慢性肾脏病患者动态血压参数及血压变异的特点分析

目的 分析慢性肾脏病（chronic kidney disease,CKD）患者动态血压参数与肾小球滤过率（GFR）及尿蛋白定量的相关性,并探讨血压变异性参数特点.方法 收集首次治疗的伴有高血压及蛋白尿的CKD患者70例.测量肾功能、24 h尿蛋白定量等生化检测结果,采用动态血压监测仪监测24 h血压并记录参数.根据GFR将患者分为CKD1~2期组和CKD3~5期组.根据24 h尿蛋白定量分为以下3组：Ⅰ组＜1.0 g,Ⅱ组1.0～3.5 g,Ⅲ组＞3.5 g.比较各组动态血压参数,并探讨监测结果与肾功能及蛋白尿的关系.结果 随着患者肾功能恶化,24 h收缩压、舒张压、脉压差、白昼收缩压、夜间收缩压等指标明显升高（P＜0.05）,且与GFR成负相关,白昼收缩压是GFR下降的独立危险因素.Ⅲ组的白昼舒张压（92.94±15.32）mm Hg明显高于Ⅰ组的（85.25±8.64）mm Hg（P＜0.05）.白昼舒张压与蛋白尿水平呈正相关（r=0.257,P=0.032）.所有患者舒张压变异性均明显高于收缩压变异性（P＜0.05）.结论 本研究样本中收缩压与肾功能恶化明显相关,白昼收缩压和舒张压分别与GFR下降及蛋白尿有关,舒张压变异性应受到更多重视.     

慢性肾脏病患者24小时动态血压的特点分析

目的采用24h动态血压监测的方法,分析慢性肾脏病（CKD）不同分期患者24h动态血压特点。方法将152例CKD患者分为5组：CKD1期组（A组）15例;CKD2期组（B组）29例;CKD3期组（C组）42例;CKD4期（D组）组34例;CKD5期组（E组）32例。所有患者均无糖尿病、非肾脏替代治疗。采用携带式的动态血压检测仪测定各组患者动态血压参数和昼夜节律。结果①随着肾功能下降,24h、日间和夜间平均收缩压越来越高;②CKD患者总体非杓型血压比例为81．6o,4,肾功能下降组（CKD2～5期）非杓型血压比例显著高于肾功能正常组（CKD1期）;③夜间收缩压与24h尿蛋白定量呈正相关（r=0．427,P〈0．01）,与。肾小球滤过率（GFR）呈负相关（r=-0．352,P〈0．05）。结论CKD患者的血压非杓型节律现象比较普遍,并随着肾功能下降,其发生率逐渐升高;夜间收缩压与尿蛋白排泄、肾功能有相关性。     

Nighttime blood pressure control in hypertensive chinese chronic kidney disease patients

Objective To evaluate the nighttime blood pressure(BP) control status of hypertensive Chinese chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and related risk factors. Methods This cross - sectional study enrolled 337 hypertensive CKD in - patients. The clinical and ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) data were retrieved from the electronic database of the hospital. High ambulatory BP were defined as >130/80 mmHg (average 24 - hour BP) and >135/85 mmHg (daytime) />120/70 mmHg (nighttime), respectively. Multivariable analysis was used to evaluate the risk factors for lack of nighttime BP control and circadian rhythm. Results There were 38.6% of the whole population had average 24-hour BP controlled. But only 22.8% of them achieved nighttime BP control, which was far less than the 50.7% of daytime BP control (P＜0.01). Even among those patients who achieved average 24 - hour BP control shown by ABPM, there were still 44.6% of them with uncontrolled nighttime BP. Multiple analyses showed urinary protein excretion (OR: 1.151, 95%CI: 1.035-1.279) was independent risk factor for lack of nighttime BP control. About 80% of patients presented with non- dipping BP pattern, among whom 37.3% were presented with reverse-dipper pattern. Lack of nighttime BP control was independent risk factor for lack of normal circadian rhythm (both P＜0.001). Conclusions Lack of nighttime BP control was common in hypertensive CKD patients and contributed to the abnormal circadian rhythm. ABPM should be performed more commonly in clinical practice to help nighttime BP control in the future.     

