Efficacy and indications of home oxygen therapy for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]

Efficacy of home oxygen therapy (HOT) is well established for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who fall into chronic respiratory failure. We should consider now how the quality of life improves with HOT in those patients. According to the guideline of the Japanese Respiratory Society, indications of HOT are as follows: 1) A PaO2 of less than 55 Torr at rest while breathing room air, 2) A PaO2 between 55 Torr and 60 Torr in the presence of clear evidence of cor pulmonale, pulmonary hypertension, or a long history of severe hypoxemia during sleep or during exercise. Further studies are definitely required to pick up the patients who do not necessarily meet these indications but who may benefit from HOT.     

老年慢性肺心病急性加重期血小板膜糖蛋白与PaO_2和PaCO_2的关系

目的探讨老年慢性肺心病急性加重期患者血小板活化标记物膜糖蛋白GPⅡb/Ⅲa、CD62p的变化与PaO2、PaCO2的关系。方法用三色全血流式细胞术测定42例老年慢性肺心病急性加重期患者及42例缓解期患者外周血中血小板GPⅡb/Ⅲa、CD62p的表达水平,检测患者PaO2、PaCO2,并与30例老年健康对照者及30例非老年健康对照者比较。结果老年慢性肺心病急性加重期组GPⅡb/Ⅲa、CD62p的表达率分别为（84.17±9.21）%、（50.21±7.68）%,均明显高于缓解期组、老年健康对照组及非老年健康对照组（均P〈0.001）。老年肺心病缓解期组GPⅡb/Ⅲa、CD62p阳性表达率分别为（55.40±7.43）%、（35.83±6.08）%,高于老年健康对照组（均P〈0.05）及非老年健康对照组（均P〈0.001）,老年健康对照组GPⅡb/Ⅲa、CD62p阳性表达率分别为（50.80±6.37）%、（31.97±4.91）%,亦高于非老年健康对照组[（45.53±7.94）%、（27.87±4.82）%]（均P〈0.05）。老年慢性肺心病急性加重期组GPⅡb/Ⅲa、CD62p与PaO2呈负相关、与PaCO2呈正相关。结论老年慢性肺心病急性加重期患者血小板明显活化,其活化程度与PaO2、PaCO2关系密切。     

高原肺原性心脏病患者日间PaO_2>6.66kPa伴和不伴夜间减氧饱和与生存的关系

目的：探讨高原肺原性心脏病（肺心病）夜间减氧饱和（ＮＯＤ）与生存的关系。方法：对４６例日间动脉血氧分压（ＰａＯ２）＞６．６６ｋＰａ高原肺心病缓解期患者作日间动脉血气分析、肺功能和夜间血氧饱和度（ＳａＯ２）连续监测。结果：①与非ＮＯＤ组比较，ＮＯＤ组日间ＰａＯ２明显低于非ＮＯＤ组；ＰａＣＯ２明显高于非ＮＯＤ组；１秒钟用力呼气容积（ＦＥＶ１．０）／身高（Ｈｔ）、ＦＥＶ１．０／ＦＶＣ（用力肺活量）、Ｖ５０／Ｈｔ、Ｖ２５／Ｈｔ也明显低于非ＮＯＤ组；ＮＯＤ组睡眠平均ＳａＯ２和最低ＳａＯ２明显低于非ＮＯＤ组；平均生存时间和５年生存率ＮＯＤ组明显低于非ＮＯＤ组。②ＦＥＶ１．０／Ｈｔ、ＦＥＶ１．０／ＦＶＣ、Ｖ５０／Ｈｔ与生存时间也有相关性。③结论：高原肺心病ＮＯＤ与其预后有明显关系，ＦＥＶ１．０／Ｈｔ、ＦＥＶ１．０／ＦＶＣ、Ｖ５０／Ｈｔ对判断预后也有价值，建议此类患者应监测夜间ＳａＯ２及进行长期氧疗。     

