透析患者心血管疾病的防治

随着透析技术的发展，透析在治疗尿毒症过程中出现的并发症已明显减少，但是心血管并症仍有很高的发病率，这也是造成透析患者死亡的主要原因。美国肾脏数据库（USRDS）显示终末期肾病（ESRD）患者中，38％死于心血管疾病（CVD），而其中接受肾脏替代治疗的患者CVD死亡率显著升高，65岁以上人群中，接受透析的患者CVD死亡率是普通人群的5倍.     

狼疮性肾炎尿毒症可塑性的临床观察

狼疮性肾炎(Lupus nephritis,LN)是最主要的继发性肾脏疾病,有20%的LN患者在诊断后10年内进展至肾功能衰竭。随着诊断和治疗手段的改进,LN患者的预后已大为改观,部分需透析治疗的LN尿毒症患者经过积极治疗,肾衰有可能逆转,甚至脱离透析。为了提高对LN尿毒症可逆性的认识,现将我院最近6年中,经激素、雷公藤和间断环磷酰胺(CTX)冲击强化免疫治疗的46例LN尿毒症临床观察报告如下。     

狼疮性肾炎尿毒症可逆性的临床观察

狼疮性肾炎(Lupus nephritis,LN)是最主要的继发性肾脏疾病,有20%的LN患者在诊断后10年内进展至肾功能衰竭.随着诊断和治疗手段的改进,LN患者的预后已大为改观,部分需透析治疗的LN尿毒症患者经过积极治疗,肾衰有可能逆转,甚至脱离透析[1].为了提高对LN尿毒症可逆性的认识,现将我院最近6年中,经激素、雷公藤和间断环磷酰胺(CTX)冲击强化免疫治疗的46例LN尿毒症临床观察报告如下.     

两种透析方法治疗老年尿毒症患者91例临床分析及护理体会

目的：探讨老年尿毒症患者较为理想的透析护理方法。方法：对60例血液透析（HD）和31例非卧床持续性腹膜透析（CAPD）的老年尿毒症患者进行比较，观察两组患者透析前后的临床和生化指标，透析后主要并发症、生存率、死亡原因。结果：透析前伴有高血压、冠心病、糖尿病的患者行CAPD后并发症出现机会少于HD（P＜0．05）。HD或CAPD治疗后1年和3年生存率无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论：透析前合并有高血压、冠心病、糖尿病的老年尿毒症患者以选择CAPD为好。     

影响尿毒症患者维持性血透依从性相关因素调查分析

目的探讨影响尿毒症患者维持性血透（M HD ）依从性相关因素及预防对策。方法选择143例进行M HD的尿毒症患者作为调查对象,比较依从性好及依从性差两组患者性别、年龄、心理反应、M HD相关知识、透析龄、医疗费用支付方式等方面的差异。结果143例尿毒症患者M HD依从性好84例（58．74％）,依从性差59例（41．26％）。依从性差组尿毒症患者平均年龄（60．23±15．56）岁、38．98％存在不良心理反应、45．76％缺乏M HD知识、27．12％自费治疗,与依从性好患者的平均年龄（52．67±14．08）岁、18．04％、21．43％、10．71％相比,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）;是影响M HD依从性危险因素。结论影响尿毒症患者M HD依从性因素复杂,应针对影响因素采取干预措施提高M HD依从性。     

腹腔镜在腹膜透析导管功能障碍中的应用

终末期肾脏疾病(end-stage renal diseases,ESRD)的替代治疗方法为血液透析(hemodialysis,HD)和腹膜透析(peritoneal dialysis,PD),但是也有部分PD患者因为不同原因转为HD,在PD早期(1年内)转HD的主要原因是技术失败(堵管、漂管、渗液等,23.1%)。     

血液透析患者疾病知识掌握情况的调查分析

维持性血液透析(HemoDialysis，HD)是终末期肾功能衰竭(End-Stage Renal Failure Disease，ESRFD)患者重要的肾脏替代疗法之一。目前全世界仍有809／5以上尿毒症患者依靠透析疗法维持生命，据我国1999年不完全统计，已有近4．2万人接受透析治疗。在患者透析治疗期间掌握一定的疾病知识，可减少透析并发症的发生，提高治疗依从性，     

血液透析联合血液灌流治疗尿毒症疗效观察

【目的】探讨人工肾血液透析（HD）联合血液灌流（HP）治疗尿毒症的临床效果。【方法】维持性透析的尿毒症患者32例,采用HD＋HP治疗组（A组）16例;采用单纯HD组（B组）治疗16例,均2次／周;HD＋HP组治疗2～2．5h后再单纯透析2h,治疗前后检测比较两组患者的β2-微球蛋白（β2-MG）、甲状旁腺激素（PTH）、血尿素氮（BUN）、血肌酐（Cr）、血电解质、血压及临床症状改善情况。【结果】A组皮肤瘙痒症明显改善率81．3％（13／16）,而B组皮肤瘙痒症改善率仅37．5％（6／16）,A组与B组内治疗前后Cr、β2-MG、PTH较治疗前及B组同期下降显著（P〈0．05）。【结论]HD联合HP治疗尿毒症可有效减轻患者皮肤瘙痒症及清除中分子物质。     

糖尿病肾病尿毒症终末期31例肾脏替代治疗临床体会

目的：比较腹膜透析（PD）及血液透析（HD）在糖尿病肾病替代治疗中的优劣。方法：选取近6年来我院收治的糖尿病肾病终末期患者31例,其中腹透19例,血液透析12例,比较两组患者的生存率、血糖、血浆白蛋白、血脂、血红蛋白。结果：两组前2年的生存率差异无显著性PD组第3年的生存率明显下降且空腹血糖、甘油三脂及低密度脂蛋白均高于HD组,差异有显著性,而PD组血浆白蛋白显著低于HD组。结论：对于糖尿病肾病替代治疗,PD与HD比较起来存在着一些不完善的地方,亦存在优势。故糖尿病肾病的替代治疗,不应局限于某一种替代治疗,开始替代治疗1-2年,可以予以PD治疗,而后再据情况改为HD。     

糖尿病与非糖尿病腹膜透析患者新发心血管事件及危险因素分析

目的探讨糖尿病与非糖尿病腹膜透析（peritoneal dialysis,PD）患者新发心血管事件（cardiovascular disease,CVD）发生的特点．并了解影响患者CVD发生的主要危险因素。方法通过回顾128例维持性PD患者的临床资料,比较43例糖尿病和85例非糖尿病PD患者新发CVD的异同,logistic回归分析影响患者CVD发生的主要危险因素。结果糖尿病PD患者在随访期闰共发生62次新发CVD,显著高于非糖尿病患者的39次（P〈0．01）。糖尿病PD患者在新发脑梗死、缺血性心脏病、充血性心功能衰竭的发生率显著高于非糖尿病患者（P〈0．05）,其中糖尿病PD患者中脑梗死的发生率升高尤为明显。年龄、性别、糖尿病以及感染为影响本研究患者新发CVD发生的主要危险原因（P〈0．01）。结论与非糖尿病患者相比,糖尿病PD患者具有更高的新发CVD发生率,其新发脑梗塞风险的升高尤为明显。除糖尿病外,患者的年龄、性别、糖尿病以及感染也是透析后新发CVD的重要危险因素。     

狼疮肾炎尿毒症治疗中两种透析法的疗效比较

目的：探讨在腹膜透析（腹透）或血液透析（血透）辅助治疗下激素和细胞毒性药物（环磷酰胺）对狼疮肾炎（ＬＮ）尿毒症的逆转作用。方法：观察ＬＮ尿毒症患者腹透组（３７例）与血透组（１５例）在透析治疗尿毒症症状消失后，予以相同剂量和用法的泼尼松与环磷酰胺治疗的疗效，并进行比较。结果：腹透组３７例中，３１例（８３．８％）成功脱离了透析，６例（１６．２％）无效，但可以减少每周透析次数；而血透组１５例中仅４例（２６．７％）脱离了透析，１１例（７３．３％）无效，其中１例可以减少每周透析次数，１０例仍需继续作维持性血透。２组疗效有极显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：ＬＮ尿毒症应尽可能选择腹透作辅助治疗。     