慢性肾脏病患者血压非勺型节律与左心室肥厚之间的关系

目的 探讨24 h动态血压（ABPM）非勺型节律与慢性肾脏病（CKD）患者左心室肥厚（LVH）之间的关系。 方法 共有257例CKD 1~5期患者入选,根据肾功能分为两组：CKD1~3期组和CKD4~5期组。采用GE Marquette Tonoport V Eng动态血压计测定各组患者动态血压参数和昼夜节律;心脏彩色多普勒超声了解心脏结构的改变,并探讨血压非勺型节律与LVH之间的关系。 结果 CKD患者血压正常的生理节律丧失的现象普遍,总体血压非勺型昼夜节律发生率达75.4％,即使在血压正常者中也达到71.3%,随着肾功能下降血压非勺型昼夜节律的发生率也在上升。CKD患者血压非勺型节律组的心脏结构改变较勺型组明显,LVH的发生率也较高。相关性分析显示左室心肌质量指数（LVMI）与血压水平、非勺型的昼夜节律等相关。多元逐步回归分析显示24 h-收缩压（SBP）（β = 0.417,P < 0.01）、三酰甘油 （β = -0.132,P = 0.007）、血红蛋白（Hb）（β = -0.394,P = 0.016）及性别（β = 0.158,P = 0.039）是影响LVMI的独立危险因素。 结论 CKD患者的血压非勺型昼夜节律现象普遍,并随着肾功能的下降其发生率逐渐升高。血压非勺型节律患者心脏结构改变更明显,LVH的发生率高。非勺型节律与LVMI密切相关。     

Features of ambulatory blood pressure in 808 patients with primary glomerular disease and their correlation with target organ damage

Objective To explore the features of ambulatory blood pressure in patients with primary glomerular disease and their correlation with target organ damage (TOD)． Methods Patients with primary glomerular disease admitted to the Nephrology Department, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat?sen University from May 2010 to May 2015 were enrolled. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), clinical BP, ultrasonographic assessment and other clinical data were collected. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to ascertain the relationship between ABPM results and clinical parameters. Results 808 patients were enrolled. Patients turned out to have a higher level of 24?hour systolic blood pressure (SBP), day?time SBP, and night?time SBP as their kidney function declined (rs=0.547, 0.538, 0.546, P＜0.01). Compared with that in CKD 1?3, The percentage of dipper blood pressure pattern decreased and that of reversed dipper blood pressure pattern increased in CKD stage 4?5 (P＜0.05). A higher level of 24 h SBP was independently associated with kidney function damage (OR=1.069, P＜0.01), and a higher level of night?time SBP was an independent factor affecting left ventricular hypertrophy (OR=1.033, P＜0.01) and reduction of diastolic function of left ventricle (OR=1.019, P＜0.01) after multivariate logistic regression analyses. Conclusion With advancing CKD stage, the level of 24 h SBP, day?time SBP, and night?time SBP was higher and the percentage of reversed dipper blood pressure pattern was higher. The parameters of ABPM were closely related to renal damage and cardiovascular injuries．     

慢性肾脏病患者血压昼夜节律异常的研究

目的 观察慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者24 h血压动态变化，探讨昼夜节律异常与肾功能损害的关系。方法 随机选择本院肾脏科CKD患者236例，高血压科原发性高血压住院患者43例。病例分组:正常对照组(NC)14例；原发性高血压组(EHC)43例；CKD血压正常组(NCKD)130例；CKD伴血压升高组(HCKD)106例。动态血压监测(ABPM)采用携带式的动态血压检测仪，ABP Report Mangement System Version 1.03.03进行数据分析。夜间血压下降率:(白昼平均值-夜间平均值)/白昼平均值，下降率≥10%，称勺型血压；<10%，称非勺型血压。结果 在血压正常的患者中，NCKD组的平均夜间收缩压和舒张压数值均高于NC组[(111.2±10.8)比 (91.6±7.5)，(68.7±9.5) 比 (56.2±4.6)mm Hg，P < 0.05]；而日间收缩压和舒张压无明显差异。在高血压患者中，HCKD组患者夜间收缩压和舒张压数值均高于EHC组[(141.9±16.5) 比(118.6±16.4)， (84.5±10.6)比(73.0±11.1)mm Hg， P < 0.05]。CKD患者无论血压正常或升高，其心率均较其对照组明显加快，尤其是夜间心率无明显下降。NCKD组、HCKD组与NC组、EHC组相比，夜间收缩压和舒张压下降数值较小，尤其是CKD伴血压升高组，呈典型的非勺型血压模式。NC组血压节律消失者占7.14%，EHC组为37.2%，NCKD组为70.0%，HCKD组为81.6%。结论 CKD患者无论血压正常或升高，夜间收缩压和舒张压下降减少或消失，呈典型的非勺型血压；血压昼夜节律异常率明显高于原发性高血压患者。在积极降低血压值的同时，还需降低血压负荷和调整血压昼夜节律，以延缓肾功能恶化。     