血清缺氧诱导因子-1α和血管内皮生长因子水平与高原慢性肺心病患者肺动脉压的关系

目的：探讨血清缺氧诱导因子-1α（HIF-1α）和血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）在低氧性肺动脉高压发病中的作用。方法：采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法（ELSIA）检测高原地区（海拔2 260~3 500m）50例慢性肺心病急性加重期患者（肺心病组）、40例慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）缓解期患者COPD组和40例当地健康体检者（对照组）血清HIF-1α、VEGF含量、动脉血氧分压（PaO2）,并使用彩色多普勒超声心动仪测定肺动脉血流频谱,计算平均肺动脉压（mPAP）。结果：肺心病组血清HIF-1α（325.88±38.02）pg.L-1、VEGF（466.40±52.44）ng.L-1,mPAP（46.22±5.34）mmHg显著高于COPD组[分别为（74.02±8.15）pg.L-1、（98.51±8.22）ng.L-1和（24.77±2.54）mmHg];COPD组显著高于健康对照组[分别为（54.85±7.72）pg.L-1、（74.57±7.58）ng.L-1和（21.47±2.35）mmHg]。肺心病组PaO2（37.21±4.35）mmHg显著低于COPD组（59.21±5.24）mmHg,COPD组显著低于健康对照组（67.35±4.67）mmHg。肺心病组和COPD组血清HIF-1α、VEGF水平与mPAP均呈正相关,与PaO2水平呈负相关。结论：高原慢性肺心病急性加重期患者血清HIF-1α、VEGF水平明显升高,可能与其低氧性肺动脉高压的形成有一定关系。     

Effects of long-term oxygen therapy on mortality and morbidity

In general, based on the above studies of the effects of supplemental oxygen on reducing mortality and improving sleep and exercise function in certain patient groups, patients whose disease is stable on a full medical regimen with PaO2 < or = 55 mm Hg (SaO2 < or = 88%) should be considered for LTOT. Patients with PaO2 of 55-59 mm Hg with signs of tissue hypoxemia (i.e., cor pulmonale, polycythemia, impaired cognition) should also be considered for LTOT. Oxygen therapy should also be considered for those who desaturate during sleep or exercise. These guidelines have been adopted by Medicare as reimbursement criteria and have also been endorsed by the American Thoracic Society. Indications for LTOT endorsed by the American Thoracic Society and published in the "Standards for the Diagnosis and Care of Patients with COPD" are shown in Table 6. More research is required to investigate the use of supplemental oxygen in patients who suffer nocturnal desaturation but do not have signs of end organ dysfunction, those who have an improvement in dyspnea with supplemental oxygen, and in normoxemic patients with impaired exercise performance who improve while inspiring supplemental oxygen.     

Nifedipine in chronic cor pulmonale: acute and relatively long-term effects

After 20 mg sublingual nifedipine in 12 men with clinical stable chronic cor pulmonale the mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance fell, cardiac index rose, and mean pulmonary arterial (Ppa) and wedge (Ppaw) pressures, right atrial pressure, and PaO2 remained unchanged. After 20 mg orally every 6 hours for 24 hours in 11 patients, the mean arterial pressure fell further, systemic vascular resistance remained low, and the cardiac index returned to baseline, whereas the Ppa and Ppaw decreased, but the pulmonary vascular driving pressure (Ppa-Ppaw), right atrial pressure, PaO2, and spirometry and ejection fractions remained unchanged. Of eight patients receiving maintenance therapy four developed untoward side effects in 1 to 3 weeks and one was noncompliant. The remaining three patients evaluated at 6 weeks failed to improve and had unchanged resting hemodynamics. Thus in the absence of a potentially reversible hypoxic pulmonary hypertension, nifedipine may not improve pulmonary arterial pressure and cardiac function in clinically stable patients with cor pulmonale.     

