神经导航系统引导单鼻孔蝶窦入路垂体瘤切除术的应用

目的观察神经导航系统引导单鼻孔蝶窦入路垂体瘤切除术的应用效果。方法32例垂体瘤患者,术前行MRI或CT薄层扫描,将图像资料输入Brain LAB Vector Vision神经导航系统中进行三维重建,据此设计最佳手术入路,并对肿瘤及重要结构作标记;术中在神经导航系统的引导下寻找蝶窦前壁、鞍底、颈内动脉、海绵窦和斜坡等结构,切除肿瘤。结果32例均在神经导航引导下经鼻蝶入路顺利到达肿瘤部位,注册误差0．3～2．5mm;肿瘤全切除24例,次全切除6例,大部切除2例;术后26例症状有不同程度的改善,6例无变化,无严重并发症出现。结论神经导航引导单鼻孔蝶窦入路垂体瘤切除术定位准确、肿瘤全切除率高、并发症少。     

Effects of nasal irrigation after endoscopic transsphenoidal resection in patients with pituitary adenomas: A randomized controlled trial

Purpose:We aimed to explore the methods to reduce or prevent nasal complications after endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary adenoma resection. We also examined the effects of nasal irrigation after this procedure was performed.Methods:A randomized controlled trial was performed. Sixty patients of a tertiary hospital were enrolled in this study. The subjects were randomly divided into a control group and an intervention group. The subjects of the control group were given routine guidance, and 20 mL of normal saline was atomized through inhalation. The gauze was removed 7 days after surgery. The patients of the intervention group were given 50 mL of a 2% saline solution at 37°C to 38°C for bilateral nasal irrigation for 1 week. After that, patients were given 50 mL of a 0.9% normal saline solution at 37°C to 38°C for bilateral nasal irrigations. The complications of the two groups were collected at baseline, 1 week after intervention, 1 month, and 3 months after intervention. The data were analyzed using the chi-square test.Results:A 1-month after intervention, there were significant differences in dysosmia, epistaxis, and nasal adhesion between the intervention and control groups. A 3-month after intervention, only olfactory disturbances were significantly different between the two groups.Conclusions:Nasal irrigation helps reduce the incidence of complications such as epistaxis and nasal adhesions in the early postoperative period. It can also promote the elimination or reduction of olfactory disturbances.     

神经导航单鼻腔蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤手术患者鞍区解剖结构的测量

目的神经导航测量单鼻腔蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤手术患者鞍区的解剖结构。方法对26例垂体腺瘤患者术前强化CT扫描图像进行三维重建,从不同角度和层面观察蝶窦和蝶鞍的结构;经单鼻腔蝶窦入路手术中,利用Brain LAB Vector Vision神经导航系统对相关解剖结构进行测量。结果经测量,蝶窦前后径为(22.1±6.5)mm、左右径为(17.6±6.1)mm、上下径为(19.0±5.8)mm,两侧海绵窦之间最小距离为(12.7±1.5)mm,两侧颈内动脉之间最小距离为(13.8±1.9)mm,左侧鼻孔中心到蝶窦腹侧壁的最短距离为(72.8±5.9)mm,左侧鼻孔中心到鞍底的最短距离为(82.2±6.3)mm。结论利用神经导航系统可以较准确地测量垂体腺瘤患者鞍区的解剖数据,这些数据对单鼻腔蝶窦入路手术有一定指导作用。     

Risk factors impacting intra- and postoperative cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea on the endoscopic treatment of pituitary adenomas: A retrospective study of 250 patients

We aimed to identify the risk factors associated with intra- and postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage in pituitary adenomas treated with endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery.This study is a retrospective analysis of 250 pituitary adenoma cases from January 2017 to December 2019 at our hospital. All patients underwent endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgeries. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to investigate the risk factors associated with intra- and postoperative CSF rhinorrhea.Eighty (32.0%) and nine (3.6%) patients had intra- and postoperative CSF leakage, respectively. Tumor size was an independent risk factor for intraoperative CSF leakage (odds ratio [OR], 1.229; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.133–1.334; P < .001); intraoperative CSF leakage was an independent risk factor for postoperative CSF leakage (OR, 7.707; 95% CI, 1.336–44.455; P = .022). Chronic respiratory disease (OR, 57.500; 95% CI, 8.031–411.682; P < .001) was also an independent risk factor for postoperative CSF leakage. Vascularized septal mucosal flap was a protective factor (OR, 0.107; 95% CI, 0.013–0.894; P = .039).Intraoperative CSF leakage is more likely to occur in large pituitary adenomas. In the presence of intraoperative CSF leakage, postoperative CSF rhinorrhea is very likely to occur. Patients with chronic respiratory disease are also more likely to develop postoperative CSF leakage. The sellar base reconstructed using vascularized nasal septal flaps can significantly decrease the risk. The Knosp grade, degree of tumor resection, and postoperative use of a lumbar subarachnoid drain did not have any effects on postoperative CSF rhinorrhea.     