Salt sensitivity of blood pressure in non-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a world-wide public health problem. Hypertension is both a cause and a complication of CKD, and a risk factor for progression of kidney disease. The effect of salt intake on blood pressure (BP) and the salt sensitivity in non-dialysis patients with CKD were studied. Methods: One hundred and thirty non-dialysis patients with CKD were enrolled in the present study. Daily urinary excretion of sodium (representative of daily sodium intake) and BP was monitored in conditions of original eating habits. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was measured by the creatinine clearance (Ccr). Results: There was a linear positive relationship between the salt intake and systolic blood pressure (SBP) (β?=?0.250, p?=?0.004). It had been found that the log of BP/24-h urinary sodium (salt sensitivity index) had linear relationship with the log of eGFR (β_syst?=??0.364, p?=?0.000, β_diast?=??0.345, p?=?0.000, respectively). Multi-stepwise regression analysis showed SBP was mainly influenced by salt intake and eGFR. There was a negative correlation between diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and age. Conclusion: These results demonstrated a linear relationship between the salt intake and SBP in non-dialysis patients with CKD. The salt sensitivity of BP rose with the decline of renal function.     

Association between visit-to-visit clinic blood pressure variability and home blood pressure variability in patients with chronic kidney disease

Abstract

Although both clinic blood pressure (BP) variability and home BP variability are associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease, the relationship between both BP variabilities remain unclear. We evaluated the association between visit-to-visit variability of clinic BP (VVV) and day-by-day home BP variability (HBPV) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We recruited 143 CKD patients in whom we performed HBP measurements every morning and evening over seven consecutive days. We obtained clinic BP data during 9.6?±?1.0 consecutive visits within 24 months. The associations between the variables of VVV and HPBV were examined. The CV values of clinic systolic BP (CSBP) was significantly correlated with the mean values of morning systolic BP (MSBP) and those of evening systolic BP (ESBP) (r?=?0.23, 0.20; p?=?0.007, 0.02, respectively). The CV values of CSBP was significantly correlated with the CV values of MSBP and those of ESBP (r?=?0.19, 0.31; p?=?0.02, <0.001, respectively). On the multivariate regression analysis, the CV values of CSBP was significantly correlated with the CV values of MSBP and those of ESBP [standardized regression coefficient (β)?=?0.19, 0.34; p?=?0.03, <0.001, respectively]. In conclusion, VVV showed a weak but significant association with HBPV, especially the CV values of ESBP in CKD patients. Further studies are necessary to clarify whether these different BPV elements will be alternative marker of BPV.     

Immediate blood pressure-lowering effects of aerobic exercise among patients with chronic kidney disease

Aim: The current study was designed to determine the effect of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on blood pressure responses within the laboratory for 60 min post exercise and in the subsequent 24 h period in patients with chronic kidney disease. Methods: Twenty-four subjects with stages 2–4 chronic kidney disease (age = 54.5 ± 15.2 years, body mass index = 32.0 ± 5.9 kg/m²) on antihypertensive medication completed this study. In random counterbalanced order, subjects were asked to either walk for 40 min at 50–60% VO_2peak (oxygen consumption) or, on a separate day, to sit quietly in the laboratory for the same length of time. Following exercise or the non-exercise period, blood pressure was taken at 10 min intervals for 60 min. Subjects then wore an ambulatory blood pressure monitor for the next 24 h. Results: Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) was reduced by 6.5 ± 10.8 compared with the pre-exercise baseline value (130.3 ± 21.1) in the laboratory after exercise and this was greater than after the control period (0.73 ± 10.3, P < 0.05). Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) was reduced following exercise (2.5 ± 6.4) compared with the control period (2.1 ± 4.9, P < 0.05). The mean 24 h readings did not differ between exercise or non-exercise days. Conclusion: Acute aerobic exercise leads to reduced blood pressure for at least 60 min within the laboratory in chronic kidney disease patients.     