慢性肺源性心脏病患者血清sIL-2R和TNF-α的检测及意义

目的 中溶性白细胞介素2受体（sIL-2R）和肿瘤坏死因子（TNF－α）在慢性肺源性心脏病（肺心病）发病中的作用。方法 采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA法）检测32例肺心病患者急性发作期和27例缓解期患者,并以直线相关法分析与PaO2、PaCO2的相关性。结果 肺心病患者急性工 作期血清sIL-2R和TNF－α水平显著高于缓解期和正常对照组（P＜0.01）,并与PaO2呈负相关（P＜0.01）,与PaO2呈正相关（P＜0.01）,伴心衰者变化更明显（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）。结论 心病患者休内存在免疫功能紊乱,导致sIL-2R和INF－α升高,SIL－2R和TNF－α可作为临床观察肺心病患者细胞免疫功能及病情判定的指标。     

Chronic oxygen therapy.

Chronic low flow oxygen is useful therapy for patients with chronic obstructive lung disease who are crippled by hypoxemia despite optimal programs of usual respiratory care. Patients should be considered for chronic oxygen therapy who have (a) a resting Pao2 less than 55 mm Hg while breathing room air; or (b) profound tissue hypoxemia measured by mixed venous Pao2 and suggested by symptoms such as cor pulmonale and congestive heart failure; or (c) pulmonary hypertension or polycythemia even though daytime Pao2 is greater than 55 mm Hg. Arterial blood must be obtained to demonstrate hypoxemia and assess the benefits of oxygen therapy. Patients on chronic oxygen must remain under close medical supervision. There are no absolute contraindications to chronic oxygen therapy, other than refusal of the patient to quit smoking. Complications of therapy appear to be negligible. The exciting suggestion of improved prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease on oxygen therapy and the possibility of delaying the long-term sequelae of chronic respiratory failure bear careful watching in the future.     

三七总皂甙注射液治疗肺源性心脏病急性发作期心力衰竭疗效观察

目的：观察三七总皂甙注射液联用西药治疗肺源性心脏病（肺心病）急性发作期心力衰竭（心衰）的疗效。方法：６０ 例患者随机分为２ 组,每组３０ 例。对照组给予吸氧、抗生素、氨茶碱、利尿剂和地塞米松等治疗;治疗组除以上治疗外加用三七总皂甙注射液６００ ｍ ｇ 加入５％ 葡萄糖或生理盐水中静滴,每日１ 次,２ 组均连续用药１５ 日后评定疗效、心功能和血气分析。结果：治疗组显效率（５６７％ ）、总有效率（９３３％ ）显著高于对照组（分别为３６７％ 和７６７％ , Ｐ＜ ００１ 和 Ｐ＜ ００５）。治疗组治疗后肺动脉平均压（ Ｐ Ａ Ｍ Ｐ）、肺血管阻力（ Ｐ Ｖ Ｒ）、总外周血管阻力（ Ｔ Ｐ Ｒ）、 Ｐａ Ｏ２ 和动脉血氧饱和度（ Ｓａ Ｏ２）的改善明显优于对照组（ Ｐ＜ ００５ 或 Ｐ＜ ００１）。结论：三七总皂甙注射液与西药合用治疗肺心病急性发作期心衰比单用西药治疗更加有效和安全。     

高频喷射通气在慢性肺原性心脏病中的应用

本文研究高频喷射通气(HFJV)在慢性肺原性心脏病中的应用。结果表明HFJV对Ⅰ型呼衰改变缺氧效果显著,不导致CO_2潴留。Ⅱ型呼衰HFJV组所有病例PaO_2均达满意水平,疗效明显优于HFJV/呼吸兴奋剂及低流量吸氧组,不导致PaCO_2升高。HFJV时气管内氧并非高浓度氧。本文结论:HFJV是一种使用方便,安全可靠的机械通气方式,对肺心病Ⅰ型及Ⅱ型呼衰均有显著疗效,不导致CO_2潴留。     

