4878例心脏外科手术后患者急性肾损伤发生率及其危险因素分析

目的调查4878例心脏外科手术患者术后急性肾损伤(AKI)的发生率及分析其危险因素。方法回顾性收集2015年3月至2015年10月在北京安贞医院接受心脏外科手术的4878例患者的临床资料。根据术后7 d内是否发生AKI分为AKI组和非AKI组。比较两组患者基线临床资料、术中情况、合并症、住院时间、出院时生活能力评分等项目的差异。计算患者AKI总体发生率,并比较不同手术类型组间AKI发生率的差异。用多因素Logistic回归方程法分析心脏外科手术患者术后发生AKI的危险因素。结果共计933例(19.1%)患者发生术后AKI。与非AKI组相比,AKI组患者平均住院时间延长[(14.4±8.9)比(13.7±7.7)d,P<0.05]。不同手术类型组间AKI发生率的差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。男性、合并糖尿病、高血压、基础血肌酐增高、心功能分级≥Ⅲ级、体外循环、联合手术≥3项、术后行再开胸探查止血术和使用有创呼吸机≥96 h为发生术后AKI的独立危险因素,OR(95%CI)分别为1.81(1.46~2.24)、1.29(1.03~1.62)、5.85(4.73~7.22)、1.81(1.36~2.40)、4.49(3.60~5.60)、1.84(1.49~2.27)、23.24(18.25~29.59)、2.34(1.45~3.77)、1.94(1.09~3.43),均P<0.05。结论北京安贞医院心脏外科手术患者术后AKI发生率为19.13%。手术后合并AKI患者住院时间延长。影响心脏外科手术患者术后发生AKI的独立危险因素较多,联合手术≥3项是其中最强的独立危险因素。     

RIFLE标准在心脏术后急性肾损伤病人中的评价

目的 探讨RIFLE标准在心脏术后急性肾损伤(AKI)病人肾替代治疗时机选择中的作用及与预后的关系.方法 回顾分析145例心脏术后AKI病例,分为连续性静脉一静脉血液滤过(CVVH)组(98例)和非CVVH组(47例).应用RIFLE标准对AKI进行分期,对比分析各组病人的临床资料、疗效和预后.结果 AKI Ⅰ期和Ⅲ期中CVVH组与非CVVH组的医院病死率差异无统计学意义;Ⅱ期中非CVVH组的医院病死率高于CVVH组(58.8%对26.1%,P<0.0).CVVH组生存者中,CVVH治疗、尿量恢复、机械通气、ICU滞留和术后医院滞留时间随AKI分期的加重而延长.结论 RIFLE标准对心脏术后AKI早期诊断和判断预后有指导意义.必须强调肾脏替代时机的选择,在AKI Ⅱ期即行肾替代治疗可以明显改善预后,而CVVH比间断血液透析和腹膜透析更有优势.     

急性肾损伤生物学标志物在心脏外科术后的研究进展

急性肾损伤是心脏外科手术后常见的严重并发症,发病率和病死率均较高.血肌酐及尿量作为急性肾损伤的标志物缺乏敏感性,延误了早期有效的治疗.近年来对于诊断急性肾损伤的生物学标志物方面的研究取得了较大进展,有些指标已逐步进入临床研究阶段,其中包括中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白、胱抑素C、肾损伤分子-1、白细胞介素-18等.本文旨在对心脏外科术后急性肾损伤早期生物学标志物基础及临床方面的研究进展作一综述.     

Renji acute kidney injury score is a useful tool to predict acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery

Objective To validate the effect of Renji acute kidney injury score (RAKIS) on predicting patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgeries, and make comparison with Cleveland score, simplified renal index (SRI) and acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery (AKICS). Methods Patients undergoing open heart surgery from 2008/01/01 to 2010/10/31 in Renji hospital were enrolled, and their scores of those four scoring models were calculated. AKI patients were diagnosed by KDIGO, and those scores of AKI patients and non-AKI patients were compared. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under curve (AUC) were used to decide the predictive values of those models. Results A total of 1126 patients were chosen in this cohort, with the average age of (58.43±14.88) years (rang from 18 to 88). The male to female ratio was 1.47∶1. And 355(31.5%) patients were developed AKI. AKI stage Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ were 65.4%, 23.7% and 11.0% respectively. RAKIS was significantly higher in AKI patients than in non-AKI patients (17.5 vs 9.0, P＜0.001). The AUCs of RAKIS to predict AKI, AKI Ⅱ-Ⅲ stages, renal replacement therapy (RRT) and in-hospital death were 0.818, 0.819, 0.800 and 0.784 respectively. The AUCs of Cleveland score and SRI were 0.659 to 0.710, lower than those of RAKIS and AKICS. AKICS had lower value for predicting AKI and AKI Ⅱ-Ⅲ stages (AUC 0.766 and 0.793), but good value in predicting RRT and in-hospital death after surgery (AUC 0.804 and 0.835) as compared with RAKIS. Conclusions RAKIS is valid and accurate in the discrimination of KDIGO defined AKI patients, while for predicting the composite end point, AKICS may be more useful.     

心脏及血管手术后急性肾损伤的危险因素分析

目的 探究心脏及血管手术后急性肾损伤(cardiac and vascular surgery-associated acute kidney injury,CVS-AKI)发生的危险因素并建立CVS-AKI的预测模型.方法 收集2016年6月至2019年12月于南京医科大学第二附属医院心血管中心在体外循环下行心脏及血...     

三种心脏外科术后急性肾功能衰竭预测模型的临床应用

目的 分析克利夫兰急性肾功能衰竭评分(Cleveland ARF Score)、心脏术后急性肾功能不全评分(acute kidney injury prediction following elective cardiac surgery,AKICS)、简易肾功能指数评分(Simplified Renal Index,SRI score)三种模型在预测心脏术后发生急性肾功能衰竭中的作用,评价三种模型的预测价值.方法 2009年6月至2010年5月,连续收集了行心脏手术并有完整资料的患者504例纳入研究,分别使用Cleveland、AKICS、SRI评分系统进行校准度和分辨力的评价,分析并比较三种评分系统模型对术后发生急性肾功能衰竭的预测价值.结果 504例中术后需要肾脏替代治疗(renal re-placement therapy,RRT) 16例(3.17％),其中6例死亡(37.5％);发生肾功能不全27例(5.36％),经治疗后肾功能恢复正常.应用AKICS模型术后需要RRT治疗11例(2.70％),发生肾功能不全25例(6.13％),模型全组预计发生率3.77％.Cleveland评分术后需要RRT治疗16例(3.17％),发生肾功能不全27例(5.36％),模型全组预计发生率0.99％.SRI评分术后需要RRT治疗15例(3.21％),发生肾功能不全24例(5.13％).与预测结果比较,AKICS模型表现出较好的校准度(P=0.922,x2=0.162),Cleveland模型校准度差异有统计学意义(P=0.026,x2=15.644).Cleveland Score、AKICS、SRI 预测术后急性肾功能衰竭需行RRT治疗的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.695、0.732、0.759,术后肾功能不全的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.711、0.753、0.779.结论 结果显示,SRI模型预测术后RRT治疗及肾功能不全的实际危险度相关性较好.AKICS模型预测术后肾功能不全的实际危险度相关性较好.SRI模型的校准度及分辨能力均较好,可能较适用于评估患者的相对危险度.AKICS模型对于研究设计及选择治疗方案有一定使用价值.     

Postoperative hypoalbuminemia is an independent risk factor for acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass

Objective To investigate the effect of postoperative hypoalbuminemia on acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods The clinical data of adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery under CPB were retrospectively analyzed. The difference between preoperative and postoperative serum albumin level was compared. The patients were divided into hypoalbuminemia group (≤35 g/L) and non-hypoalbuminemia group (＞35 g/L) according to the lowest serum albumin concentration within 48 hours after surgery. The incidence and severity of postoperative AKI were compared between the two groups. Univariate analysis and binary logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the effect of postoperative hypoalbuminemia on the incidence of postoperative AKI. Results Among the 749 patients, the serum albumin level after cardiac surgery was significantly lower than that before surgery (Z=-15.739, P＜0.001), and the proportion of patients with hypoalbuminemia increased from 9.6% to 27.6%( χ2=83.516, P＜0.001). Postoperative AKI occurred in 273 patients, including 109 cases (52.7%) in hypoalbuminemia group and 164 cases (30.3%) in non-hypoalbuminemia group. The incidence of AKI in hypoalbuminemia group was significantly higher than that in non-hypoalbuminemia group ( χ2=32.443, P＜0.001), and the severity of AKI in hypoalbuminemia group increased than that in non-hypoalbuminemia group (Z=-2.098, P=0.036), and the time of hospital stay extended (Z=-2.442, P=0.015). After adjusted by gender, age, preoperative hypoalbuminemia, comorbidities (hypertension, hyperuricemia, diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular disease), renal insufficiency, preoperative heart function, coronary angiography, CPB time, aorta blocking time, type of heart surgery and postoperative hypotension, binary logistic regression analysis revealed that postoperative hypoalbuminemia was an independent risk factor for CPB-associated AKI (OR=2.319, 95%CI 1.586-3.392, P＜0.001). Conclusions AKI is a common complication following cardiac surgery under CPB. Serum albumin after CBP is significantly lower than that before CBP, and postoperative hypoalbuminemia within 48 hours after surgery is an independent risk factor for AKI.     

老年心脏手术后急性肾损伤可纠正的危险因素分析

目的 探讨老年心脏手术患者术后急性肾损伤(AKI)可纠正的危险因素,降低其发生率,改善预后.方法 收集广东省人民医院2007年1月至2009年12月年龄≥60岁心脏手术患者的临床资料.以RIFLE标准诊断的AKI为观察终点,术前最后一次血肌酐为基线值.Logistic回归分析确定心脏术后AKI的独立危险因素.结果 457例患者入组,313例(68.5％)术后发生AKI.Logistic回归分析显示,男性、年龄＞ 65岁、高血压、术前估算肾小球滤过率＜60 ml/min、术前尿酸＞450 μmol/L(OR 2.938,95％可信区间1.633 ～5.285)、体外循环＞120 min、机械通气时间延长、术后用血管紧张素抑制酶/血管紧张素受体抑制剂和利尿剂是心脏术后AKI的独立影响因素.结论 术前尿酸＞450 μmol/L是老年心脏手术患者术后AKI可纠正的危险因素.     

A new model to predict acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery in patients with renal insufficiency

ObjectiveTo establish a simple model for predicting postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) in patients with renal insufficiency (CKD stages 3–4) who underwent cardiac surgery.MethodsA total of 330 patients were enrolled. Among them, 226 were randomly selected for the development group and the remaining 104 for the validation group. The primary outcome was AKI requiring RRT. A nomogram was constructed based on the multivariate analysis with variables selected by the application of the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator. Meanwhile, the discrimination, calibration, and clinical power of the new model were assessed and compared with those of the Cleveland Clinic score and Simplified Renal Index (SRI) score in the validation group. Results: The rate of RRT in the development group was 10.6% (n = 24), while the rate in the validation group was 14.4% (n = 15). The new model included four variables such as postoperative creatinine, aortic cross‐clamping time, emergency, and preoperative cystatin C, with a C-index of 0.851 (95% CI, 0.779–0.924). In the validation group, the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for the new model, SRI score, and Cleveland Clinic score were 0.813, 0.791, and 0.786, respectively. Furthermore, the new model demonstrated greater clinical net benefits compared with the Cleveland Clinic score or SRI score.ConclusionsWe developed and validated a powerful predictive model for predicting severe AKI after cardiac surgery in patients with renal insufficiency, which would be helpful to assess the risk for severe AKI requiring RRT.     

Role of body mass index on acute kidney injury patients after cardiac surgery

Objective To explore the association between BMI and the risk of developing cardiac surgery associated acute kidney injury (CS-AKI), mortality of AKI and AKI requiring renal replacement therapy (AKI-RRT) after cardiac surgery. Methods Clinical data of patients undergoing cardiac surgery from January 2011 to December 2015 in Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University were prospectively collected. Patients were divided into four groups according to BMI classification of Chinese population. Adjustment for selection bias was further assessed using propensity score method (PSM) to evaluate the role of BMI in the development of AKI. Results A total of 8442 patients were enrolled, among which 1092 patients successfully matched through PSM. The AKI incidences were respectively 30.3%, 33.3%, 38.6% and 46.8% in four BMI groups (P＜0.01) before PSM. The AKI incidences were respectively 31.9%, 35.2%, 42.5% and 42.9% in four BMI groups (P=0.016) after PSM. The risk of developing AKI increased by 19.9% as the BMI increased per 5 kg/m2 (95%CI: 1.070-1.344, P=0.002). The hospital mortality of patient (overall, AKI, AKI-RRT) in four groups was not statistically different after PSM (P＞0.05), but overweight group always had the lowest mortality. Conclusions BMI is a risk factor for AKI after cardiac surgery, and the AKI incidence increases with increasing BMI in a certain range.     

Correlation analysis between homocysteine level and acute kidney injury after cardiac valve replacement surgery

Objective To investigate the relationship between preoperative serum homocysteine (Hcy) level and acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac valve replacement surgery. Methods The data of the inpatients who accepted cardiac valve replacement surgery, age ≥18 years, no renal replacement therapy before surgery, non-renal decompensation and preoperative serum creatinine (Scr)＜178 μmol/L, survival within 48 h after surgery, and with preoperative serum Hcy data in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2017 was retrospectively analyzed. AKI was diagnosed in patients whose Scr increased more than 26.5 μmol/L (0.3 mg/dl) within 48 hours or 1.5 times higher than baseline within 7 days after surgery. According to this, patients were divided into AKI group and non-AKI group, and the affecting factors for AKI were compared between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the independent influencing factors of AKI. The relationship between serum Hcy level and AKI incidence was analyzed by Spearman correlation analysis. Whether the AKI occurred and serum Hcy levels were used as variables to map the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), and was used to assess the value of preoperative serum Hcy level for predicting AKI after cardiac valve replacement surgery. Results A total of 810 subjects were included in the study, including 375 males and 435 females. They were (50±11) years old (19-78 years old). Among them, 329 patients with AKI occurred within 7 days after heart valve replacement, and the incidence rate was 40.6% (male 45.9%, female 36.1%). The serum Hcy level in the AKI group was higher than that in the non-AKI group [(15.74±4.55) μmol/L vs (13.87±3.85) μmol/L, t=6.106, P＜0.01]. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed age (OR=1.030, 95%CI 1.014-1.045, P＜0.001), extracorporeal circulation time (OR=1.011, 95%CI 1.007-1.016, P＜0.001), Scr (OR=1.014, 95%CI 1.005-1.023, P=0.002), serum Hcy (OR=1.059, 95% CI 1.017-1.103, P=0.006), high level of Hcy (＞13.64 μmol/L) (OR=1.465, 95%CI 1.059-2.027, P=0.021) and moderate to severe hyperhomocystinemia (16≤Hcy≤100 μmol/L) [with normal HHcy (Hcy＜10 μmol/L) as reference, OR=2.180, 95%CI 1.245-3.816, P=0.006] were independent influencing factors of AKI after cardiac valve replacement surgery. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the incidence of postoperative AKI increased with the increase of preoperative serum Hcy level (rs=0.927, P＜0.001). The results of ROC curve showed that the area under the curve of the preoperative serum Hcy level predicting AKI after heart valve replacement was 0.701, and the cutoff value was 13.64 μmol/L, with the sensitivity 61.3%, specificity 70.9%. Conclusions Preoperative serum Hcy level is an influencing factor for AKI after cardiac valve replacement surgery. The higher the level of preoperative serum Hcy, the higher the incidence of AKI after cardiac valve replacement surgery. Patients with preoperative serum Hcy levels＞13.64 μmol/L have an increased risk of AKI after cardiac valve replacement surgery.     

Anemia-associated acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

Objective To investigate the incidence and to evaluate the risk factors of acute kidney injury (AKI) following cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) at general hospitals. Methods A retrospective cohort database study was conducted, involving 233 patients who were scheduled to heart valve surgery or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with CPB technique. Logistic regression was used to screen out the risk factors of AKI after the surgery. Results The study population, with an average age of 57±12 years (age 21 to 83) were investigated, there were 54(23.2%) diabetes patients, 105 (45.1%) hypertension patients, 21 (9%) chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, and 51 (21.9%) anemia patients. Overall incidence of AKI was 32.2%. The Analysis Result indicates that preoperative CKD, anemia, hypoalbuminemia, left ventricular ejection fraction, intraoperative aortic block time, minimum mean arterial pressure, perioperative infection, and application of vancomycin are risk factors associated with postoperative AKI. Multiariable Logistic regression suggests that basic CKD (OR=9.498, P=0.001), anemia (OR=3.150, P=0.021), the LVEF before surgery (OR=1.733, P=0.045), intraoperative aortic block time (OR=2.227, P=0.026), and white blood cell (OR=3.357, P=0.032) were the independent risk factors of AKI. Conclusions AKI is a common complication following cardiac surgery with CPB. The patients with preoperative renal insufficiency, anemia, long intraoperative aortic block time and higher perioperative white blood cell count are subjected to a higher incidence of AKI. Alleviating patients’ anemia and reducing artery block of extracorporeal circulation time therefore might be potential means to mitigate the risks of AKI after cardiac surgery.     

Analysis of long-term renal outcome in patients after acute kidney injury

Objective To follow up the long-term prognosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) patients with normal basic renal function, and to further identify the clinical features as well as risk factors associated with the prognosis of AKI patients. Methods Clinical date of 166 patients who occurred AKI episode during hospitalization from Jan 1 2011 to Dec 31 2014 in The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University were retrospectively analyzed. All these patients had normal basic renal function and had follow-up of more than two years after discharge. According to their renal function after two years, patients were divided into recover and non-recover group. The clinical features and risk factors associated with the prognosis of AKI patients were identified using multivariate logistic regression, and the proportion of renal function progression was calculated during follow-up period. Results One hundred and sixty-six patients were enrolled in this observational study, including 114 male, 52 female with an average age of 58.1±16.6. Eighty-seven patients were AKI stage 1, 39 AKI stage 2, and 40 AKI stage 3. Thirty-seven patients were caused by pre-renal factors, 113 patients by renal causes and 16 patients by post-renal causes. Renal function when discharged (P=0.002, OR=2.980) and infection (P=0.003, OR=2.786) were the risk factors of failing to restore after two years. Eighty-four patients' renal function returned to normal when discharged, but the number of patients whose renal function progressed to CKD 3 stage and even worse 1 year and two years later were 12 (14.3%) and 20 (23.8%) respectively. Fifty-four patients were diagnosed as partial recovery and 28 patients as non-recovery when discharged. One year later 22 (40.7%) and 12 (42.9%) patients' renal function progressed to CKD 3 stage and more, while those numbers became 28 (51.9%) and 16 (57.1%) two years later. Conclusions The risk factors of AKI long-term outcome include unrecovered renal function when discharged and infection. After AKI episode, even with fully recovered renal function, patients are still possible to progress to CKD, highlighting the importance of follow-up observation.     

Independent association of preoperative hyperuricemia with acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

Objective To investigate the impact of preoperative hyperuricemia on acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods A total of 567 adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB were enrolled to conduct a retrospective cohort database analysis. The patients were divided into hyperuricemia group and non-hyperuricemia group according to preoperative serum uric acid, and the incidence of AKI in two groups were compared. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between preoperative hyperuricemia and AKI. Results Among 567 patients after cardiac surgery with CPB, hyperuricemia occurred in 303 cases (53.4%), and AKI occurred in 217 cases (38.3%). There was significant difference in the incidence of AKI between hyperuricemia group and non-hyperuricemia group (44.6% vs 31.1%, χ2=10.874, P=0.001). The duration of intensive care unit (ICU) stay and the length of stay were longer in hyperuricemia group than those in non-hyperuricemia group (both P＜0.05). After adjusting for age, gender, comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular disease), preoperative renal function, preoperative heart function, CPB time, intraoperative aortic block time, type of cardiac surgery and postoperative hypotension, binary logistic regression analysis showed that preoperative hyperuricemia was an independent risk factor of AKI after cardiac surgery with CPB (OR=1.912, 95%CI 1.270-2.879, P=0.002). Conclusion AKI is a common complication following cardiac surgery with CPB, and hyperuricemia is independently associated with CPB-associated AKI. Hyperuricemia may be involved in the pathogenesis of AKI, and intervention before cardiac surgery may be beneficial to prevent postoperative AKI.     

Optimizing the timing of renal replacement therapy in burn patients with acute kidney injury

Acute kidney injury is a common complication in burn ICU patients and is associated with a high mortality rate. The optimal timing for starting renal replacement therapy (RRT) remains unknown; there is no established universal definition for early and late RRT initiation. The aims of the present narrative review are to briefly analyze the available recently published data on the timing of initiation of RRT in critically ill patients and to discuss the optimal timing of RRT in critically ill burn patients with acute kidney injury. When considering renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury patients, physicians face the dilemma of balancing the hazards of starting too early, exposing patient to an unnecessary therapy with possible complications and costs related to treatment, and preventing a significant proportion of patients from spontaneous recovery of their renal function against the potential life-threatening harm of initiating RRT) too late. Evidence suggests that with appropriate care up to 80% of burn patients experience recovery of kidney function and the need for RRT seems to be very rare after hospital discharge. In the absence of life-threatening complications, the optimal time and thresholds for starting RRT in burn patients are uncertain. High heterogeneity exists between studies on RRT timing in burn patients.     

老年急性肾损伤且行肾脏替代治疗患者的预后及影响因素分析

目的了解疾病严重程度相似的急性肾损伤(AKI)且行肾脏替代治疗(RRT)的老年和中青年患者的预后及影响老年和中青年患者预后的因素。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院2013年1月至2017年8月发生AKI且行RRT治疗的住院患者,≥60岁分为老年组,18岁≤年龄<60岁为中青年组;收集患者的人口学资料、伴随疾病、RRT启动时的生命体征、实验室检查、APACHE Ⅱ评分、SOFA评分、RRT方式及总时长,分析AKI病因。对比老年组与中青年组RRT后28d存活率以及肾脏预后;Logistic回归分析影响两组死亡的危险因素。通过倾向评分分析,再对比两组间存活率以及肾脏预后有无差异。 结果总体患者28d死亡率34.4%,其中中青年组死亡率23.9%,老年组死亡率45.5%,两组之间有显著性差异(χ²＝16.27,P<0.001)。倾向评分匹配后,中青年组死亡率32.3%,老年组死亡率38.5%,两组之间差异无统计学意义(χ²＝0.538,P＝0.463)。无论是否进行倾向评分匹配纠正两组间总体病情的轻重,中青年组的短期肾脏预后与老年组差异均无统计学意义。影响老年患者死亡的危险因素是年龄及肿瘤,影响中青年组患者死亡的危险因素是APACHE Ⅱ评分。 结论在病情轻重相似的老年和中青年重症AKI患者中,短期死亡率没有显著性差异。在重症老年组,肾脏短期预后较中青年组无差异,即使采用倾向评分匹配后,仍支持这一结论。     

