参麦注射液辅助治疗冠心病心绞痛疗效与安全性的系统评价

目的:系统评价参麦注射液辅助治疗冠心病心绞痛的疗效和安全性,为临床提供循证参考。方法:计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库、万方数据库、中文科技期刊数据库、PubMed,收集参麦注射液联合常规方案(试验组)对比单用常规方案(对照组)治疗冠心病心绞痛的随机对照试验(RCT),提取资料并根据Cochrane系统评价员手册5.1.0评价质量,采用Rev Man 5.3统计软件进行Meta分析。结果:共纳入25项RCT,合计2 093例患者。Meta分析结果显示,试验组患者临床总有效率[RR=1.31,95%CI(1.25,1.37),P<0.001]和心电图总有效率[RR=1.42,95%CI(1.31,1.54),P<0.001]均显著高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义。亚组分析结果显示,在高剂量(>40 mL/d)和低剂量(≤40 mL/d)亚组中,试验组患者临床总有效率[高剂量:RR=1.26,95%CI(1.19,1.34),P<0.001;低剂量:RR=1.36,95%CI(1.27,1.45),P<0.001]和心电图总有效率[高剂量:RR=1.39,95%CI(1.22,1.60),P<0.001;低剂量:RR=1.43,95%CI(1.30,1.58),P<0.001]均显著高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义。两组患者不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义[RR=0.66,95%CI(0.32,1.40),P=0.28]。结论:参麦注射液辅助治疗冠心病心绞痛疗效与安全性均较好,建议临床从低剂量开始使用。     

脑苷肌肽注射液联合常规方案治疗急性脑梗死的疗效和安全性的系统评价

目的:系统评价脑苷肌肽注射液联合常规方案治疗急性脑梗死的疗效和安全性。方法:计算机检索SCI、Cochrane图书馆、PubMed、EMBase、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国期刊全文数据库、维普中文科技期刊全文数据库、万方数据库中关于脑苷肌肽注射液联合常规方案治疗急性脑梗死的随机对照试验(RCT),采用Cochrane协作网提供的Rev Man 5.14统计软件进行Meta分析。结果:共纳入12项RCT,合计975例患者。Meta分析结果显示,试验组神经功能缺损评分降幅[MD=-5.62,95%CI(-6.80,-4.43),P<0.000]和独立生活能力评分升幅[MD=9.35,95%CI(6.39,12.32),P<0.000]均显著高于对照组;试验组治愈率[OR=1.85,95%CI(1.28,2.68),P=0.001]和有效率[OR=3.85,95%CI(2.46,6.02),P<0.000]亦显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义。两组患者不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义[OR=1.34,95%CI(0.31,5.70),P=0.69]。结论:脑苷肌肽注射液联合常规方案治疗急性脑梗死疗效与安全性均较好。由于纳入研究质量不高、样本量较小,该结论尚需更多大样本、高质量的RCT进一步证实。     

黄芪注射液联合曲美他嗪治疗病毒性心肌炎疗效与安全性的Meta分析

目的:系统评价黄芪注射液联合曲美他嗪治疗病毒性心肌炎(VMC)的疗效和安全性,以为临床治疗提供循证参考。方法:计算机检索Pub Med、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国期刊全文数据库、中文科技期刊数据库和万方数据库,收集黄芪注射液联合曲美他嗪(试验组)对比西医常规治疗和/或加用曲美他嗪(对照组)治疗VMC的随机对照试验(RCT),对符合纳入标准的临床研究进行资料提取和质量评价后,采用Rev Man 5.2统计软件进行Meta分析。结果:共纳入14项RCT,合计1 324例患者。Meta分析结果显示,试验组患者总有效率[RR=1.32,95%CI(1.25,1.39),P<0.001]、乳酸脱氢酶水平[MD=-99.80,95%CI(-135.52,-64.08),P<0.001]和肌酸激酶水平[MD=-49.66,95%CI(-80.43,-18.90),P=0.002]均显著优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义;两组患者不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义[RR=0.86,95%CI(0.48,1.55),P=0.61]。结论:黄芪注射液联合曲美他嗪治疗VMC的疗效与安全性均较好。     

