MRI adds significant additional information to mammograms/ultrasound in ILC and should be undertaken in all such cases preoperatively assuming no contraindication.     

Myxoid solitary fibrous tumour of the axilla.

Mostly occurring in pleura, solitary fibrous tumour is an unusual soft tissue neoplasm. Solitary Fibrous Tumour with abundant myxoid stroma represents a rare morphologic subtype of the already uncommon tumour. We report a myxoid solitary fibrous tumour of the soft tissue in a 42-year-old man. The patient presented with a large, movable, nontender mass at the right axilla. The MRI showed a well-defined tumour with increased signal after gadolinium injection. During surgery, the mass was found to be closely associated with the axillary vein. The tumour was completely excised. Pathological and immunohistochemical examinations identified the mass as a myxoid solitary fibrous tumour. The patient was free of tumour recurrence at 18-month follow-up. The rare tumour in an uncommon location makes the diagnosis difficult. Complete excision and long-term follow up are recommended.