川崎病患儿并发冠状动脉病变的危险因素分析

目的：探讨川崎病(KD)并发冠状动脉病变(CAL)的危险因素。方法：收集2006年1月至2012年1月间诊断为KD的527例患儿的临床资料,对15个可能与CAL发生有关的因素进行单因素和多因素logistic回归分析。结果：单因素分析显示,患儿年龄、性别、KD类型、大剂量丙种球蛋白（IVIG）治疗起始时间、对IVIG治疗的反应、使用糖皮质激素、发热持续时间及C反应蛋白等因素在合并和未合并CAL两组患儿中差异有统计学意义（P8岁、男性、非典型KD、IVIG治疗开始于发热后10 d 以上、对IVIG治疗无反应、发热持续时间>10 d为CAL发生的独立危险因素（OR分别为2.076、1.890、1.972、1.426、3.251、2.301、1.694,均P8岁）、男性、非典型KD、IVIG治疗起始时间较晚、对IVIG治疗无反应、发热持续时间较长是CAL发生的独立危险因素。     

川崎病所致严重冠状动脉病变单中心队列研究

背景：川崎病（KD）所致严重冠状动脉病变（CAL）容易导致患儿发生冠状动脉事件或死亡,对远期预后及生存质量具有重要影响。 目的：总结分析伴严重CAL的KD患儿的中远期临床转归,为KD患儿长期随访管理及预后评估提供依据。 设计：队列研究。 方法：检索复旦大学附属儿科医院（我院）HIS系统,纳入2008年1月至2019年12月出院诊断为KD,经我院冠状动脉造影（CAG）确诊为KD所致严重CAL的＜18岁患儿。排除合并其他引起严重CAL和影响严重CAL预后疾病者。所有患儿在门诊及病房由资深心血管专科医生随访,均以药物治疗为基础,伴冠状动脉严重狭窄及心肌缺血的患儿经多学科讨论后予手术治疗。以确诊及随访期间出现心肌缺血、心肌梗死或死亡的患儿为预后不良组,反之则为预后良好组,观察出现不良预后及CAL的演变情况,分析不良预后的影响因素。 主要结局指标：不良预后发生情况和CAL的恢复情况。 结果：144例KD所致严重CAL患儿纳入本文分析。其中男117例（81.2%）,女27例;KD中位发病年龄2.2（1.0,4.5）岁,中位随访时间1.6（0,3.4）年,确诊为严重CAL时病程为5.0（3.0,21.3）月。144例KD所致严重CAL患儿共累及276支冠状动脉,56例（38.9%）累及单支冠状动脉,88例（61.1%）累及≥2支冠状动脉。发生巨大冠状动脉瘤（GCAA)122例,单支冠状动脉多发中小型冠状动脉瘤（CAA)8例,GCAA合并单支冠状动脉多发中小型CAA 6例,受累冠状动脉均狭窄8例;62例发生冠状动脉狭窄,其中冠状动脉闭塞31例。预后不良组54例（37.5%）,均存在心肌缺血,其中14例患儿缺血心肌处发生过有记录的急性心肌梗死,1例患儿因心肌梗死所致严重心力衰竭死亡。多因素分析结果显示,≥2支冠状动脉受累的患儿是单支冠状动脉受累的患儿发生不良预后风险的2.6倍（OR=2.602,95%CI：1.201~5.634）,合并冠状动脉狭窄的患儿是未合并冠状动脉狭窄的患儿发生不良预后风险的3倍（OR=3.055,95%CI：1.450~6.437）。共行179次CAG,114例（208支受累冠状动脉）行1次CAG,30例（68支受累冠状动脉）行≥2次CAG。68支受累冠状动脉首次确诊时,51支为GCAA,末次随访时好转率为4.0%;3支为多发中小型CAA,末次随访时好转率为66.6%;2支为单个中小型CAA,至末次随访均发生狭窄（狭窄程度约50%）;12支为狭窄,至末次随访时均未好转。 结论：GCAA是KD所致严重CAL的主要类型,且难以恢复,单支冠状动脉多发中小型CAA好转率较高。冠状动脉狭窄及多支冠状动脉受累是KD所致严重CAL患儿发生不良预后的影响因素。     