麝香保心丸治疗冠心病心绞痛的系统评价

目的:系统评价麝香保心丸治疗冠心病心绞痛的有效性与安全性。方法:运用系统评价的方法,全面检索中国期刊全文数据库、中文科技期刊全文数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库的相关文献,筛选到有应用麝香保心丸治疗冠心病心绞痛的随机对照试验(RCT),按照纳入与排除标准选择试验、评价质量和提取有效数据,而后采用RevMan5.0软件进行Meta分析。结果:共纳入30项RCT,包括3153例患者,其方法学质量评价仅有2篇为B级,其余均为C级。Meta分析结果显示,试验组的心绞痛发作有效率[OR=3.82,95%CI(3.15,4.62),P<0.00001]、心电图复查有效率[OR=2.50,95%CI(2.12,2.94),P<0.00001]、ST段缺血情况改善情况[MD=-0.61,95%CI(-0.88,-0.34),P<0.0001]和血液流变学指标改善情况[MD=-2.15,95%CI(-2.55,-1.74),P<0.00001]均优于对照组,2组比较差异有统计学意义。而麝香保心丸组的心绞痛发作情况以及不良反应发生率[OR=0.57,95%CI(0.29,1.11),P=0.10]与对照组比较差异无统计学意义。结论:现有研究表明,麝香保心丸能有效改善冠心病心绞痛患者心肌ST段缺血和各项血液流变学指标,使患者心电图复查有效率显著提高,并最终显著降低心绞痛发作率,且安全性较好。但由于本系统评价纳入研究证据强度不高,且样本量较小,故上述结论尚需更多高质量RCT进一步验证。     

双环醇片治疗药物性肝损伤疗效与安全性的系统评价

目的:系统评价双环醇片治疗药物性肝损伤(DILI)的有效性与安全性,以为临床治疗提供循证参考。方法:计算机检索Pub Med、Cochrane图书馆临床试验数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、中文科技期刊数据库、中国期刊全文数据库,收集双环醇片(试验组)对比其他药物(对照组)治疗DILI的随机对照试验(RCT),按照纳入与排除标准进行筛选,评价文献质量并采用Rev Man 5.2统计软件对数据进行Meta分析。结果:共纳入11项RCT,合计1 183例患者。Meta分析结果显示,试验组患者的总有效率显著高于对照组[OR=2.83,95%CI(1.59,5.03),P<0.001],在改善患者丙氨酸氨基转移酶[MD=-28.10,95%CI(-34.42,-21.78),P<0.001]、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶[MD=-15.30,95%CI(-20.77,-9.83),P<0.001]、总胆红素[MD=-1.91,95%CI(-3.36,-0.46),P=0.01]等方面亦显著优于对照组。试验组患者不良反应发生率与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义[OR=0.45,95%CI(0.20,1.01),P<0.001]。结论:双环醇片治疗DILI的疗效优于其他阳性药物,且安全性相似。但由于纳入研究存在高偏倚风险,该结论尚需高质量的RCT进一步验证。     

垂体后叶素联合酚妥拉明对比单用垂体后叶素治疗支气管扩张咯血疗效与安全性的系统评价

目的:系统评价垂体后叶素联合酚妥拉明对比单用垂体后叶素治疗支气管扩张咯血的疗效与安全性,以为临床治疗提供循证参考。方法:计算机检索Pub Med、Cochrane图书馆、EMBase、中国期刊全文数据库、万方数据库、中文科技期刊数据库,收集垂体后叶素联合酚妥拉明(试验组)对比单用垂体后叶素(对照组)治疗支气管扩张咯血疗效与安全性的随机对照试验(RCT),对符合纳入标准的临床研究进行资料提取和质量评价后,采用Rev Man 5.2.3统计软件进行Meta分析。结果:共纳入43项RCT,合计3 094例患者。Meta分析结果显示,试验组患者显效率[RR=1.50,95%CI(1.38,1.62),P<0.001]、有效率[RR=1.25,95%CI(1.20,1.30),P<0.001]显著高于对照组,无效率[RR=0.29,95%CI(0.23,0.36),P<0.001]、咯血停止或缓解的时间[MD=-2.00,95%CI(-2.43,-1.57),P<0.001]、头痛发生率[RR=0.36,95%CI(0.22,0.59),P<0.001]、胸闷发生率[RR=0.41,95%CI(0.26,0.63),P<0.001]、腹痛发生率[RR=0.26,95%CI(0.16,0.43),P<0.001]、血压升高发生率[RR=0.28,95%CI(0.14,0.56),P<0.001]显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义。结论:垂体后叶素联合酚妥拉明治疗支气管扩张咯血疗效与安全性优于单用垂体后叶素。受纳入研究方法学质量和样本量限制,该结论有待更多设计严格、长期随访的大样本RCT加以验证。     

