显微超声技术在折断器械取出中的临床应用

目的：评价手术显微镜下结合超声装置取出根管内折断器械的效果。方法;术前X线确诊根管内折断器械病例25例,在显微镜下使用超声装置制备直线通路和增隙,暴露器械断端,松动并取出断械。术后拍摄X线片确诊折断器械是否取出,然后完成根管治疗。结果：25例中在显微镜下取出23例,取出率82．1％。有5例未能取出,其中根管壁侧穿2例,显微镜下未能见到折断器械2例,器械部分推出根尖孔1例。结论：手术显微镜结合超声装置是根管内折断器械取出较为理想的方法。     

根管内折断器械取出的临床研究

目的：评价采用显微超声技术去除根管内折断器械的效果。方法：收集临床器械折断病例17例,存根管显微镜下,使用超声器械取出折断器械。记录折断器械取出的成功率。记录取出的折断器械的类型及操作时间。结果：64．9％折断器械位于上下颌磨牙根管内,折断器械取出的成功率为76．47％。未能取出的4例（镍钛器械3例,K锉1例）均位于根管下段。结论：折断器械所处的牙位、根管以及在根管内的部位、器械的类型、操作者的经验等影响折断器械的取出成功率。显微超声技术有助于提高根管内折断器械的取出成功率。     

应用显微超声技术去除根管内折断器械的临床分析

目的：评价根管手术显微镜和超声技术去除根管内折断器械的临床疗效。方法：选择因根管内折断金属器械造成根管阻塞的患牙43个,根管47个。在根管手术显微镜下使用超声器械与IRS套管试行取出术,完成根管治疗或再治疗,统计成功率。结果：32个患牙（33个根管）内折断器械被取出并完成根管治疗,成功率74.42%（70.21%）。无一例发生根管壁侧穿或牙根折裂。结论：根管手术显微镜和超声器械及IRS套管的使用,为根管内折断器械的去除提供了有效方法。     

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目的 评价显微超声技术配合K锉取出法取出根管内折断器械的临床效果.方法 对2005年3月至2010年6月在北京大学深圳医院口腔科就诊的根管内折断器械患者49例,应用显微超声技术结合K锉取出法取出折断器械,并时不同部位的根管内折断器械的取出情况进行分析.结果 49例根管内折断器械共取出37例,取出率75.5%;折断器械在根管上、中、下1/3的取出率分别为100%、87.5%、44.4%.结论 显微镜下应用超声技术结合K锉取出法是根管内折断器械取出较为理想的方法,根管下1/3折断器械取出率相对较低.     

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目的探讨数字根尖片在术前评估根管内折断器械取出难度和根管侧穿发生中的应用价值。方法应用分角投照技术拍摄的患牙数字根尖片,对2007年4月至2008年10月于烟台市口腔医院特需门诊就诊接受显微超声取根管内折断器械的病例47例进行分析,分析其折断器械在根管内的位置与折断器械取出成功率和根管侧穿发生率的关系。结果当折断器械位于根尖1/3时,应用显微超声技术取出的成功率和根管侧穿发生率分别为36.84%和52.63%,而器械位于根管冠1/3、中1/3时取出成功率分别为90.00%、88.89%,根管侧穿发生率分别为10.00%、11.11%;当折断器械位于弯曲根管以上或以下时器械取出的成功率分别为88.46%和42.86%,根管侧穿的发生率分别为11.54%和47.62%。结论分角投照数字根尖片在术前分析根管内折断器械取出的成功率和根管侧穿的发生具有较高的参考价值,可作为根管内折断器械病例术前难度评估和预测侧穿发生的常规方法。     

显微超声技术处理根管内折断器械的影响因素及临床应用

目的用显微超声技术处理根管内折断器械并对其影响因素进行分析。方法对2003年10月—2006年10月就诊于南京医科大学附属口腔医院的47例根管内器械折断的患者进行诊断和治疗,用根管手术显微镜配合超声器械进行治疗处理。结果47例患者中有34例根管内折断器械被完全取出,取出率为72.3%。折断器械的位置与操作难度密切相关,根管弯曲前段、中段和后段内折断器械取出率依次降低;根管弯曲度小于30度者较弯曲度大于30度者其折断器械取出率高。结论手术显微镜结合超声器械是处理根管内折断器械的较有效方法。     

根管内折断器械的超声取出方法

根管内器械折断是根管治疗的常见并发症,随着显微根管治疗技术的发展,大部分根管折断器械可以通过超声技术取出。本文对根管内器械折断的原因、超声技术取根管内折断器械的方法及应用中可能出现的问题进行介绍,强调超声法取根管内折断器械时建立直线通路的重要性,对超声振动过程中有水或无水下操作、工作尖是否需要旋转以及是否需要根管显微镜辅助等问题进行讨论,对临床医师预防和处理根管器械折断具有指导意义。     

根管内折断器械的取出方法及临床病例分析

目的 探讨根管内折断器械的取出方法及临床应用。方法 对56个根管内器械折断的病例,应用根管治疗显微镜和不同取出方法处理并进行分析。结果 器械折断的56个根管中,有41个取出,4个通过断针并根管充填。其中,根管上部断针5个全部取出;根管中部断针28个,25个取出;根尖部断针(包括全根管)23个,11个取出。结论 应用适当方法,根管内中上部的断针大部分可取出,根尖部的断针取出较困难。     

显微超声技术取根管内折断器械致根管侧穿并发症的研究

目的分析影响显微超声技术取出根管内折断器械的成功率及导致根管侧穿并发症的因素。方法45例患者,45颗患牙采用显微超声技术取出根管内折断器械,观察根管内折断器械的取出成功率以及根管侧穿发生的情况,分析影响因素。结果当折断器械位于根管冠1／3、中1／3和尖1／3时,应用显微超声技术取出的成功率分别为90．00％、94．12％和38．89％,根管侧穿发生率分别为10．00％、5．88％和50．00％,后者取出的成功率明显低于前二者（P〈0．05）,而根管侧穿的发生率却明显高于前二者（P〈0．05）;当折断器械位于直根管、中度弯曲以及重度弯曲根管内时,取出成功率分别为91．67％、85．71％和47．37％,根管侧穿的发生率分别为8．33％、7．14％和47．37％,后者的取出成功率明显低于前二者（P〈0．05）,而根管侧穿的发生率却明显高于前二者（P〈0．05）;另有2例断针推出根尖孔外。结论显微超声技术取出根管内折断器械时可能发生根管侧穿,尤其当折断器械位于根管尖1／3段或重度弯曲根管时更应该慎重。     

根管内折断器械显微超声取出效果的临床观察

目的 探讨显微超声技术处理根管内折断器械的效果及提高取出成功率的有效方法.方法 对常规方法不能处理的96例患者,共计101个根管内折断器械.在根管显微镜下使用专用超声工作尖进行处理,统计患牙的治疗成功率.结果 显微镜下顺利完成78例,成功率82.2%,共计83支折断器械.结论 对下颌磨牙的根管治疗及折断器械取出应提高警惕;牙科显微镜结合超声技术,采用合理的操作方法、合适的工作尖,对处理大部分根管内折断器械有较理想的治疗效果.     

Ultrasonic removal of broken instruments in root canals

Summary. A method to remove broken instruments in root canals was developed employing a new ultrasonic device for root canal treatment. The results, using extracted teeth, showed that broken instruments locked tightly in round root canals were more difficult to remove compared with those in irregularly shaped root canals. This method was applied in 39 clinical cases, and in 26 of these the fragment was removed successfully while in six cases it was possible to bypass a file alongside the fragment. Therefore, in 32 out of the 39 clinical cases with broken instruments, it was possible to instrument to the apex.     