垂体促甲状腺激素腺瘤的临床特征和术前短效奥曲肽治疗的临床疗效

目的归纳分泌促甲状腺激素(TSH)垂体腺瘤(TSH腺瘤)的临床特征,评价术前短效奥曲肽治疗的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院2008年1月至2018年1月明确诊断的垂体TSH腺瘤患者共40例。采集一般资料、实验室及影像学检查等临床资料;评价患者术前奥曲肽治疗的临床疗效。结果40例患者(男:女=24∶16),发病年龄(30.5±5.1)岁,大腺瘤35例(87.5%);最常见症状为甲状腺高代谢症候群,共32例(80.0%),其次是头疼、头晕,视力、视野受损和性腺功能减退。30例(75%)患者奥曲肽治疗3~5d甲状腺功能即恢复正常,总有效率90.0%;有效累计剂次超过10次的患者其治疗前游离甲状腺素(FT4)水平明显高于10次以下者。结论甲状腺高代谢症候群、垂体占位效应是垂体TSH腺瘤最常见的临床表现,术前奥曲肽治疗可有效控制甲状腺功能亢进,治疗前FT4水平是影响奥曲肽疗效的重要因素。     

Clinical evaluations of pituitary apoplexy in incidental nonfunctional pituitary adenomas

Pituitary apoplexy is an uncommon syndrome that often results in spontaneous hemorrhage or infarction of pituitary tumors or glands. We previously reported pituitary apoplexy occurred most frequently in nonfunctional pituitary adenomas among all types of pituitary incidentalomas. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the characteristics of pituitary apoplexy in patients with incidental nonfunctional pituitary adenomas. 65 patients with pituitary incidentaloma were enrolled. All patients underwent clinical/endocrinological/pathological investigations. As a result, 33 patients were diagnosed with nonfunctional pituitary adenomas. Of these, 12.1% of patients had pituitary apoplexy. There was no difference in tumor diameter, age, or sex between the apoplexy and the non-apoplexy groups. However, the liver enzymes aspartate transaminase and alanine aminotransferase were significantly higher, and plasma sodium and chloride levels were significantly lower in the apoplexy group than in the non-apoplexy group (each P < .05). In addition, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol was significantly higher in the apoplexy group than in the non-apoplexy group (P < .05). Besides, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and prolactin deficiencies were significantly more frequent in the apoplexy group than in the non-apoplexy group (each P < .05), and growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiencies were more frequent in the apoplexy group than in the non-apoplexy group (P = .09 and.08, respectively). Furthermore, tumor diameter was not associated with pituitary apoplexy, whereas thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone deficiencies were significantly associated with the apoplexy group (each P < .05). Hence, the present study indicated that pituitary apoplexy could not be related to tumor diameter. Moreover, hormonal deficiencies, hepatic dysfunction, hyponatremia or hypochloremia, and dyslipidemia might be indicators of pituitary apoplexy. There could be the possibility the treatment for dyslipidemia prevents pituitary apoplexy.     

Modification of hormonal secretion in clinically silent pituitary adenomas

Background Silent pituitary adenomas are a subtype of adenomas characterized by positive immunoreactivity for one or more hormones classically secreted by normal pituitary cells but without clinical expression, although in some occasions enhanced or changed secretory activity can develop over time. Silent corticotroph adenomas are the classical example of this phenomenon. Patients and Methods A series of about 500 pituitary adenomas seen over a period of 20 years were screened for modification in hormonal secretion. Biochemical and immunohistochemical data were reviewed. Results Two cases were retrieved, one silent somatotroph adenoma and one thyrotroph adenoma, both without specific clinical features or biochemical abnormalities, which presented 20 years after initial surgery with evidence of acromegaly and hyperthyroidism, respectively. While the acromegaly was controlled by a combination of somatostatin analogs and growth hormone (GH) receptor antagonist therapy, neurosurgery was necessary to manage the thyrotroph adenoma. Immunohistochemical examination demonstrated an increase in the number of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)-immunoreactive cells compared to the first tissue. Apparently, the mechanisms responsible for the secretory modifications are different, being a change in secretory capacity in the silent somatotroph adenoma and a quantitative change in the silent thyrotroph adenoma. Conclusions These two cases, one somatotroph and one thyrotroph adenoma, are an illustration that clinically silent pituitary adenomas may in rare circumstances evolve over time and become active, as previously demonstrated in silent corticotroph adenomas.     

