青年上肢远端肌萎缩症的临床肌电图及肌肉病理的研究

对２２例青年上肢远端肌萎缩症的临床，肌电图及肌肉病理进行了研究。肌电图显示神经源性损害，主要分布于病侧手肌，对侧手肌也可有亚临床电生理异常，提示受损节段多在颈７、８－胸１脊髓前角，肌肉组织病理，酶组织化学及电镜检查显示神经源性肌萎缩，为下颈髓前角细胞受损的结果有别于运动神经元病，其病因可能与局部脊髓血循环境障碍有关。     

上运动神经元损害为主的肌萎缩侧索硬化患者的临床和神经电生理特点

目的 探讨以上运动神经元损害为主要表现的肌萎缩侧索硬化( UMN-D ALS)的临床和神经电生理特点.方法 回顾分析76例UMN-D ALS患者及19例原发性侧索硬化(PLS)患者,对其临床表现和神经电生理特点进行总结、比较.神经电生理研究主要包括四肢神经传导速度和延髓、颈、胸、腰骶4个区的肌肉肌电图检测,每隔6个月复查1次.结果 8例初诊为PLS的患者随访中出现下运动神经元损害的表现,转入UMN-D ALS组,此组患者增为84例.＞40岁的UMN-D ALS患者中女性更多(男:女=1∶1.37).32例(38.1％)延髓部起病,从首发症状到肌电图提示神经源性改变平均为30个月,77例(91.6％)在病程4年内出现下运动神经元损害的表现.随访4年时,UMN-D ALS组修改版ALS神经功能评分(分)由40±3下降为32±4(t=1.83,P＜0.05);UMN-D ALS组与PLS组第一骨间肌运动单位动作电位波幅、时限相比[(1003.7±25.2) μV和(353.5±21.5) μV,t=2.34,P＜0.05;(19.8±2.3)ms和(9.6±1.3)ms,t=1.85,P＜0.05]差异有统计学意义.结论 UMN-D ALS患者中女性、以延髓部起病患者比例较高,比PLS进展快,肌电图神经源性损害局限.     

139例肌萎缩侧索硬化临床及肌电图表现特点

目的 探讨肌萎缩侧索硬化(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,ALS)的临床及电生理特征,为早期准确诊断ALS提供依据.方法 回顾性研究近5年来收治的门诊及住院139例肌萎缩侧索硬化患者的临床及电生理表现,对其发病特点、症状、体征及实验室检查进行统计分析.结果 ALS在临床上慢性隐袭起病,逐渐进展,50岁前后发病,平均年龄49.1岁,平均病程2.4年.男性明显多于女性.首发症状为单侧上肢肌肉无力和肌肉萎缩最常见,其次为肌束震颤、延髓麻痹、锥体束征等,少数患者可出现肢体麻木、疼痛或发凉等感觉异常.临床主要症状是肢体无力、肢体和舌肌肌肉萎缩、锥体束征、肢体和舌肌肌束震颤.所有ALS侵害的部位均表现神经源性损害,胸锁乳突肌肌电图检查、胸脊旁肌肌电图、头部/颈/腰椎CT及MRI等辅助检查具有重要的确诊及鉴别诊断意义.结论 目前ALS的诊断仍然依靠临床表现.肌电图、CT/MRI是ALS诊断和鉴别诊断的重要辅助手段.     

青年上肢远端肌萎缩症的临床、肌电图及肌肉病理的研究

对２２例青年上肢远端肌萎缩症的临床、肌电图及肌肉病理进行了研究。肌电图显示神经源性损害，主要分布于病侧手肌，对侧手肌也可有亚临床电生理异常，提示受损节段多在颈＿（７、８）～胸＿１脊髓前角。肌肉组织病理、酶组织化学及电镜检查显示神经源性肌萎缩，为下颈髓前角细胞受损的结果，有别于运动神经元病。其病因可能与局部脊髓血循环障碍有关。     

肌萎缩侧索硬化与脊髓型颈椎病的神经电生理检查

目的 探讨神经电生理检查在肌萎缩侧索硬化（amyotrophic laleral sclerosis，ALS）及脊髓型颈椎病（cervical spondylotic myelopathty，CSM）鉴别中的价值。方法 对28例初步诊断为ALS组、34例CSM组及两者鉴别困难者5例，这三组病人进行肌电图检查。结果 ALS组胸锁乳突肌及上、下肢肌肌电图都表现为神经源性损害；而CSM组仅表现为上肢脊神经根所支配的相应区域的神经源性损害，胸锁乳突肌及下肢肌无一例异常；而两者鉴别困难者组通过肌电图检查发现有4例存在颈、腰椎神经根病变，有1例为颈椎病合并ALS。本文同时对下胸段脊旁肌（T9．T10、T11）进行检查发现AIS组中阳性率为75％，而颈椎病组无一例异常。结论 神经电生理检查能帮助ALS及CSM的诊断及鉴别诊断。     