根管内折断器械处理方法的临床研究

目的 探讨根管内折断器械的处理方法及影响取出因素分析。方法对86个根管内器械折断的病例。应用不同取出方法处理，总结根管内折断器械的取出效果。结果使用非手术方法，在器械折断的86个根管中，全根管和根管上部的折断器械38例，全部取出；折断器械位于根管中部的20个，13个取出；折断器械位于根尖部的28例中，6例取出。在使用非手术方法未能取出的29例中，18例通过折断器械建立旁路根管充填；11例行根尖手术取出并根管倒充填。结论应用适当的非手术方法，根管中上部的折断器械大部分可取出，根尖部的折断器械取出较困难，根尖部的折断器械可以通过根尖手术的方法取出。     

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??Objective    To evaluate the clinical effect of cone beam computed tomography??CBCT??as an adjunctive therapy of endodontic treatment for calcified canals??and discuss the clinical significance. Methods    Three hundred and seventy-four teeth were selected??which needed to get the root canal therapy??and all of them were blocked with calcification completely in x-ray. The 185 calcified canals that could not be negotiated during the conventional root canal therapy were treated under the endodontic microscope combined with ultrasonic instruments. The negotiation rates were calculated. After that??the 46 canals which could not be negotiated continued to be treated with the help of CBCT??and the negotiation rates were calculated. Results    During the conventional root canal therapy??374 teeth were treated??185 root canals were not negotiated. After that??these blocked canals were treated under the endodontic microscope combined with ultrasonic instruments. Totally 139 canals were negotiated and the negotiation rate was 75.14%??27 root canals were seen in the CBCT images??and 19 root canals were not. The former included 11 thin root canals??9 canals whose orifices were blocked and 7 canals whose negotiating direction was deviated. With the help of microscope and ultrasonic instruments??all of the 27 blocked canals were treated successfully. The success rate was improved to 89.72%. Conclusion    CBCT images can assist to locate the root canal orifice??and show the direction of calcified canal and canal morphology. To some extent??it can improve the negotiation rate of the calcified root canals.     

210例根管治疗失败病例的根尖X线片和锥形束CT的影像学分析

[摘要]目的：比较根尖X线片（periapical radiograph, PR）与锥形束CT（cone-beam computed tomography, CBCT）在诊断根管治疗（root canal treatment, RCT）失败病例时的差异。方法：回顾性分析RCT失败患牙的影像学资料,比较PR与CBCT诊断RCT失败病例的病因和病情时的差异。结果：共分析210颗RCT失败患牙的PR和CBCT资料,根管欠填和遗漏根管是导致RCT失败的主要原因。CBCT能更准确的判断根管充填质量和根折类型,CBCT对遗漏根管的检出率比PR高14.8%,对根折的检出率比PR高5.7%。结论：CBCT对RCT失败病例的病因和病情分析优于PR,能为根管再治疗的方案制定提供更有意义的参考。     

结合锥形束CT评价两种镍钛器械预备老年人磨牙弯曲根管的效果

目的：比较镍钛器械Twisted Files（TF）和ProTaper在老年人磨牙弯曲根管预备中的临床应用效果。方法：选择2011年8月至2013年8月在我科门诊就诊的有弯曲根管的牙髓炎或根尖周炎的老年患者磨牙90颗,随机分成三组,每组30颗,T组和P组分别采用机用镍钛器械Twisted Files（TF）和ProTaper以冠向下技术预备根管,K组采用手用不锈钢K锉以逐步后退法预备根管,全部患牙均采用冷牙胶侧方加压技术充填。记录三组病例根管预备时间和器械折断数,根据治疗前、中、后的X线片评价根管预备和充填情况,通过锥形束C T记录预备前后距离根尖3mm处根管偏移值。结果：T组、P组均能保持原根管的弯曲和走向,根管预备的锥度和流畅度好,根管充填质量高,T组的偏移量比P组和K组的偏移量小,三组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。T组的操作时间比P组和K组短,三组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。预备过程中T组未发生器械折断,P组3例发生器械折断。结论：TF相对与Protaper用于预备老年人磨牙弯曲根管,效率较高,成形效果佳,较安全,更适合于狭窄弯曲的老年根管。     

CBCT结合显微超声技术诊治老年疑难根管71例报告

目的：评价锥形束CT（ CBCT）结合显微超声技术诊断治疗老年疑难根管的临床效果。方法：选择71例老年患者的124个均因传统方法根管治疗失败的疑难根管作为研究对象,通过CBCT检查判断根管数目、根管口的位置、根管弯曲角度,应用显微超声技术去除钙化组织,探查并疏通根管,统计根管疏通成功率。结果：124个疑难根管中,成功疏通根管108个（其中包含寻及11个遗漏根管）,成功率87．1％,牙位和钙化位置对疏通率有影响;两个根管发现根裂,建议拔除。结论：CBCT与显微超声技术联合使用,为临床诊治老年疑难根管提供了有效的方法。     