Metabonomics of acute kidney injury in children after cardiac surgery

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major complication in children who undergo cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. We performed metabonomic analyses of urine samples obtained from 40 children that underwent cardiac surgery for correction of congenital cardiac defects. Serial urine samples were obtained from each patient prior to surgery and at 4 h and 12 h after surgery. AKI, defined as a 50% or greater rise in baseline level of serum creatinine, was noted in 21 children at 48–72 h after cardiac surgery. The principal component analysis of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) negative ionization data of the urine samples obtained 4 h and 12 h after surgery from patients who develop AKI clustered away from patients who did not develop AKI. The LC/MS peak with mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) 261.01 and retention time (t_R) 4.92 min was further analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and identified as homovanillic acid sulfate (HVA-SO₄), a dopamine metabolite. By MS single-reaction monitoring, the sensitivity was 0.90 and specificity was 0.95 for a cut-off value of 24 ng/μl for HVA-SO₄ at 12 h after surgery. We concluded that urinary HVA-SO₄ represents a novel, sensitive, and predictive early biomarker of AKI after pediatric cardiac surgery.     

临床指标对急性肾损伤伴心肾综合征患者行肾脏替代治疗时机的预测价值

目的 探讨多项指标在预测急性肾损伤伴心肾综合征(cardiorenal syndrome,CRS)患者行肾脏替代治疗(RRT)时机的价值.方法 选取75例心肾综合征住院患者为对象,所有患者给予保守治疗3d,心功能好转者为对照组(n=39),心功能无好转者进入RRT组(n=36).记录患者入院第1天的一般情况,血白蛋白、血红蛋白、血肌酐-Ⅰ、尿素氮-Ⅰ、B型钠尿肽-Ⅰ (BNP-Ⅰ)、24 h尿量-Ⅰ、呋塞米用量(呋塞米-Ⅰ),治疗第4天的呋塞米用量(呋塞米-Ⅱ)、24 h尿量-Ⅱ、肌酐-Ⅱ、尿素氮-Ⅱ、BNP-Ⅱ等指标,计算治疗前后部分指标的比值:24h尿量Ⅱ/Ⅰ、肌酐Ⅱ/Ⅰ、尿素氮Ⅱ/Ⅰ、BNPⅡ/Ⅰ(第1天指标以“Ⅰ”标记,治疗第4天指标以“Ⅱ”标记,指标的动态变化以第4天指标与第1天指标的比值表示,以“Ⅱ/Ⅰ”标记).运用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)下面积评价上述各指标预测患者行RRT治疗的敏感性与特异性.结果 对照组与RRT组在24h尿量-Ⅰ、24 h尿量-Ⅱ、肌酐Ⅱ/Ⅰ、BNP-Ⅱ、BNPⅡ/Ⅰ方面的差异有统计学意义(均P＜ 0.01).计算各指标ROC曲线下面积,其中24h尿量-Ⅰ(AUC=0.736)、24h尿量-Ⅱ(AUC=0.875)、肌酐Ⅱ/Ⅰ(AUC=0.747)、BNP-Ⅱ(AUC=0.779)、BNPⅡ/Ⅰ(AUC=0.894)在预测患者行RRT治疗方面均有较高价值.对上述阳性指标,当分别选取截点值为:24h尿量-Ⅰ =905ml(敏感度75.0％,特异度94.9％)、24h尿量-Ⅱ=1450 ml(敏感度75.0％,特异度100％)、BNP-Ⅱ=3360 ng/L(敏感度72.2％,特异度100％)、BNPⅡ/Ⅰ=1.37(敏感度75.0％,特异度100％)、肌酐Ⅱ/Ⅰ=1.25(敏感度72.2％,特异度94.4％)时,对于是否行RRT治疗有较高的预测价值.结论 24 h尿量、治疗后的BNP数值及BNP与肌酐的动态变化,可以较好地预测伴CRS的急性肾损伤患者是否要行RRT治疗.