A comparative study of functioning and non-functioning pituitary adenomas

Pituitary tumors commonly cause visual impairment and the degree of impairment can depend on the size, location, and type of the tumor. However, no studies have been made regarding the differences caused by functioning pituitary adenoma (FPA) and non-functioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA). We aimed to investigate the relationship between clinical characteristics and visual impairment in patients with FPA and NFPA.This case series study included 73 pituitary adenoma patients. All patients underwent ophthalmic evaluations, and we retrospectively reviewed their medical records. Tumor types were confirmed by histological analysis, and the tumor volume was calculated. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to determine the tumor diameter. The observation indices of the two groups were compared. The correlation between the visual field and tumor volume was analysed using scatter plots.We enrolled 30 patients in the FPA group and 43 in the NFPA group. The first symptoms presented in the eyes in 23% of FPA patients and 41.9% of NFPA patients. The best-corrected visual acuity of the FPA group was better than that of the NFPA group, and 34 (56.7%) and 73 (84.9%) eyes in these groups had visual field defects, respectively. The visual field defects of the FPA patients were lighter than those of the NFPA patients. Except for the anteroposterior diameter, there were no differences in the other parameters of tumor diameter between the groups. The tumor volume of the FPA group was smaller than that of the NFPA group. The tumor size was positively correlated with the mean deviation and negatively correlated with the mean sensitivity in both groups.There was a longer delay between the onset of signs and symptoms and treatment in the FPA group than in the NFPA group. Future studies should focus on visual field defects caused by FPA and NFPA.     

Middle turbinate manipulation and postoperative sinus obstruction after endoscopic endonasal skull‐base surgery

Background

Inadvertent lateralization of the middle turbinate (MT) after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is cited as a common complication that results in both outflow tract obstruction and recurrent symptoms. In endoscopic endonasal skull‐base surgery, the MT is frequently lateralized during the parasagittal approach. Little is known about whether this strategy has unintended consequences on the adjacent paranasal sinuses. Intentional lateralization vs surgical resection of the MT were compared for radiographic evidence of sinus obstruction in this patient population.

Methods

A retrospective evaluation was conducted of pre‐ and postoperative Lund‐MacKay (LM) scores in patients who underwent an endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) for resection of a pituitary tumor or craniopharyngioma (transsellar or suprasellar approach) between 2012 and 2014. Side‐specific LM scores were calculated at 0–3 months, 3–6 months, and >6 months. MT lateralization vs resection sides were compared.

Results

Of the cases reviewed, 122 met the inclusion criteria. There were no statistically significant differences in LM scores of the adjacent paranasal sinuses between resected MTs as compared with surgically lateralized MTs at 3–6 months or >6 months (p = 0.551) postoperatively. Time‐point of assessment was statistically significant with regard to the outcome of LM = 0 (p < 0.001), with earlier postoperative imaging correlating with higher LM scores.

Conclusion

Unlike after ESS, MT lateralization does not appear to be correlated with higher LM scores after EEA. Postoperative radiographic sinus outflow obstruction was similar in patients at all measured intervals despite differences in technical management of the MT.

     

Combined Treatment of Invasive Giant Prolactinomas

The management of invasive giant prolactinomas (IGP) has been an area of some controversy. The relative roles of transsphenoidal surgery, craniotomy, radiation therapy and dopamine agonist based medical therapy are gradually becoming clarified. We report the results of management of 30 patients with IGP. Surgery was the initial therapy in 18 patients and was nearly always followed by adjunctive treatment with radiotherapy and/or bromocriptine. A second group of 12 patients had initial therapy with bromocriptine; 6 had subsequent radiotherapy and only 1 had transsphenoidal surgery. Outcomes with regard to relief of mass effect, visual improvement, pituitary function and complications of therapy were superior in the bromocriptine treated patients. Report of 30 cases