慢性肾脏疾病患者血压变异性与血脂异常的关系

目的探讨慢性肾脏疾病（chronickidneydisease,CKD）1～4期患者血脂代谢异常与血压变异性的相关性。方法入选142例CKD1-4期的患者,将不伴有高脂血症的患者47例设为A组,其中男28例,女19例;伴有高脂血症的患者95例设为B组,其中男56例,女39例。记录2组饮酒史、吸烟史、病程、年龄、性别、身高、体质量、诊所血压,并计算体质量指数。测量空腹时血清总胆固醇（totalcholesterol,TC）、三酰甘油（triglyceride）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（10wdensitylipopro—teincholesterol,U）L厂C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（high-densitylipoproteincholesterol,HDL-C）、肌酐、尿酸,对入选的患者进行24h动态血压监测（ambulatorybloodpressure,ABPM）。收集血压参数,将2组血压标准差及变异系数进行对比分析,并将B组的血压变异系数与血脂值进行相关性检验与回归分析,了解血脂异常与CKD患者血压变异性的相关性。结果与A组比较,B组的24h收缩压标准差变异系数和白昼收缩压标准差变异系数增大,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,B组24h收缩压标准差变异系数与TC值呈正相关（r=0．21,P=0．03）,但未能建立回归方程;白昼收缩压标准差变异系数与TC值呈正相关（r=0．19,P=0．04）,但未能建立回归方程;夜间收缩压标准差变异系数与TC值呈正相关（r=0．22,P=0．02）,但未能建立回归方程。结论CKD合并血脂异常较不伴有血脂异常者血压变异性增大,且收缩压血压变异性与TC值呈正相关,提示CKD患者血压变异性与血脂异常之间存在密切的关系,二者联合干预治疗对于减少CKD患者心血管疾病的发生、改善CKD发展和预后具有重要的意义。     

慢性肾脏病患者24h动态血压与中医辨证分型的相关性研究

目的探讨慢性肾脏病（chronic kidney disease,CKD）患者动态血压变化与中医辨证分型的相关性。方法收集湖北省中医院符合CKD2～4期诊断标准的门诊及住院患者145例。对入组患者进行24h动态血压监测,根据血压变化情况,分为昼夜平均血压正常组（血压≤130／80mrnHg）,昼夜平均血压升高组（血压≥131／81mmHg）,日间平均血压升高组（血压〉135／85mmHg）,夜间平均血压升高组（血压〉125／75mmHg）;并根据临床表现,对患者进行中医辨证,分为本虚证及邪实证。观察中医各证型在血压正常组和血压升高组中的分布情况。结果①昼夜平均血压正常组的本虚证型分布以脾肾阳虚为主,邪实证型以血瘀证为主;昼夜平均血压升高组的本虚证型以气阴两虚为主,邪实证型以湿浊证为主;②在动态血压从日间升高到夜间升高的过程中,本虚证型中阴阳两虚证型逐渐上升,邪实证型中浊毒证型逐渐上升;③随着24h动态血压升高,本虚证型中,阴阳两虚证型逐渐上升;邪实证型中,浊毒证逐渐上升。结论动态血压变化在一定程度上反映中医正虚邪实的证候变化规律。     

Influence of reversed dipper blood pressure pattern on target organ damage in patients with chronic kidney disease

Objective To explore the relationship between reversed dipper blood pressure (BP) pattern with target organ damage in Chinese chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Methods A total of 1 116 CKD patients from the Third hospital of Sun Yat-sen university were enrolled from May 2010 to April 2014, all of whom carried ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), and clinical data and ultrasonography were collected. Results Total of 23.39% CKD patients were reversed dipper BP pattern, 46.95% patients were non-dipper BP pattern, and dipper BP pattern was only 27.15%. Compared with dipper and non-dipper BP pattern group, patients with reversed dipper BP pattern had higher left ventricular mass index (LVMI), lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and severely damaged left ventricular diastolic function (all P＜0.0083). After multiple linear regression analysis, reversed dipper BP pattern was an independent predictor for determining eGFR and LVMI. Age, lower hemoglobin and combination of diabetes were independently associated with reversed dipper BP pattern. Conclusion Reversed dipper BP pattern is common in Chinese CKD patients, which is closely related to renal damage and cardiovascular injuries.     