血府逐瘀汤辅助治疗不稳定型心绞痛的Meta分析

目的:系统评价血府逐瘀汤辅助治疗不稳定型心绞痛的疗效,为临床提供循证参考。方法:计算机检索Pub Med、EMBase、Cochrane图书馆、中国期刊全文数据库(CJFD)、万方数据库、中文科技期刊数据库(VIP)、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM),收集血府逐瘀汤联合常规方案(试验组)对比单纯常规方案(对照组)治疗不稳定型心绞痛的随机对照试验(RCT),提取RCT资料并按照Cochrane系统评价员手册5.1.0评价质量后,采用Rev Man 5.2统计软件进行Meta分析。结果:共纳入12项RCT,合计1 252例患者。Meta分析结果表明,试验组患者总有效率[OR=3.56,95%CI(2.49,5.10),P<0.001]、血清高密度脂蛋白水平[WMD=0.25,95%CI(0.05,0.45),P=0.01]和心电图改善率[OR=2.76,95%CI(1.97,3.87),P<0.001]均显著高于对照组,血清总胆固醇[WMD=-1.14,95%CI(-1.46,-0.82),P<0.001]、三酰甘油[WMD=-0.53,95%CI(-0.84,-0.22),P<0.001]和C反应蛋白水平[WMD=-0.91,95%CI(-1.14,-0.69),P<0.001]均显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义。结论:血府逐瘀汤辅助治疗不稳定型心绞痛疗效较好,可显著改善患者血脂和炎症因子水平。     

益肾化湿颗粒辅助治疗慢性肾炎的Meta分析

目的:系统评价益肾化湿颗粒辅助治疗慢性肾炎的疗效,为临床提供循证参考。方法:计算机检索中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、中国期刊全文数据库(CJFD)、万方数据库、中文科技期刊数据库(VIP)、Medline、Pub Med、EMBase、Cochrane图书馆,收集益肾化湿颗粒辅助治疗慢性肾炎的随机对照试验(RCT),并手工检索相关中文期刊。由两位研究者独立进行筛选和资料提取后,按照改良的Jadad评分量表对纳入文献质量进行评价,采用Rev Man 5.3.5统计软件进行Meta分析。结果:共纳入8项RCT,合计1 028例患者。Meta分析结果显示,试验组患者总有效率[RR=1.33,95%CI(1.24,1.42),P<0.001]显著高于对照组,24h尿蛋白定量[MD=-0.32,95%CI(-0.40,-0.24),P<0.001]、血肌酐[MD=-22.38,95%CI(-23.37,-21.39),P<0.001]、血尿素氮[MD=-1.45,95%CI(-2.05,-0.84),P<0.001]均显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义。结论:在西医常规治疗基础上,加用益肾化湿颗粒辅助治疗慢性肾炎疗效较好,可以降低患者24 h尿蛋白定量,改善肾功能。     

海昆肾喜胶囊治疗慢性肾功能衰竭的Meta分析

目的:系统评价海昆肾喜胶囊治疗慢性肾功能衰竭(CRF)的疗效,为临床提供循证参考。方法:计算机检索Central、Pub Med、EMBase、中国期刊全文数据库(CJFD)、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、中文科技期刊数据库(VIP)和万方数据库,收集海昆肾喜胶囊联合常规方案(试验组)对比单纯常规方案(对照组)治疗CRF的随机对照试验(RCT),筛选文献、提取资料并采用Cochrane协作网提供的风险偏倚评估图评价质量后,采用Rev Man 5.3统计软件进行Meta分析。结果:共纳入10项RCT,合计704例患者。Meta分析结果显示,试验组患者总有效率显著高于对照组[RR=4.42,95%CI(2.70,7.22),P<0.001],血肌酐[MD=-140.37,95%CI(-191.72,-89.03),P<0.001]、血尿素氮[MD=-5.49,95%CI(-8.36,-2.63),P<0.001]和24 h尿蛋白定量[MD=-0.43,95%CI(-0.62,-0.23),P<0.001]均显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义。结论:海昆肾喜胶囊治疗CRF疗效较好,可以显著改善患者相关肾功能指标。     

格列吡嗪对比瑞格列奈治疗2型糖尿病疗效和安全性的Meta分析

目的:系统评价格列吡嗪对比瑞格列奈治疗2型糖尿病的疗效和安全性,以为临床治疗提供循证参考。方法:计算机检索Pub Med、EMBase、Medline、Cochrane图书馆、中国期刊全文数据库、中文科技期刊全文数据库和万方数字化期刊全文数据库,收集格列吡嗪(试验组)对比瑞格列奈(对照组)治疗2型糖尿病疗效和安全性的随机对照试验(RCT),对符合纳入标准的临床研究进行质量评价和资料提取后,采用Rev Man 5.2统计软件进行Meta分析。结果:共纳入10项RCT,合计1 022例患者。Meta分析结果显示,试验组患者糖化血红蛋白水平[MD=0.43,95%CI(0.20,0.65),P<0.001]、餐后2 h血糖水平[MD=0.49,95%CI(0.04,0.94),P=0.03]和低血糖发生率[OR=2.99,95%CI(1.83,4.88),P<0.001]均显著高于对照组,而两组患者空腹血糖水平比较差异无统计学意义[MD=-0.14,95%CI(-0.44,0.16),P=0.35]。结论:瑞格列奈治疗2型糖尿病疗效和安全性优于格列吡嗪。受纳入研究方法学质量和样本量限制,该结论有待更多设计严格、长期随访的大样本RCT加以验证。     