替代治疗模式对尿毒症患者血脂代谢的影响

目的比较高通量血液透析、常规血液透析与连续性非卧床腹膜透析3种不同的肾脏替代治疗模式对非糖尿病终末期肾病患者血脂代谢的影响。方法①将90例终末期肾病患者分为高通量血液透析组（HPD组）30例、常规血液透析组（CHD组）30例和连续性非卧床腹膜透析组（CAPD组）30例,分别进行维持性替代治疗并随访3年。入组后每3个月采血测定患者血浆胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）、载脂蛋白A（Apo-A）、载脂蛋白B（Apo-B）。对比分析3组在透析开始时、透析1年后和透析3年后上述各项血脂指标的变化情况。②另选取血液透析与腹膜透析治疗模式相互转化的尿毒症患者各10余例,分别测定其在转变透析模式前和转变1年后上述各项血脂指标的变化情况。结果①透析开始时3组非糖尿病终末期肾病患者的血脂各项指标都基本一致,随着替代治疗时间的延长,HPD组内患者TC、TG、LDL和Apo-B逐渐降低,而HDL和Apo-A逐渐升高;CHD组和CAPD组的尿毒症患者随透析时间的延长,TC、TG、LDL和Apo-B都呈逐渐升高趋势,而HDL和Apo-A均逐渐降低,其中TG变化最明显（P〈0.01）;②常规血液透析转为腹膜透析1年后TC和TG的升高有显著性差异（均P〈0.01）。而腹膜透析转为常规血液透析1年后除Apo-B由（0.81±0.61）升至（0.94.±0.35）g/L具有统计学差异（P〈0.05）外,其余各项指标无变化。结论①常规血液透析和非卧床腹膜透析对尿毒症患者的血脂紊乱无改善,且有促进作用,尤其是腹膜透析影响更明显;②腹膜透析的尿毒症患者血脂表现的TC、TG增高比常规血液透析患者略明显,但只出现在透析治疗3年时;③高通量透析可以改善透析患者的血脂代谢。     

Dialysis therapy and transplantation in uremia: which to use when.

In the United States, 10,000 to 18,000 new patients require therapy for end-stage renal disease each year. A combination of medical and psychosocial criteria can be used to predict whether renal transplantation or maintenance hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis may be the most efficacious treatment. In most cases, dialysis therapy should be initiated when signs and symptoms of uremia are only subtle, usually when creatinine clearance is between 3 and 6 ml/min. One mode of therapy can be exchanged for another to suit changing needs, and vascular access should be created even in patients who ultimately will undergo peritoneal dialysis or receive a transplant.     

中药配合腹膜透析治疗狼疮肾炎尿毒症的疗效观察

目的：探讨中药配合腹膜透析（腹透）治疗狼疮肾炎尿毒症患者的疗效。方法：随机设置３７例中西医结合治疗组（治疗组）与３５例对照组,２组均采用连续不卧床腹透及激素标准疗程治疗。治疗组并加用中药治疗。结果：治疗半年后治疗组完全缓解率３５．１％,复发率８．１％,不良反应率３７．８％,脱离透析率８１．１％;对照组分别为１４．２％、２２．９％、７４．３％和４５．７％。治疗组总蛋白（ＴＰ）、血红蛋白（Ｈｂ）均较对照组明显升高〔（６８．３±３．９）ｇ／Ｌ比（５７．９±４．２）ｇ／Ｌ,（８１．３±９．９）ｇ／Ｌ比（７２．１±６．３）ｇ／Ｌ〕,Ｐ均＜０．０５;血尿素氮（ＢＵＮ）、血肌酐（ＳＣｒ）和尿蛋白均明显降低〔分别为（１６．１±７．５）ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ比（２４．５±９．６）ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ,（２６９．３±８７．３）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ比（４５７．０±９３．５）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,（０．６±４．９）ｇ／２４ｈ比（３．５±５．７）ｇ／２４ｈ〕,Ｐ均＜０．０５。结论：中药配合腹透治疗狼疮肾炎尿毒症优于单纯西医治疗。     

Acute and chronic renal failure in patients with myeloma]

AIM: To analyze causes of reversible and irreversible renal failure in myeloma patients, lethal outcomes, treatment policy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 43 myeloma patients with renal failure entered the trial. The replacement therapy consisted of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, hemodiafiltration. All the patients received full-dose polychemotherapy according to the programs M-2 and VAD. RESULTS: 69% of the patients retained normal renal function. 23% of the patients died. Partial recovery of renal function was observed in 1 patient who had to undergo dialysis once in 10-12 days. The patients survived from 5 days to 36 months (mean 20.6 months). The main causes of death in renal failure were sepsis (38%) and hemorrhagic stroke (14%).     