Association of low blood pressure with increased mortality in patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: Blood pressure shows an inverse association with mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on dialysis. It is unclear if the same phenomenon exists in patients with CKD not yet on dialysis. METHODS: We examined the association of systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure with all-cause mortality in a historical prospective cohort of 860 patients (age 68.1+/-10.1 years, 99.1% male, 24.4% black) with estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. We used Cox models to adjust for the effects of age, race, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), congestive heart failure, smoking, antihypertensive medications, body mass index, GFR, albumin, cholesterol, haemoglobin and proteinuria. To examine the role of comorbidities, we performed subgroup analyses based on prevalent ASCVD status and level of estimated GFR. RESULTS: Higher SBP and higher DBP were both associated with lower mortality [adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for SBP 133-154, 155-170 and > 170 mmHg, compared with < 133 mmHg, respectively: 0.61 (0.44-0.85), 0.62 (0.45-0.87) and 0.68 (0.49-0.96); and for DBP 65-75, 76-86 and > 86 mmHg, compared with < 65 mmHg: 0.85 (0.62-1.18), 0.72 (0.52-1.00) and 0.60 (0.41-0.86)]. The same association was present for both SBP and DBP only in subgroups with GFR < or = 30 ml/min/1.73 m2 and for DBP only in the subgroup with ASCVD. CONCLUSIONS: Lower blood pressure is associated with higher mortality in patients with moderate to severe CKD, but interactions with kidney function and with ASCVD suggest that blood pressure may play a surrogate rather than a causative role in this association.     

免疫法粪便隐血试验预测慢性肾脏病患者预后的意义

目的 探讨免疫法粪便隐血试验(IFOBT)在慢性肾脏病患者发生结直肠病变的预测意义及作为慢性肾脏病患者预后指标的临床价值.方法 前瞻性纳入176例慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者和180例健康人作为对照.使用免疫法粪便隐血试验进行检测,比较两组粪便隐血阳性发生率.同时对CKD患者随访4.5年,分析各项临床、生化指标,并以患者接受肾脏替代治疗或死亡为终点事件.采用Logistic回归进行危险因素分析,采用Kaplan-Meier分析和COX回归模型进行生存分析.结果 176例CKD患者IFOBT阳性率17％,高于健康对照组5.3％(x2=13.236,P＜ 0.01).与IFOBT阴性的CKD患者相比,IFOBT阳性的CKD患者年龄较大[(62.030±15.544)岁比(48.660±19.018)岁,P＜0.01]、红细胞沉降率明显升高[(71.800±31.657) mm/h比(57.210±32.712) mm/h,P＜0.05]、C反应蛋白明显升高[6.230 (3.000～14.148) mg/L比3.000(3.000 ～6.833)mg/L,P＜0.05]、Scr明显升高[419.100(103.200～546.625) μmol/L比175.100 (68.150～462.950) μmol/L,P＜0.05],而血红蛋白[(97.970±20.590 )g/L比(107.170±27.988)g/L,P＜0.05]及肾小球滤过率(eGFR)[11.400 (8.671～53.544) ml· min-1· (1.73 m2)-1比35.274(10.961～82.145)ml·min-1.(1.73 m2)-1,P＜0.01]显著降低.相关法分析显示CKD患者IFOBT检测值与eGFR(r=-0.20,P＜0.01)呈负相关;与Scr呈正相关(r=0.171,P＜0.05);与年龄呈正相关(r=0.175,P＜0.05).Logistic回归和COX回归分析结果显示IFOBT检测值、eGFR和红细胞沉降率是CKD患者预后的重要影响因素.Kaplan-Meier分析显示IFOBT检测值＞100 μg/L是影响CKD患者生存率的重要因素.结论 慢性肾脏病患者易发生结直肠出血性疾病,粪便隐血阳性是影响CKD患者预后的重要危险因素,而免疫法粪便隐血试验是可行有效的检测方法,对于CKD患者结直肠病变的预测具有重要的临床意义.     

Correlation between serum asymmetric dimethylarginine and blood pressure variability in chronic kidney disease patients

