2005年全国大骨节病病情监测总结报告

目的掌握2005年全国大骨节病病情,为大骨节病防治提供依据。方法在各病区省、自治区,各选1～2个当前大骨节病重病村作为监测点,每个点拍摄100名左右7～13岁儿童右手X线片,按大骨节病诊断标准,集体渎片,确诊病例,统计检出率。结果东部7省、市共11个监测点,大骨节病X线阳性检出率均低于3．00％;西部5省、区10个监测点中有5个超过10．00％,最高达25．00％(青海省上、下鹿圈村)。其中四川为0．96％和5．04％,陕西为5．56％和6．02％,内蒙古为10．53％和0,甘肃为14．71％和16．98％,,青海为12．10％和25．00％。东、西部各监测点大骨节病平均X线检出率为5．21％。结论与以往病情相比,全国大骨节病病情(检出率)高点继续下移,平均检出率呈下降趋势,但西部一些病区病情仍然较重,如青海省和甘肃省等,要继续强化大骨节病防治措施的落实,争取早日实现控制和消除大骨节病的目标。     

2003年全国大骨节病病情监测总结报告

目的：掌握2003年全国大骨节病病情及其动态。方法：在各病区省、自治区各选1～2个大骨节病病情严重的病区(点)，每个点拍照100名7～12岁儿童右手X线片，按GB级诊断标准，集体读片确诊病例，统计检出率。结果：东部8省、市X线检出率：黑龙江4．17％、3．77％，吉林2．76％、2．11％，山西0．51％、0，山东2．69％，河南、河北、辽宁、北京X线检出率均为0；西部6省、区12个监测点中有半数检出率超过10％，最高的达到32．93％(青海)。结论：全国大骨节病病情(检出率)高点下移，平均检出率有所下降，低点变化不明显。西部病区病情严重，问题突出、应结合西部大开发之大势，进一步抓好“种树种草、以粮代赈”、搬迁等切实有效防治措施的落实。     

西藏藏族自治区大骨节病病情调查结果分析

目的 了解西藏藏族自治区（简称西藏）大骨节病病区分布,评估西藏大骨节病病情现状。方法 于2007、2008年,在西藏那曲、山南、林芝、日喀则地区中的26县,按东、南、西、北、中的方法选取乡（镇）、村作为基线调查点进行大骨节病流行病学调查。根据大骨节病调查方案,对成人进行大骨节病临床检查,对4～ 13岁儿童进行临床和右手正位X线检查。病区划分按照大骨节病病区判定和划分标准《GB 16395-1996》执行,轻病区：病区大骨节病临床Ⅰ度及其以上患病率＜10％或7～ 14岁儿童X线检出率＜10％;中病区：病区大骨节病临床Ⅰ度及其以上患病率在10％～20％或7～ 14岁儿童X线检出率在10％ ～ 30％;重病区：病区大骨节病临床Ⅰ度及其以上患病率＞20％或7～ 14岁儿童X线检出率＞30％。结果 在26个县共调查了108乡,临床检查成人14 686人,检出Ⅰ度以上（含Ⅰ度）病例663人,患病率为4.51％,无Ⅲ度病例检出。儿童拍右手正位X线片5769张,检出大骨节病阳性片102张,检出率为1.77％;儿童发病主要在干骺端,占89.2％(91/102)。有10个县成人大骨节病临床检出率为0,儿童大骨节病X线检出率也为0;有1个县成人大骨节病临床检出率为0,儿童大骨节病X线检出率为3.66(7/191);有12县成人大骨节病临床检出率为1.03％ ～ 7.54％,儿童大骨节病X线检出率为0 ～ 7.76％,其中有5个县检出率为0;有3个县成人大骨节病临床检出率为10.69％～13.88％,儿童大骨节病X线检出率在5.31％～7.76％。结论 根据大骨节病病区判定和划分标准,在调查的26县中有10县为大骨节病非病区、13县为轻病区、3县为中病区。至此,西藏大骨节病分布于全区7地(市)52县,病情流行分布较广,形势仍然严峻,需继续加强病情监测。     

2000-2007年全国大骨节病病情监测结果分析

目的 掌握全国大骨节病病情变化,为制订大骨节病防治策略提供科学依据.方法 采用资料回顾方法,收集2000-2007年全国大骨节病病情监测数据,分析2000-2007年我国大骨节病X线检出率变化,比较东、两部大骨节病病情.结果 2000-2007年全国14个省(区、市)共上报了189个监测点的监测数据,拍摄儿童右手X线片21 287张;2000-2007年全国大骨节病X线检出率呈明显下降趋势,西部病情重于东部,西部平均X线检出率水平由2000年的21.75%下降到了2007年的7.30%;除青海、西藏和内蒙古等个别省(区)外,其他省(区)病情已经基本得到控制,其他各省X线检出率均已在5%以下.结论 按X线诊断,已有90%的病区达到控制水平;按病区类型划分,以轻病区为主,中等病区为10%左右,重病区不到1%.     

2000-2007年全国大骨节病病情监测结果分析

目的 掌握全国大骨节病病情变化,为制订大骨节病防治策略提供科学依据.方法 采用资料回顾方法,收集2000-2007年全国大骨节病病情监测数据,分析2000-2007年我国大骨节病X线检出率变化,比较东、两部大骨节病病情.结果 2000-2007年全国14个省(区、市)共上报了189个监测点的监测数据,拍摄儿童右手X线片21 287张;2000-2007年全国大骨节病X线检出率呈明显下降趋势,西部病情重于东部,西部平均X线检出率水平由2000年的21.75%下降到了2007年的7.30%;除青海、西藏和内蒙古等个别省(区)外,其他省(区)病情已经基本得到控制,其他各省X线检出率均已在5%以下.结论 按X线诊断,已有90%的病区达到控制水平;按病区类型划分,以轻病区为主,中等病区为10%左右,重病区不到1%.     