兰州地区川崎病患儿并发冠状动脉损害的危险因素研究

目的探讨兰州地区川崎病(KD)患儿并发冠状动脉损害(CAL)的危险因素。方法对确诊的174例KD患儿,根据其是否并发CAL分为CAL组和NCAL组,分析比较其年龄、性别、热程、静脉用丙种球蛋白(IVIG)开始使用时间、IVIG使用剂量、C反应蛋白(CRP)、血清白蛋白、红细胞沉降率(ESR)、血小板(PLT)、血红蛋白等资料的差异。结果 174例KD患儿并发CAL者46例(占26.44%),无并发CAL者128例;两组患儿平均热程、自发热到开始IVIG治疗的时间、IVIG使用剂量,以及PLT、CRP、ESR、红细胞计数(RBC)的差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论热程10 d、发热10 d后开始使用IVIG,PLT、CRP、ESR升高,RBC降低的KD患儿应警惕并发CAL的危险性,对于KD的治疗及预后判断有一定的参考价值。     

单中心9年不完全川崎病回顾性分析

目的 探讨不完全川崎病（KD）的临床特征,以提高临床诊治水平。方法 回顾性分析2002年1月至2010年12月KD住院患儿的临床资料,比较不完全KD与典型KD在发病年龄、性别、临床表现、实验室检查、治疗及冠状动脉损害等方面的差异。结果 1 484例KD患儿进入分析,其中不完全KD 262例(17.6%),典型KD 1 222例;<1岁患儿中不完全KD占24.9%。不完全KD和典型KD患儿的平均发热时间分别为（7.8±5.0）和（6.7±3.6）d,差异有统计学意义。不完全KD 四肢改变、多形皮疹、眼结膜充血、口唇改变、颈部淋巴结肿大和肛周改变的发生率显著高于典型KD;卡疤改变、扁桃体肿大、阴囊或外阴改变、呕吐和腹泻的发生率与典型KD差异无统计学意义。两组CRP、ESR、Hb、WBC、PLT、ALT、AST、CK-MB和LDH等实验室指标差异无统计学意义。不完全KD与典型KD患儿对IVIG无反应的发生率差异无统计学意义（14.1％ vs 17.5％）;不完全KD患儿冠状动脉扩张、冠状动脉瘤和巨大冠状动脉瘤的发生率分别为57.5%、14.1％和1.9%,典型KD患儿分别为31.5%、5.9% 和0.6%,两组差异有统计学意义。结论 不完全KD较典型KD发热时间长,且冠状动脉损害发生率高,但实验室指标差别不大。     

儿童再发川崎病77例临床特征回顾性分析

目的 探讨再发川崎病(KD)的临床特点及其预后。方法 收集1994年1月至2012年10月重庆医科大学附属儿童医院收治的KD再发病例,比较初发时和复发时的临床特征、实验室指标和随访资料。并选取5～10年未再发KD病例作为对照组,探讨KD再发可能的危险因素。结果 19年间收治KD 4 875例,其中再发KD 77例,再发1次74例,再发2次3例,男∶女为1.4∶1。再发平均间隔时间1.6年,1年以内再发45.4%（35/77）。发热病程再发时较初发时缩短 (7.6±3.1) vs ( 8.9 ± 3.8) d,P＜0.05;WBC和CRP水平再发时较初发时显著降低,(14.3±5.7) vs (16.2 ±5.4)×109·L-1和(61±58) vs ( 95±76) mg·L-1,P均<0.05。急性期（病程≤30 d）冠状动脉病变（CAL ）发生率初发时为17.8%（13/73) ,再发时为13.3%( 10/75);应用IVIG后亚急性期（病程>30 d）CAL发生率初发时为11.0%（8/73),再发时为9.3%（7/75),组间比较差异均无统计学意义。7例初发时与再发时均有CAL,其中1例初发时与再发时均合并冠状动脉瘤（CAA）。52例KD再发患儿有出院后随访资料,随访时间平均2.1年,其中1 例再发时合并左侧冠状动脉主干小型CAA的患儿随访中出现新发部位左前降支瘤样扩张,冠状动脉内径回缩至正常后4年7个月再次出现左侧冠状动脉扩张。多因素Logistic分析显示,年龄＜3岁、性别、热程＞10 d、并发CAL及WBC>20×109·L-1均与KD再发无统计学关联。结论 KD再发多发生在1年内。再发KD的CAL总发生率并未升高,初发时合并CAL患儿,再发时更易发生CAL。     

川崎病并冠状动脉损害的危险因素

目的探讨川崎病(KD)并冠状动脉损害(CAL)的危险因素。方法收集1999年1月-2001年12月住院的145例KD患儿的临床资料,分析无CAL93例和CAL52例患儿的实验室检查资料及治疗、随访结果。结果无CAL组发热日程(8.7±3.4)d.血沉(79.5±34.6)mm/1h,CAL组发热日程(11.5±4.8)d,血沉(91.9±36.6)mm/1h,两组比较差异有显著性(P<0.01,0.05)。发病10d内接受静脉注射人血丙种球蛋白(IVIG)治疗患儿CAL发生率为18.8%(18/96),未予IVIG治疗患儿CAL发生率为69.4%(34/49),两者比较差异有显著性(P<0.001)。随访并CAL患儿38例,冠状动脉扩张20例均恢复正常;14例冠状动脉瘤中12例恢复正常,2例缩小;4例巨大冠状动脉瘤2例缩小,另2例超过2年仍未恢复。结论KD并CAL与热程过长及血沉显著增快密切相关,病程早期未予IVIG治疗的患儿并CAL的危险性明显增高,应用IVIG治疗对防治冠状动脉损害有重要作用。     

静脉注射不同剂量丙种球蛋白治疗川崎病的临床研究

目的 评价静脉注射丙种球蛋白（intravenous immune globulin,IVIG）1g／kg单次静脉注射治疗川崎病（Kawasaki disease,KD）的临床效果。方法 242例KD患儿随机分为IVIG1s／kg组与IVIG 2g／kg组,对两种治疗方法的疗效进行前瞻性对比研究。分别采用IVIG 1g／kg和2s／kg单次静脉注射,观察患儿总热程、退热时间、黏膜充血、手足肿胀和颈淋巴结肿大消退时间,监测外周血白细胞计数（white blood cells count,WBC）、血小板计数（platelet count,PLT）、血清丙种球蛋白（immunoglobulin,Ig）、C反应蛋白（Creacting protein,CRP）、血沉（erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR）、心电图（electrocardiogram,ECG）和冠状动脉病变（coronary artery lesion,CAL）恢复情况,并对治疗前后组内结果、治疗后组间结果进行比较。结果 IVIG 1g／kg组平均热程为10．6d,WBC、PLT、CRP、ESR及ECG异常率与治疗前比较显著降低（P〈0．001）,IVIG1g／kg组与IVIG2g／kg组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。WIG1g／kg组CAL发生率为29．5％（36／122）,随访1年有87．5％的CAL恢复正常,12．5％未能恢复正常,其中9．4％为IVIG耐药病例;IVIG2g／kg组CAL发生率为24．2％（29／120例）,随访1年有89．3％的CAL恢复正常,10．7％未能恢复正常,均为IVIG耐药病例,两组比较,差异亦无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 IVIG1g／kg单次静脉注射治疗KD,可有效缓解临床症状,减低CAL发生率,减轻心血管系统损害,与IVIG2g／kg比较具有同样的近期和远期治疗效果。     