Objective To determine the correlation between serum asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and non-spoon-shaped blood pressure of non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, also to observe the impact of the serum ADMA level on the structure and function of left ventricle. Methods One hundred and twenty cases of non-dialysis CKD patients underwent 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were divided into three groups: CKD1-2, CKD3, CKD 4-5. Serum ADMA concentration was measured using liquid chromatograph and other clnical data such as uric acid (UA), left ventricular mass index (LVMI), 24 h urine protein, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were collected for further statistical analysis. Results (1) With the decline of renal function, ADMA concentration was increased, from CKD 1-2 (1.70±0.48) μmol/L rose to CKD 4-5 (4.46±1.56) μmol/L (P＜0.05). (2)There were 42 cases of CKD patients with hypertension and 78 cases of CKD patients with normal blood pressure. The serum ADMA levels in hypertension group was significantly higher than those in non-hypertensive group [(3.53±1.70) μmol/L vs (2.01±0.65) μmol/L, P＜0.05]. (3)There were 50 cases of non-spoon-shaped normotensive CKD patients and 28 cases of spoon-shaped normotensive CKD patients. Serum ADMA level and LVMI in non-spoon-shaped group were significantly higher than that in spoon-shaped group when kidney functions appeared to be equal (P＜0.05). (4)Serum ADMA level was positively correlated with UA(r=0.352, P＜0.01), LVMI (r=0.345, P＜0.05), 24 h urine protein(r=0.200, P＜0.05), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (r=0.309, P＜0.01), but negatively correlated with the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)(r=-0.329, P＜0.01) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)(r=-0.011, P＜0.01). Multiple regression results showed that eGFR, UA, LVMI, hs-CRP, 24 h urine protein were associated with ADMA level. The regression equation was Y=1.991-0.011×[eGFR]+0.002×[UA]+0.008×[LVMI]+0.036× [hs-CRP]-0.084×[24 h urinary protein]. Conclusions Serum ADMA level begins to increase in early stage CKD and it progressively increases with the decline of renal function, also the non-spoon-shaped blood pressure ratio and the left ventricular damage increase. Kidney function, urine protein and microinflammatory state may impact on the serum ADMA level.     

Direct comparison of repeated same-day self and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The relative roles of self and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (self BPM, ABPM, respectively) have yet to be clearly defined despite accumulating evidence of self BPM benefits, particularly in hypertension management. In particular, measurements comparable to ABPM have been documented with self-measurement, usually twice daily over one or more days. Nevertheless, ABPM offers a series of recordings performed throughout the day that can be invaluable during drug treatment. Consequently, this study evaluated 18 normotensive and 79 hypertensive patients, including 21 not taking hypotensive agents, and measured their blood pressure at least every 2 h while they were also undergoing ABPM. METHODS AND RESULTS: Self-measurement was performed between five and 12 times during the day with 77% of subjects preferring self BPM rather than daytime ABPM. When compared with the closest ABP measurement, mean systolic and diastolic pressures were not significantly different throughout the day in both normotensive and hypertensive patients. However, a comparison of a series of ABPM hourly averages (three readings performed closest to the respective self BPM reading) throughout the day in all hypertensive subjects found ABPM readings to be slightly but significantly lower (3.3 systolic, 2.2 mmHg diastolic; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: It is concluded that multiple self-measurements throughout the day provides comparable information to daytime ABPM, is preferred by most patients, and should be a cost-effective alternative in the diagnosis and management of hypertension.     

Prevalence and clinical correlates of white coat hypertension in chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: The role of white coat hypertension (WCH) in the poor control of blood pressure (BP) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is ill defined. METHODS: We measured systolic clinical (CBP) and ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) in 290 consecutive patients with non-dialysis CKD [glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 ml/min/1.73 m(2)]. We defined normotension (NOR) if CBP and daytime ABP <130 mmHg, sustained hypertension (SH) when both BP >or=130 mmHg, WCH if only daytime ABP <130 mmHg, and masked hypertension (MH) when only CBP <130 mmHg. RESULTS: NOR patients were 15.5%, WCH 31.7%, SH 46.9% and MH 5.9%. Due to the high prevalence of WCH, achievement of BP target (<130 mmHg) was more than doubled by daytime ABP than CBP (47.2 vs 21.4%). WCH was characterized by prevalence of diabetes (31.5%), left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH; 50.0%) and CBP values (146 +/- 12 mmHg) lower than in SH (41.9%, 71.3% and 158 +/- 18 mmHg) but greater than in NOR (17.8%, 37.8% and 118 +/- 7 mmHg). Among patients with CBP >or=130 mmHg, the independent risk of having SH rather than WCH increased in the presence of higher CBP [Odds ration (OR) 1.61, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.29-2.02], LVH (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.03-3.63) and proteinuria (OR 3.12, 95% CI 1.31-7.43). In the WCH group, 24 h, daytime and nighttime ABP were 118 +/- 7/68 +/- 8, 120 +/- 7/71 +/- 8 and 112 +/- 12/63 +/- 9 mmHg, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In CKD, WCH is highly prevalent and can be predicted in the absence of higher CBP, LVH and proteinuria. In these patients, pursuing a low BP target may not be safe because of the risk of cardio-renal hypoperfusion especially at nighttime.