Role of glutathione in reduction of arsenate and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in disposition of arsenite in rats

Arsenate (AsV), the environmentally prevalent form of arsenic, is converted sequentially in the body to arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) and some trimethylated metabolites. Although the biliary excretion of arsenic in rats is known to be glutathione (GSH)-dependent, involving transport of arsenic-GSH conjugates, the role of GSH in the reduction of AsV to the more toxic AsIII in vivo has not been defined. Therefore, we studied how the fate of AsV is influenced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH in tissues. Control and BSO-treated rats were given AsV (50 micromol/kg, i.v.) and arsenic metabolites in bile, urine, blood and tissues were analysed by HPLC-HG-AFS. BSO increased retention of AsV in blood and tissues and decreased appearance of AsIII in blood, bile (by 96%) and urine (by 63%). The biliary excretion of MMAsIII was also nearly abolished, the appearance of MMAsIII and MMAsV in the blood was delayed and the renal concentrations of these monomethylated arsenicals were decreased by BSO. Interestingly, appearance of DMAsV in blood and urine remained unchanged and the concentrations of this metabolite in the kidneys and muscle were even increased in response to BSO. To test the role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in arsenic disposition, the effect of the of the GGT inhibitor acivicin was investigated in rats injected with AsIII (50 micromol/kg, i.v.). Acivicin lowered the hepatic and renal GGT activities and increased the biliary as well as urinary excretion of GSH, but failed to alter the disposition (i.e. blood and tissue concentrations, biliary and urinary excretion) of AsIII and its metabolites. In conclusion, shortage of GSH decreases not only the hepatobiliary transport of arsenic, but also reduction of AsV and the formation of monomethylated arsenic, while not hindering the production of dimethylated arsenic. While GSH plays an important role in the disposition and toxicity of arsenic, GGT, which hydrolyses GSH and GSH conjugates, apparently does not influence the fate of the GSH-reactive trivalent arsenicals in rats.     

微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用研究进展

本文综述了微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用,介绍微透析取样技术的原理、组成、探针类型、特点,重点阐述了微透析取样技术在测定脑、血液、皮肤等组织器官中中药有效成分浓度的应用实例。表明微透析取样技术在中药药效研究中具有广阔的前景。     

应用PASS系统分析我院2010年住院医嘱

目的:了解我院2010年住院患者的合理用药情况,探讨如何利用合理用药监测系统( PASS)提高合理用药水平.方法:利用PASS对我院2010年15 966例住院患者的1 184 997条用药医嘱进行监测,以黑色警示医嘱为依据,收集不合理用药信息,并对监测结果进行统计、分析.结果:不合理用药医嘱50 261条,发生率为4.24％.绝对禁止黑色医嘱5441条,主要为药物相互作用(66.54％)、注射液体外配伍(17.86％)、用法用量(15.46％)、儿童警告(1.14％).结论:应用PASS系统能有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药情况,有利于提高临床合理用药水平,但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善.     

Changes in levels of dependency and predictors of mortality in elderly people in institutional care in Dunedin

The 1983 study of dependency of subjects in institutional care in Dunedin was repeated two years later. A significant increase in levels of dependency in residential homes, particularly in the Religious and Welfare sector was found. In 1983 there were 29 high dependency residents and 73 medium dependency residents in residential homes. In 1985 these numbers had increased to 55 and 86 respectively. There was no change in the number of low dependency residents. In 1983, 6 high dependency residents had been admitted to residential home care in the year prior to the study. In 1985 the number of high dependency residents recently admitted had increased to 23. There had also been a significant increase in the dependency of patients in Religious and Welfare continuing care hospitals. Of the 933 subjects in institutional care in 1983 who were able to be followed, 354 (37.9%) died in the following 2 years. Mortality rate was higher for those in hospital care (48.1%) than for those in residential home care (29.6%). Mortality rates were higher in more dependent subjects and this was evident for each measure of dependency.     