2012至2016年单中心川崎病流行病学及临床特征研究

目的了解川崎病(KD)患病情况及临床特征,探讨KD冠状动脉损害(CAL)及IVIG耐药的危险因素。方法回顾性分析华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院2012年1月1日至2016年12月31日初诊的KD患儿的临床资料,比较分析KD治疗前后,典型和不完全KD,KD伴或不伴CAL,IVIG敏感或耐药的临床特征,分析CAL发生和IVIG耐药的危险因素。结果725例KD患儿进入本文分析,男∶女为1.61∶1,平均年龄（2.7±2.3）岁;不完全KD 206例（28.4%）,典型KD 519例;CAL 216例（29.8%）,IVIG耐药61例（8.4%）;治疗中仅使用阿司匹林者70例（9.6%）。KD伴CAL的危险因素为IVIG耐药（OR=5.138,95%CI：1.835~14.836）和氨基末端脑钠肽前体（NT-proBNP）≥1 000 pg·mL-1（OR=2.723,95%CI：1.110~6.679）。IVIG耐药的危险因素为出现CAL（OR=2.586,95%CI：1.067~6.271）。结论KD患病人数、CAL和IVIG耐药患儿有增加趋势。IVIG耐药和NT-proBNP≥1 000 pg·mL-1为KD伴CAL的危险因素,而发生CAL为IVIG耐药的危险因素。     

儿童川崎病并发冠状动脉损害的危险因素分析

目的 探讨儿童川崎病(KD)并发冠状动脉损害(CAL)的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析895例KD患儿的病历资料,将其分为并发CAL 组(n=284)和未并发CAL 的对照组(n=611),比较两组临床及实验室指标,并对KD 患儿并发CAL的危险因素进行多因素logistic 回归分析。结果 男性、发生CAL 以外并发症、不典型KD、静脉注射丙种球蛋白(IVIG)抵抗、IVIG 治疗前发热时间>5 d、血清降钙素原(PCT)增高为KD患儿并发CAL 的独立危险因素(OR 值分别为1.712、2.028、3.655、2.912、1.350、1.068,均POR=0.931,P结论 男性KD患儿、不典型KD 患儿以及发生CAL 以外并发症、发热时间较长、IVIG 治疗抵抗的KD患儿并发CAL 的风险较高。血清PCT与ALB预测KD患儿并发CAL的价值不大。     

942例川崎病的临床分析

目的总结川崎病（Kawasaki disease,KD）的临床特征,探讨KD预后与治疗的关系。方法回顾性分析2000年1月—2004年12月期间942例住院KD患儿的临床资料：（1）比较典型KD与不完全性KD（incomplete KD）的临床特征;（2）总结KD对静脉注射免疫球蛋白（intravenous immune globulin,IVIG）治疗无反应的影响因素;（3）随访观察其中的510例KD患儿,比较IVIG 1g／kg和2g／kg治疗的远期疗效。结果（1）942例中,典型KD774例,不完全性KD168例。不完全性KD冠状动脉病变（coronary artery lesion,CAL）发生率较高（P〈0．05）,除肛周脱屑外,其他临床症状发生较少,出现较晚（P〈0．05或0．01）;（2）与IVIG治疗反应敏感组比较,IVIG治疗无反应组的发热时间较长,血红蛋白（Hb）、白蛋白（ALB）、血细胞比容（Hct）及血小板（PLT）较低（P〈0．05或0．01）;（3）WIG 1g／kg和2g／kg治疗组在KD发病后2年内,CAL的恢复率及新发生率,两组差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论（1）不完全性KD的CAL发生率较高,肛周脱屑可以作为不完全性KD的早期诊断依据之一;（2）急性期发热时间较长,PLT无升高及Hb、Hct、ALB持续降低是IVIG治疗无反应的影响因素;（3）IVIG 1g／kg和2g／kg治疗KD的疗效在KD发病后2年内相似。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.