高原地区肺心病患者血清碱性成纤维细胞生长因子水平与肺动脉压的关系

目的探讨血清碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)在低氧性肺动脉高压发病中的作用。方法采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测高原地区(海拔2260~3300m)38例慢性肺源性心脏病(肺心病)急性加重期患者、30例慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)缓解期患者和30例当地健康人血清bFGF含量,并使用彩色多普勒超声心动仪测定肺动脉血流频谱,计算平均肺动脉压(MPAP),使用血气分析仪测定动脉血氧分压(PaO2)。结果肺心病组血清bFGF(87.54±12.15)ng/L、MPAP(45.86±5.63)mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)显著高于COPD组分别为(55.72±9.08)ng/L和(22.95±2.56)mmHg,P均<0.01,COPD组显著高于健康对照组分别为(49.83±8.78)ng/L和(20.34±2.23)mmHg,P均<0.05;肺心病组PaO2(38.79±4.56)mmHg显著低于COPD组(58.22±6.18)mmHg,P<0.01,COPD组则显著低于健康对照组(66.57±5.48)mmHg,P<0.01。肺心病组和COPD组血清bFGF水平与MPAP均呈显著正相关(r肺心病=0.788,rCOPD=0.674,P均<0.01),与PaO2均呈显著负相关(r肺心病=-0.735,rCOPD=-0.587,P均<0.01)。结论慢性肺心病患者血清bFGF水平明显升高,可能与其慢性低氧性肺动脉高压形成有一定关系。     

老年肺心病患者应用高频通气膈肌起搏的疗效观察

目的：寻求老年肺心病患者康复治疗的有效方法。方法：应用高频通气膈肌起搏对30例老年肺心病患者 康复治疗的疗效观察。结果：老年肺心病患者经高频通气膈肌起搏康复治疗后,PaO2增高,肺功能改善,血浆内皮素－1水平明显降低,与治疗前比较有显著性差异（P＜0．01）。结论：高频通气膈肌起搏是老年肺心病患者一种安全,有效的康复治疗方法。     

缩唇-膈式呼吸操对缓解期肺心病患者的康复疗效

目的评价缩唇-膈式呼吸操对缓解期肺心病患者的康复疗效。方法对符合慢性肺心病及缓解期诊断标准的患者88例,随机分成锻炼组46例和对照组42例,锻炼组进行缩唇-膈式呼吸操,对照组口服安慰剂。两组于开始前和3个月后分别进行PaO2和PaCO2、肺功能、6min行走距离、内皮素-1水平和生存质量的评定。结果锻炼组结束后各项指标的改善与锻炼前比较有显著差异性,P<0.05。而对照组各项指标服安慰剂前后无明显变化。结论缩唇-膈式呼吸操对缓解期肺心病患者动脉血气、肺功能、运动能力、血浆内皮素-1及生存质量等均有重要影响。     

Hypoxemia during hemodialysis.

Five mechanically ventilated patients were studied during hemodialysis. The aim was to determine if hypoxemia would develop, and to identify the causes. Respiratory variables (dynamic compliance, peak airway pressure, CO2production); oxygen uptake, and transport variables (alveolar and arterial PO2, pulmonary venous admixture, oxygen consumption); respiratory quotient; pulmonary vascular resistances and white blood cells (WBC) were measured. PaO2 decreased during dialysis, as did PaO2. However, the fall in alveolar oxygen tension failed to explain the hypoxemia. Lung volume did not change significantly, because dynamic compliance, peak airway pressure, and pulmonary vascular resistance were not modified. CO2 losses through the dialysis coil were of little clinical significance. WBC count fell significantly. The authors conclude that ventilation/perfusion and diffusion abnormalities related to leuko-agglutination are responsible for hypoxemia during dialysis.     