应用PASS系统对我院2008年住院医嘱的分析

目的监测分析2008年我院住院患者用药情况。方法将PASS系统嵌入医生工作站、临床药学工作站等子系统,构建合理用药计算机网络系统,对住院医嘱进行及时监测,将监测结果向医生反馈,并对其进行统计、分析。结果2008年共监测医嘱3 620 241条,不合理医嘱908条,占0.02%。不合理医嘱中,配伍禁忌(381条)占41.96%,用法用量(381条)占41.96%,药物相互作用(108条)占11.89%,儿童用药(38条)占4.19%。经与医生沟通后,更改不合理医嘱856条,占94.27%。结论PASS系统可有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药,通过与医生交流,大大减少药物不良事件的发生,值得临床推广应用,也为临床药师开展工作带来了极大的便利。但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善。     

Role of desacetylation in the detoxification of cephalothin in renal cells in culture

The toxicity of three cephalosporin antibiotics to rabbit kidney cells in culture was compared to their known nephrotoxic potential in vivo (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). While cephalothin is considered to be a relatively nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin when administered to many species including humans and rabbits, in several in vitro systems involving rabbit renal tissue, cephalothin was comparatively more toxic than anticipated based on in vivo data. Cephalothin is extensively desacetylated in rabbits to a less microbiologically active metabolite, desacetylcephalothin. When a microsomal S9 fraction from rabbit kidney was added to the in vitro assay in cultured rabbit renal cells, cephalothin was desacetylated and its toxicity to kidney cells was reduced. The addition of S9 in vitro provided a toxicity ranking of the cephalosporins that correlated with their known in vivo nephrotoxic potentials (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). The in vitro detoxification of cephalothin by S9 was blocked by the coadministration of the esterase inhibitor, aminocarb. Desacetylcephalothin was relatively nontoxic to rabbit renal tissue in vitro. These results suggest that the desacetylation of cephalothin in vivo represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of detoxification of this cephalosporin antibiotic. Furthermore, this mechanism of detoxification may be applicable to other acetylated cephalosporins.     

2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药用药调查

目的:分析讨论某院抗真菌药使用的合理性,为临床安全有效地使用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:回顾性统计分析某院2009年住院患者抗真菌药用药信息。结果:2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药DDDs排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑;使用金额排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、米卡芬净及卡泊芬净;更换一种抗真菌药进行治疗的患者数为176人,在全部患者中占13.4%。结论:应进一步强化用药指征的意识,提高标本送检率,同时改善某些抗真菌用药不合理更换的现象,以避免耐药性发生,从而更好更长远地体现抗真菌药的治疗价值。     

Kinetics of in vitro metabolism of methoxyphenamine in rats

1. Methoxyphenamine (MP) was metabolized in vitro by rat liver preparations to O-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (O-desmethyl-MP), N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (N-desmethyl-MP) and 5-hydroxymethoxyphenamine (5-hydroxy-MP). These metabolic pathways were inhibited by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide, which indicates that these reactions were mediated at least partly by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 system. 2. Strain differences in the metabolism of this drug in vitro were observed in female Lewis and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which are proposed models for human debrisoquine phenotypes. Methoxyphenamine O-demethylase and 5-hydroxylase activity in DA rats were lower than those in Lewis rats. 3. The metabolic transformation of methoxyphenamine in vitro to O-desmethyl-MP was inhibited competitively by debrisoquine and sparteine. This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine. However, no inhibition was observed with methenytoin.     

Comparison of in vitro cell models in predicting in vivo brain entry of drugs

Although several in vitro models have been reported to predict the ability of drug candidates to cross the blood-brain barrier, their real in vivo relevance has rarely been evaluated. The present study demonstrates the in vivo relevance of simple unidirectional permeability coefficient (P(app)) determined in three in vitro cell models (BBMEC, Caco-2 and MDCKII-MDR1) for nine model drugs (alprenolol, atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, entacapone, tolcapone, baclofen, midazolam and ondansetron) by using dual probe microdialysis in the rat brain and blood as an in vivo measure. There was a clear correlation between the P(app) and the unbound brain/blood ratios determined by in vivo microdialysis (BBMEC r=0.99, Caco-2 r=0.91 and MDCKII-MDR1 r=0.85). Despite of the substantial differences in the absolute in vitro P(app) values and regardless of the method used (side-by-side vs. filter insert system), the capability of the in vitro models to rank order drugs was similar. By this approach, thus, the additional value offered by the true endothelial cell model (BBMEC) remains obscure. The present results also highlight the need of both in vitro as well as in vivo methods in characterization of blood-brain barrier passage of new drug candidates.