2004年全国大骨节病病情监测总结报告

目的掌握2004年全国大骨节病病情及时间与空间分布。方法在全国大骨节病病区省、自治区各选1～2个当前大骨节病最重病区作为本次监测点,每个点拍摄100名左右7￣12岁儿童右手X线片,按国家级诊断标准(GB),集体读片,确诊病例,确认患病水平。结果东部7省、市共11个监测点的儿童X线检出率均在6%以下。其中黑龙江2个点分别是4.55%和5.83%、吉林2个点分别是1.72%和0.85%、山西2个点分别是2.46%和2.5%、北京1个点是1.67%、山东是1.53%以及河南、河北均为0;西部6省、区(内蒙古、陕西、甘肃、青海、西藏、四川)14个监测点中8个检出率超过10%,其中有半数检出率超过20%,最高的达到27.78%(青海)。结论全国大骨节病病情(检出率)高点继续下移,平均检出率变化不大,西部病区病情严重而突出。西部病区要结合当地具体情况,强化大骨节病防治措施的落实。     

1996-2010年山东省儿童大骨节病病情监测结果分析

目的 了解山东省儿童大骨节病的病情现状,为制定防制策略提供科学依据。方法 按照《全国大骨节病监测方案》的要求,选择青州市历史上病情较重的病区村,对每个监测点的7～ 16岁在校学生进行大骨节病临床检查,并对其中7～ 12岁在校学生进行X线检查;临床和X线诊断按照《大骨节病诊断标准》(GB 16003-1995)。结果 1996-2010年,共调查53个病区村,临床检查7～ 16岁学生共3318名,未检出Ⅰ度及以上大骨节病患儿。X线摄片检查7～12岁儿童共3091名,共检出阳性患儿40例,X线总阳性检出率为1.29％（40/3091）。2002年阳性检出率最高,为3.49％( 13/372);1996和2008年检出率为0。各年度的X线阳性检出率比较,差异有统计学意义(x2=31.54,P＜ 0.01)。结论 青州市的儿童大骨节病病情已基本控制,处于持续稳定状态。由于大骨节病病因未明,仍需继续加强大骨节病病情监测工作。     

甘肃省大骨节病现况调查

目的了解甘肃省大骨节病病情现状和消长趋势,科学评估防控效果。方法选择甘肃省7个市(州)37个大骨节病病区县,每个县抽取5个重病区乡(镇),每个病区乡(镇)抽取3个重病区村作为调查点开展7~12岁儿童临床及右手X线拍片检查,同期开展防控措施落实情况调查。结果共调查7个市(州)、37个病区县、171个病区乡、571个病区行政村、7~12岁儿童27 966人,临床检出患者14人,检出率0.05%,均为I度大骨节病患者;X线检出阳性病例353人,检出率1.26%,其中干骺端检出率1.25%,骨端检出率0.01%,三联征检出率为零。4.90%(28/571)的病区村未达到大骨节病控制标准。病区居民以自产小麦面粉为主(78.18%);病区综合防治措施以退耕还林为主,占原有耕地的15.06%。结论甘肃省大骨节病病情处于稳中有降的趋势,应继续加强重点病区病情监测和综合防控措施的落实。     

甘肃省武山县大骨节病病情监测分析

目的掌握甘肃省武山县大骨节病病情变化趋势和防治措施落实情况,为大骨节病的防治提供科学依据。方法按照甘肃省大骨节病监测方案的要求,抽查武山县大骨节病历史重病区2个村作为监测点,依据《大骨节病诊断标准》,对监测点7~12岁儿童进行大骨节病临床检诊和右手X线拍片检查,并评价防治措施的落实效果。结果 2个监测村临床检诊儿童165人,未检出阳性病例;儿童X线拍片100人,亦未发现阳性病例;病区村全面落实退耕还林121公顷、供应硒盐受益人口2 099人、改变主食结构等各项防控措施,使得病情得到有效控制。结论武山县大骨节病病情处于稳定状态,病区出现了"零发病"趋势;为巩固取得的成果,应对病区居民加强健康教育、持续开展病情监测,保持目前良好的效果。     

2002年全国大骨节病病情监测总结报告

目的 监测2002年全国大骨节病病情。方法 在9个病区省、自治区各选2个最重病区点，每个点拍照100名7－12岁儿童右手X光片，上报，集体读片确认患病水平。结果 东部7省X线检出率，黑龙江3.7%与1.0%、吉林3.8%与1.1%，河北0.8%，北京2.5%以及河南、山西、辽宁X线检出率均为0,依然在控制水平以下。西部6省（区）中，西藏、青海、甘肃、陕西X线检出率仍然很高，10个监测点中X线检出率超过20％的有6个，最高的达到51.5%（西藏）,表明病情仍然活跃而严重。四川和内蒙古的病情有很大下降，已经达到了控制水平。结论 今后防治重点应放在西部，结合西部大开发计划中的“种树种草、以粮代赈”政策的落实，争取在不太久的时间内控制大骨节病。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.