丹参多酚酸盐联合米力农治疗慢性肺心病心力衰竭临床疗效分析

目的观察丹参多酚酸盐联合米力农治疗慢性肺心病心力衰竭的临床疗效。方法选择2010年12月至2013年5月56例慢性肺源性心脏病心力衰竭病例。然后随机分为两组（治疗组与对照组）,两组皆给予积极控制感染、持续低流量吸氧、强心、利尿、解痉、平喘等常规基础治疗。治疗组在常规基础治疗上给予丹参多酚酸盐联合米力农治疗。观察两组的临床疗效及治疗后PaCO2、PaO2变化情况。结果治疗组的总有效率（92．30％）高于对照组（70．00％）,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。治疗前后两组PaCO2、PaO2水平都具有显著差异,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,治疗后治疗组的PaCO2水平明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）,PaO2水平明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论丹参多酚酸盐联合米力农治疗慢性肺心病心力衰竭效果显著,值得进一步的临床证实和推广。     

不同透析法与血液透析低氧血症的研究

对１０例维持性血液透析（血透）患者分别进行醋酸盐透析（ＡｃＨＤ）和碳酸氢盐透析（ＢｉＨＤ），观察不同透析时间ＡｃＨＤ组与ＢｉＨＤ组动脉血氧分压（ＰａＯ２）、白细胞（ＷＢＣ）和血红蛋白（Ｈｂ）的变化，旨在对血透低氧血症（ＨＸＡ）的发病机制进行探讨。结果：两组患者透析开始０时ＰａＯ２已偏低；随透析时间延长，ＰａＯ２处于低水平状态，且与ＷＢＣ和Ｈｂ之间无明显相关。提示：血透ＨＸＡ不仅在透析过程中发生，而且在透析前即已存在，其原因可能与慢性血透尿毒症患者Ｈｂ减少引起贫血性缺氧有关     

The degree of exercise hypoxemia reflects pulmonary artery pressure during early exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients

The causes of both exertional pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary hypertension in general in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remain to be elucidated. To further understand the pathophysiology in COPD patients, it may be important to recognize the existence of exertional pulmonary hypertension and to determine the severity of exertional hypoxemia. However, little is known about their relationship. To investigate whether the severity of exertional hypoxemia, as evaluated by the Deltaartery oxygen tension/Deltaoxygen consumption (PaO(2)-slope) correlates with the mean pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa), cardiopulmonary exercise testing with haemodynamics was done in 10 patients with moderate to very severe COPD. The PaO(2)-slope was significantly correlated with the mean Ppa from 25% to 40% of the maximum Watts (Wmax), and was most significant at 30% Wmax (r = -0.904, P<0.0001). In this phase, all parameters, except for the mean Ppa and the mixed venous oxygen tension, were not markedly changed from resting levels. At 30% Wmax, the mean Ppa (mean, 27 mmHg) with no or mild hypoxemia was also significantly correlated with the Deltaartery oxygen saturation/Deltaoxygen consumption (SpO(2)-slope) (r = -0.789, P = 0.004). On stepwise multiple regression analysis, the PaO(2)-slope was the most significant predictor of mean Ppa at 30% Wmax. In conclusion, the PaO(2)-slope and the SpO(2)-slope reflect Ppa during the early exercise phase. Thus, assessment of these parameters could be useful to evaluate the cardiopulmonary haemodynamic pathophysiology of COPD patients.     

双水平正压通气对老年肺心病失代偿期患者血浆脑钠素、内皮素-1和血管紧张素Ⅱ水平的影响

目的探讨老年慢性肺心病失代偿期时血浆脑钠素(BNP)、内皮素-1(ET-1)和血管紧张素II(AngⅡ)水平的变化及双水平正压通气(BiPAP)治疗对其影响。方法老年慢性肺心病失代偿期患者60例,随机分为BiPAP治疗组(30例)和常规治疗组(30例)。常规治疗组为降肺动脉压、强心、利尿剂、血管扩张剂等药物并加用鼻导管给氧治疗。BiPAP治疗组,在常规内科治疗同时加用BiPAP治疗,分别观察治疗72h后两组患者临床症状、体征、心率(HR)、呼吸频率(RR)、血压、血气分析、一秒钟用力呼气容积(FEV1)、肺动脉压(PAP)以及血浆BNP、ET-1和AngⅡ的变化。结果与常规治疗组比较,BiPAP组治疗72h后,患者临床症状与体征改善明显,其SaO2、PaO2和FEV1显著升高(P<0.05),PAP、HR、RR显著下降(P<0.05)。BiPAP治疗后血浆BNP、ET-1和AngⅡ水平随缺氧的纠正而显著降低(P<0.01),与PaO2呈显著负相关(P<0.01),与PAP呈显著正相关(P<0.01)。结论BiPAP在改善老年慢性肺心病失代偿期患者氧和功能和降低PAP的同时,也降低患者血浆BNP、ET-1和AngⅡ水平。     