显微超声技术结合CBCT治疗前磨牙复杂变异根管的效果观察

[摘要] 目的 探讨CBCT及显微超声技术在前磨牙变异根管治疗中的联合应用及临床疗效。方法 选取20例因根管变异行显微根管治疗的前磨牙,术前行CBCT扫描,分析其影像结果准确获取变异根管的数量、形态、钙化程度等信息,在牙科手术显微镜下使用超声器械定位并疏通根管,机动镍钛系统完成根管预备,热牙胶垂直加压充填。记录变异根管类型及治疗中并发症等情况,评价显微根管治疗的效果。结果 20例患牙中,有19例成功找到所有根管并顺利完成了根管治疗,术中未出现台阶、侧穿、器械分离等并发症,成功率为95%。20例变异根管的分类,以V型（1-2型）最为多见,其次为III型（1-2-1型）。结论 应用显微超声技术可以提高前磨牙变异根管的治疗成功率,CBCT对额外根管的术前检出及术中定位有重要指导作用。     

Remaining root dentin thickness in mesiobuccal canals of maxillary first molars after attempted removal of broken instrument fragments

The aim was to measure the minimal thickness of the remaining canal wall dentine in the mesiobuccal roots of maxillary first molars using a virtual model to simulate the attempt to remove fractured instruments. Thirty‐seven molars were scanned by micro‐computed tomography. The application framework for the simulation of the attempt to remove a broken instrument was constructed. The staging platform was created and followed by the use of ultrasonic tips to trephine dentine around the fragment to reveal the coronal 1.5 mm. The minimum canal wall thickness in the mesiobuccal roots was then measured. The concavity groove was found on all the distal aspects of the mesiobuccal root. The minimum thickness of the remaining canal wall distally to the canal was significantly thinner than mesially to the canals when sizes 25/0.06 and 25/0.02 instruments were broken at 3 and 5 mm away from the canal orifice. When the sizes 20/0.02 and 25/0.06 instruments were broken at 5 mm away from the canal orifice, the minimum thickness of the distal dentine wall was only 300–400 μm which was significantly less than when the instrument was broken at 3 mm.     

Probability of removing fractured instruments from root canals

Aim To evaluate in a clinical case series the location of fractured instruments, how many of them could be removed and to compare these findings with the results of a similar study. Methodology Within an 18‐month period all referred endodontic cases involving fractured instruments within root canals were analysed. The protocol for removal of fractured instruments was: create straight‐line access to the coronal portion of the fractured instrument, attempt to create a ditched groove around the coronal aspect of the instrument using ultrasonic files and/or to bypass it with K‐Files. Subsequently, the fractured instrument was vibrated ultrasonically and flushed out of the root canal or an attempt was made to remove the instrument with the Tube‐and‐Hedström file‐Method or similar techniques. The location of the fractured instrument and the time required for removal were recorded. Successful removal was defined as complete removal from the root canal without creating a clinically detectable perforation. Results In total, 97 consecutive cases of instrument fracture were included in the time period. In all, 84 instruments (87%) were removed successfully. There was a significant correlation between the time needed to remove fractured instruments and a decrease in success rate. Curved canals had significantly more fractured instruments than straight canals (P < 0.05). Rotary instruments fractured significantly more often in curved canals (P < 0.05) compared with other instruments. Half of all instrument fractures occurred in mesial roots of lower molars and most often when using rotating instruments. There was no statistically significant difference in the success rate with respect to the location of the fractured instrument (tooth/root type), the type of fractured instrument or the different methods of instrument removal. Conclusions Curved canals are a higher risk for instrument fracture than straight canals. In curved canals rotary instruments (including lentulo spirals) fractured more often than other instruments. In all, 87% of the fractured instruments were removed successfully. A decrease in success rate was evident with increasing treatment time. The use of an operating microscope was a prerequisite for the techniques used to remove the fractured instruments.