不同透析方式对肾移植预后影响的研究进展

终末期肾病患者的肾脏替代治疗方式包括透析及肾脏移植。由于供肾器官的短缺,患者在接受移植前,往往需要经过一段时间的透析等待。血液透析与腹膜透析作为肾移植前的透析方式,对于移植受者的早期及远期有何不同的影响,透析持续时间对于肾移植效果是否有影响,以及无透析肾移植对于肾移植预后有何影响,均尚无定论。本文将就前述问题的研究进展作一介绍。     

Chronic dialysis in patients with multiple myeloma and renal failure: a worthwhile treatment

Severe renal failure is a life-threatening complication of multiple myeloma. Aggressive treatment can reverse acute renal failure in many cases but the prognosis for those who require chronic renal replacement therapy is not clear. We have reviewed the treatment of these patients in the Brighton, Dulwich and Guy's Hospitals renal units. Twenty-three patients were treated for a total of 385 months. Over half presented with end-stage renal failure and required dialysis immediately. Fifteen patients died during the study period and actuarial survival was 45 per cent at one year; six have survived for longer than two years. No prognostic features at presentation were identified but those who responded to chemotherapy survived significantly longer than those who did not. Haemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) appeared to be equally effective treatments. Complications from dialysis were more common than in patients with renal failure from other causes. Infection in those treated by CAPD was a serious problem and may be exacerbated by aggressive chemotherapy. Maintenance dialysis offers some patients with multiple myeloma long-term survival and should be offered to all patients who are considered to warrant continuing treatment for their underlying disease.     

Choice of renal replacement therapy in patients with complicated uremia

Fourteen patients with complicated uremia and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome were treated by renal replacement therapy (RRT), by hemodialysis and hemodiafiltration. Control group consisted of 14 age-matched convalescents without clinical and laboratory signs of uremia and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. The potentialities of Integral Diagnostic Expert Analytical System (IDEAS) based on the spectrophotokinetic (SPK) technique (ECOTEST, Russia; Thermo Labsystems, Finland) were evaluated on the basis of objective evaluation of clinical condition of end-stage renal disease patients. SPK technology proved to be a highly informative method of automated diagnosis, which allows monitoring the dialysis efficiency, detecting combined diseases and poor system's biocompatibility, which, in turn, permits correction of the treatment and realization of a differentiated approach to the choice of RRT method.     

Continuous renal replacement therapy: dialytic therapy for acute renal failure in intensive care.

Acute renal failure (ARF) is a common complication of critically ill patients in today's intensive care units. Intermittent renal replacement therapy for these types of patients may be limited or ineffective due to the critical nature of their illness. Volume overload and hemodynamic instability are complications that may not be treated adequately with conventional forms of dialysis, such as hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is rapidly gaining ground as the treatment of choice for ARF in the intensive care unit (ICU) due to its slow, gentle nature of water and solute removal Critical care nurses are responsible for monitoring this therapy, but a collaborative effort with nephrology nurses' expertise and background in dialysis therapies is a key ingredient in implementation of a successful CRRT program. This article will review the causes of ARF, the history of CRRT, current treatment options, trends, and implementation of a successful CRRT program.     

抗心磷脂抗体与狼疮性肾炎患者肾功能的关系

目的探讨狼疮性肾炎患者抗心磷脂抗体(ACA)对肾功能的影响。方法对68例狼疮性肾炎患者随访1年,测定其血清ACA及肾功能。结果狼疮性肾炎肾功能正常组和肾功能不全组的IgG鄄ACA、IgA鄄ACA、IgM鄄ACA阳性率分别为40.5%、35.7%、40.5%(P<0.01)及57.7%、38.5%、46.2%(IgG,P<0.01;IgA,IgM,P<0.05),与对照组相比差异有显著性。随访期ACA阳性组肾功能不全者明显超过ACA阴性组(P<0.05),随着ACA转阴,肾功能逐渐恢复。结论ACA与狼疮性肾炎的肾功能损害密切相关,应用泼尼松和环磷酰胺降低血清ACA滴度,肾功能损害也随之好转。