夜间无创正压通气对高原地区肺心病缓解期慢性呼吸衰竭患者的康复效应

背景药物治疗慢性呼吸衰竭的效果有限;采用无创通气对慢性肺心病慢性呼吸衰竭患者进行干预,可能不失为一种改善其症状和体征的有效措施.目的观察夜间无创正压通气对高原地区慢性肺心病缓解期慢性呼吸衰竭患者的呼吸肌功能、肺功能的作用.设计完全随机分组设计,对比观察.单位解放军第四医院兰州军区呼吸内科中心.对象选择2002-10/2004-11在解放军第四医院兰州军区呼吸内科中心住院的慢性肺心病缓解期慢性呼吸衰竭患者60例,男38例,女22例.患者均知情同意参加.随机分为2组,治疗组和对照组各30例.方法[1]治疗组采用呼吸机治疗,时间为每晚2200～次日晨700,通气模式为压力支持通气和呼气末正压.在治疗前和治疗5周后测定肺功能、动脉血气、呼吸肌功能和6 min步行距离.对照组病情缓解1周后在出院前测定上述指标,出院后未经任何治疗,5周后复诊测定上述指标.[2]6 min步行距离试验让患者尽最大努力在20 m走廊内行走,完成6 min或以呼吸困难不能坚持为止,用计量表测算步行距离.用电脑膈肌功能测定仪测定口腔最大吸气压、最大呼气压后,用气道阻断法测定最大跨膈压.采用血气分析仪测定动脉血氧分压和二氧化碳分压.用电脑肺功能仪测定第1秒用力呼气量占预计值百分比、第1秒用力呼气量占用力肺活量百分比.[3]组间比较采用t检验,组内比较采用配对t检验.主要观察指标两组干预前后呼吸肌功能、肺功能、动脉血气和6 min步行距离比较.结果纳入慢性肺心病缓解期慢性呼吸衰竭患者60例均进入结果分析.两组患者干预前动脉血气和肺功能各项指标相近(P＞0.05).干预5周后,动脉血氧分压、第1秒用力呼气量占预计值百分比、第1秒用力呼气量占用力肺活量百分比、最大吸气压、最大呼气压、最大跨膈压和6 min步行距离治疗组治疗后明显高于治疗前和对照组治疗后(P＜0.05～0.01),动脉血二氧化碳分压治疗组治疗后明显低于治疗前和对照组治疗后(P＜0.01).结论夜间无创正压通气治疗能显著改善高原地区肺心病缓解期慢性呼吸衰竭患者的动脉血气和肺功能,增强呼吸肌力量.     

鼻塞联合高氧液给氧预防高龄患者硬膜外麻醉低氧血症的研究

目的探讨鼻塞联合高氧液预防高龄患者硬膜外麻醉低氧血症的疗效。方法60例硬膜外麻醉的高龄患者,随机分为两组,每组30例。实验组为鼻塞联合高氧液给氧;对照组为单纯鼻塞给氧。观察两组患者麻醉前后不同时点PaO2、SpO2的变化。结果麻醉前两组间比较差异无显著意义;麻醉后各时点两组比较,实验组PaO2,SpO2明显高于对照组(P<0.01/P<0.05)。结论鼻塞联合高氧液给氧技术,能有效预防高龄患者硬膜外麻醉引起低氧血症的发生。