肌电图广泛神经源性损害和肌萎缩侧索硬化的诊断

目的 探讨肌电图广泛神经源性损害与肌萎缩侧索硬化(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,ALS)诊断之间的关系.方法 对2002年1月至2008年12月北京协和医院运动神经元疾病数据库进行回顾性分析,统计肌电图表现为广泛神经源性损害的疾病种类,总结ALS患者首次就诊时肌电图神经源性损害的分布区域和随诊后的结果,并对影响ALS初诊时肌电图表现的因素进行Logistic 回归分析.结果 在首次就诊时,共有298例患者的肌电图表现为广泛神经源性损害,其中ALS 192例(64.4％),进行性肌萎缩36例(12.1％),肯尼迪病13例(4.4％),平山病10例(3.4％),颈椎病或腰椎病9例(3.0％),脊髓性肌萎缩6例(1.3％),多灶性运动神经病5例(1.7％),ALS叠加综合征5例(1.7％),肌病4例(1.3％),遗传性运动神经病3例(1.0％),运动轴索性周围神经病3例(1.0％),脊髓灰质炎后综合征2例(0.7％),未能确定诊断者10例(3.4％).本数据库中,共有213例患者最后确诊为ALS,其中第1次肌电图检查时,8例(3.8％)表现为2个区域神经源性损害,13例(6.1％)表现为1个区域神经源性损害,经随诊3～24个月后,均发展为广泛神经源性损害.Logistic回归分析显示,ALS肌电图广泛神经源性损害的表现与病程、起病部位、发病年龄以及性别无关.结论 广泛神经源性损害的肌电图改变并非仅见于ALS;在疾病发生后一定时期内,ALS也可以仅有1个或2个区域的神经源性损害.     

平山病28例报告

平山病又称青年上肢远端肌萎缩症,是日本学者平山惠造在1959年首先报道的一种良性自限性运动神经元疾病。与运动神经元病中的肌萎缩侧索硬化、进行性脊肌萎缩和多灶性运动神经病等相似,易混淆,临床诊断本病时需加以鉴别。 资料与方法平山病诊断依据1.临床依据：①青年早期隐袭起病,男性多见;     

肌萎缩侧索硬化症临床与电生理

目的:探讨肌萎缩侧索硬化症的临床与肌电图特点;方法:对30例肌萎缩侧索硬化症的临床及肌电图进行分析总结;结果:肌萎缩侧索硬化症表现为上下运动神经元同时受累,肌无力、肌萎缩、肌束颤动,伴腱反射亢进、病理征等,无感觉障碍,肌电图特点为广泛分布(多个肢体)的神经源性损害。结论:根据临床及肌电图并除外其它疾病时本病可确诊,肌电图的广泛神经源性损害有助于该病的早期诊断。     

肌萎缩侧索硬化症与脊髓型颈椎病临床和肌电图特点相关性研究

目的肌萎缩侧索硬化症与颈椎病脊髓型患者的临床特点、肌电图和躯体感觉诱发电位的相关性研究。方法对38例肌萎缩侧索硬化症和脊髓型颈椎病患者的临床特点进行分析,并在肌电图及躯体感觉诱发电位、影像学检查进行比较。结果肌萎缩侧索硬化症患者肌电图呈广泛神经源性损害;脊髓型颈椎病患者受损害的神经根呈节段性分布,躯体感觉诱发电位有助于脊髓型颈椎病的诊断,影像学检查可见颈髓受压。结论肌电图及躯体感觉诱发电位、影像学检查是几种敏感的检测手段,在肌萎缩侧索硬化症与脊髓型颈椎病的诊断和鉴别诊断中有重要意义。     

16例平山病临床特征分析

目的 分析平山病的临床特征,提高对平山病的认识,便于早诊断和早治疗.方法 回顾性分析16例确诊的平山病患者的临床表现、神经电生理特征及颈椎MRI资料.结果 患者均为青少年男性,平均发病年龄19.25岁.主要表现为局限于上肢远端的肌无力和肌萎缩.肌电图显示C7~T1神经支配区肌肉神经源性异常,运动单位电位时限增宽,波幅增高.屈颈位MRI显示所有病例下颈髓后方硬膜外间隙增宽,T2像可见新月形高信号影,相应脊髓受压前移变扁.结论 结合临床表现、神经电生理学及颈椎影像学检查可确诊平山病,其治疗以配戴颈托及患肢功能训练为主.     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Summary of Legislation of 1933 of interest to the Department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -