门腔静脉架桥分流术与侧侧分流术疗效比较

门腔静脉侧侧分流术治疗门静脉高压症胃底食道曲张静脉破裂出血，虽能有效降低门静脉压力，再出血率低，但因分流量大，术后脑病和肝功能衰竭的发病率高。限制性门腔分流术后大多数吻合口仍然会随着时间的推移而扩大，部分还可能因吻合口张力较大而最终发生狭窄或形成血栓。本文报告使用带外支撑环的８ｍｍ口径Ｇｏｒｅ－Ｔｅｘ人工血管行门腔静脉架桥分流术治疗门静脉高压症病人２５例，并与同期门静脉侧侧分流组１４例比较。结果显示门腔侧侧分流组门静脉压力下降数值稍大于架桥分流组，但两组比较没有统计学意义（１．０４±０．４４ｋＰａ和０．８７±０．２６ｋＰａ，Ｐ＞０．０５）。两组术后再出血率及手术死亡率差异无显著性意义，但门腔静脉人工血管架桥分流术后脑病发生率显著低于门腔侧侧分流术组（８．０％和３５．７％，Ｐ＜０．０５），术后经下腔静脉行门静脉造影证明人工血管通畅率为９６％。初步结果表明门腔静脉人工血管架桥分流术对病人创伤较小，操作简便，术后脑病发生率低，是一种值得推荐的治疗门静脉高压症的手术方法。     

选择性远端脾腔静脉分流术治疗门静脉高压症

目的探讨远端脾腔静脉分流术治疗门静脉高压症的远期疗效。方法用远端脾静脉腔静脉直接吻合分流,并行脾胰断流和胃小弯侧门静脉奇静脉断流。结果分流术后,自由门静脉压平均下降０５３ｋＰａ,并仍维持在３２９±０４４ｋＰａ较高水平;再出血率７５８％;腹水发生率２７３０％;无明显肝性脑病发生;手术病死率７５８％;５年生存率７０４５％。结论远端脾腔静脉分流术是一种较理想的选择性分流术式。     

贲门周围血管离断加肠腔静脉侧侧分流术治疗门静脉高压症

目的防止肝硬变门静脉高压症患者术后再出血,保持门静脉向肝血供,降低肝性脑病发生率。方法对３７例门静脉高压症患者施行了联合断流加肠腔静脉分流手术,即贲门周围血管离断后,肠系膜上静脉与下腔静脉采用直接侧侧吻合。结果本组手术成功率１００％。术后自由门静脉压（ＦＰＰ）３１６±０５８ｋＰａ,较术前３９１±０６４ｋＰａ明显降低,差异有极显著性意义（Ｐ＜００１）。术后随访５～２２个月,所有患者肝功能均有不同程度恢复,其中１２例肝功能Ⅲ级的患者,有５例恢复到Ⅰ级、７例恢复到Ⅱ级、无１例发生肝性脑病及再出血。腹水消失率１００％,食管胃底静脉曲张改善消失率８２９％。结论断流分流联合应用,既能保持一定的门静脉压力及门静脉肝脏血供,又能疏通门静脉系统的高血流状态,是一种较理想的治疗门静脉高压症的手术方法     

脾肾分流加门奇断流联合术治疗门静脉高压症的远期疗效

目的评价门静脉高压症采用脾肾分流加门奇断流联合术治疗门静脉高压症的长期效果。方法回顾性总结了１９年采用脾肾分流加门奇断流联合术治疗门静脉高压症１４０例，并通过手术前后采用彩色多普勒显像、数字减影血管造影和术中测ＦＰＰ观察门静脉系血流动力学变化。结果临床疗效满意。手术病死率为３６％，术后近期无１例出血，远期再出血率为８３％，术后肝性脑病发生率为５０％，术后５、１０和１５年生存率分别为８３３６％、６４５％和５４５％。术后ＦＰＰ和ＰＶＦ降低有显著意义（Ｐ＜００１）。术后ＦＰＰ平均保持在３２±０４ｋＰａ。结论脾肾分流加门奇断流联合术既保留了分流术和断流术二者的优点，又克服了二者的缺点，是一种合理而可行的术式。     

脾次全切除腹膜后移位加断流术治疗门静脉高压症的临床研究

目的探讨提高肝硬变门静脉高压症疗效的新术式。方法采用脾次全切除腹膜后移位加断流术治疗肝硬变门静脉高压症患者３６例,以３６例行贲门周围血管离断术的患者为对照,进行对比研究。术后随访３个月～５５年,平均２６个月。结果（１）研究组患者食管静脉曲张消失者约１１５％,好转６１５％,无变化２６９％;而对照组好转５００％,无变化４５８％,加重４２％,研究组疗效显著优于对照组（Ｐ＜００５）;（２）研究组脾亢消失;（３）术后２年内研究组免疫指标（ＩｇＭ,Ｃ３）与对照组相比升高有显著性意义（Ｐ＜００５）;（４）血管数字减影显示,余脾与腹膜后组织建立了丰富的侧支循环,使门静脉血向腹膜后分流。结论本术式兼有断流术和分流术的优点,门静脉高压症手术可保留部分脾脏。     

肝硬变腹水患者门腔静脉分流术后肾素活性、血管紧张素转换酶及血管紧张素Ⅱ的变化

目的探讨肝硬变腹水患者行门腔静脉分流术前后肾素活性（ＰＲＡ）、血管紧张素转换酶（ＡＣＥ）、血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡⅡ）水平及门静脉压力（ＰＶＰ）的变化。方法应用光度比色分析和放射免疫分析法,对１６例肝硬变合并腹水的患者行门腔静脉分流术前后和１６例行胃肠道肿瘤切除手术的对照组患者,手前后的门静脉、外周静脉和动脉血中的ＰＲＡ、ＡＣＥ、ＡⅡ及ＰＶＰ进行了测定。结果肝硬变组门腔静脉分流前后的ＰＲＡ、ＡＣＥ、ＡⅡ及ＰＶＰ显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜００５）,分流后的ＰＲＡ、ＡＣＥ、ＡⅡ及ＰＶＰ水平较分流前显著降低（Ｐ＜００５）,肝硬变腹水患者血中ＡＣＥ水平与ＰＶＰ呈明显正相关（Ｐ＜００１）。结论门腔静脉分流术能有效的降低肝硬变腹水患者的ＰＶＰ和ＰＲＡ、ＡＣＥ、ＡⅡ水平,这是导致肝硬变腹水患者术后腹水消失的重要原因。     

断流术对门静脉高压症患者肝脏血流动力学及肝功能的影响

目的观察断流术对门静脉高压症肝血流动力学改变及肝功能的影响。方法应用超声多普勒分别检测２５例门静脉高压症患者手术前后门静脉血流量（ＰＶＦ）、肝动脉血流量（ＨＡＦ），采用水柱法测量自由门静脉压力（ＦＰＰ）的变化，应用吲哚氰绿１５分钟潴留率（Ｒ１５ＩＣＧ）分别估测患者手术前后的肝功能。结果ＰＶＦ由术前的（１３２３±３８８）ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ减少至术后的（８９５±２６２）ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ（Ｐ＜００１）；ＨＡＦ由术前的（３７０±７０）ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ增加至术后的（４８５±１２３）ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ（Ｐ＜００１）；ＦＰＰ由术前的（２８±４）ｍｍＨｇ降至术后的（２５±４）ｍｍＨｇ（Ｐ＜００５）；Ｒ１５ＩＣＧ由术前的（１９±７）％变至术后的（２１±７）％（Ｐ＞００５）。结论断流术后门静脉血流量虽然减少，但是肝动脉血流量增加及术后门体分流的减少均利于术后硬变肝脏的功能维护。     

门腔静脉架桥分充术与侧侧分流术疗效比较

门腔静脉侧侧分流术治疗门静脉高压闰胃底食道曲张静脉破裂出血，虽能有效降低门静脉压力，再出血率低，但因分流量大，术后脑病和肝功能衰竭的发病率高。限制性门腔分流术后大多数吻合口仍然会随着时间的推移而扩大，部分还可能因吻全口张力较大而最终发生狭窄或形成血栓。本文报告使用带外支撑环的８ｍｍ口径Ｇｏｒｅ－Ｔｅｘ人工血管行门腔静脉架桥分流术治疗门静脉高压症病人２５例，并与同期门静脉侧侧分流组１４例比较。结果显     

经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术对门静脉高压症患者门静脉及全身血流动力学影响

目的研究经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术（ＴＩＰＳＳ）对门静脉和全身血流动力学的影响。方法采用超声多普勒、直接门静脉测压和血气分析、ＳｗａｎＧａｎｚ导管对１５例门静脉高压症患者检测ＴＩＰＳＳ术前后门静脉、体循环和肺循环血流动力学的变化。结果ＴＩＰＳＳ术后３０分钟和２周，门静脉压力下降３４％和５５４％，氧分压和氧饱和度增加６７７％、２１３％和６８０％、２０４％。术后２周门静脉血流速度增加１４倍，心输出量显著增加（Ｐ＜００１），外周血管阻力和肺血管阻力显著下降（Ｐ＜００１），右心房压和肺动脉压增加（Ｐ＜００５）；肾血流量显著增加（Ｐ＜００１），肾功能明显改善。结论ＴＩＰＳＳ既有效降低门静脉压力和改善肾脏功能，又加重门静脉和全身血流高动力状态，应用时需加强心、肝功能的监护     

公式法和核素法测量门体分流率的对比研究

目的为观测门体分流率提供一种简单、实用的新方法。方法在同一动物及患者中应用两种不同方法观测门体分流率,以传统核素方法的结果为依据,判定公式法的可靠性。结果１１只正常狗的门体分流率公式法为７０３％,核素法为７５５％,两者之间差异无显著意义（Ｐ＞００５）;９只肝外型门静脉高压门体分流模型狗的分流率：公式法为４８６４％,核素法为５１１１％,差异无显著意义（Ｐ＞００５）;２２例门静脉高压症患者断流手术前的门体分流率：公式法为５２３８％,核素法为５５８６％,差异无显著意义（Ｐ＞００５）;本组患者断流术后分流率：公式法为２６２２％,核素法为３１００％,两者差异无显著意义（Ｐ＞００５）。结论这些结果充分证明了公式法的可靠性     

Predictability and maintenance of portal flow patterns after small-diameter portacaval H-grafts in man.

Patients undergoing small-diameter (8, 10, 12, and 14 mm) portacaval H-grafts were followed up to 3.5 years. Eight- and 10-mm grafts maintained prograde portal perfusion in 50% of the patients. Follow-up studies performed from 6 to 36 months after surgery show late shunt patency to be 97%. Recurrent variceal hemorrhage has not occurred in any patients. Direction of portal flow after a shunt was related to the size of the portal vein and the size of the shunt. If the shunt diameter was less than 50% that of the portal vein measured on the preoperative angiogram, portal flow was prograde. Encephalopathy rates remained significantly lower in patients with prograde flow after small diameter (8 and 10 mm) portacaval H-graft (p = .0.1). If thrombosis and encephalopathy rates remain low, the small-diameter, polytetrafluoroethylene portacaval H-graft is an attractive alternative to standard portacaval and mesocaval shunts.     

Liver function and encephalopathy after partial vs direct side-to-side portacaval shunt: a prospective randomized clinical trial

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine, in a prospective randomized clinical trial, whether the partial portacaval shunt offers any advantage in terms of liver function and encephalopathy rate when compared with direct side-to-side direct portacaval shunt. METHODS: Forty-six "good risk" patients with cirrhosis and with documented variceal hemorrhage were randomly assigned to either a partial shunt procedure (achieved by 10-mm diameter interposition portacaval H-graft) or direct small-diameter side-to-side portacaval anastomosis. RESULTS: Operative mortality was zero in both groups. During the follow-up period, encephalopathy developed in 3 patients in the partial shunt group and 9 in the direct shunt group (P =.04). Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that encephalopathy-free survival was significantly longer in the partial shunt group (P =.025). Direct shunt patients had significant hepatic functional deterioration postoperatively compared with the partial shunt group. CONCLUSIONS: The partial portacaval shunt effectively controls variceal hemorrhage. Compared with direct side-to-side portacaval shunt, partial shunt preserves long-term hepatic function and minimizes postoperative encephalopathy. We conclude that the partial portacaval shunt is the preferred approach over direct shunts for patients with cirrhosis and with variceal bleeding.     

A systematic appraisal of portacaval H-graft diameters. Clinical and hemodynamic perspectives.

Over a period of 10 years, the authors have systematically reduced portacaval H-graft diameters. Their objective was to achieve partial shunting of portal flow without reversal of hepatic flow. This report summarizes their clinical and hemodynamic observations in 68 surviving patients with cirrhosis (mostly alcoholic) and variceal hemorrhage who underwent portacaval H-grafts ranging from 20 to 8 mm diameters. When shunt diameters were reduced to 10 and 8 mm and combined with aggressive portal collateral ablation, portal pressures increased significantly over larger H-grafts. Only 3% of patients with 20-12 mm H-grafts had prograde portal flow after operation, compared with 46 and 82% after 10 and 8 mm H-grafts, respectively (p less than 0.001). The incidence of encephalopathy diminished from 39% in the 20-12 mm H-graft group to 19 and 9% after 10 and 8 mm grafts, respectively (p less than 0.04). None of the patients with 10 or 8 mm PTFE grafts rebled from varices in the follow-up period (4-61 months). It is concluded that partial shunting of portal flow is hemodynamically feasible. It can be achieved in most patients using 8 mm polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) portacaval H-grafts combined with portal collateral ablation. Preserving prograde portal flow by partial shunting correlates with reduced encephalopathy rates after operation. Despite maintaining a relatively hypertensive portal system, partial shunts effectively prevent variceal hemorrhage.     

Comparative study of portacaval and mesocaval interposition shunts

Portacaval and mesocaval interposition shunts using vascular prosthetic grafts were compared in 37 cirrhotic patients without portal vein thrombosis who were operated on for previous or active variceal hemorrhage. Operative indications and severity of liver disease were similar in the two groups of patients having one or the other procedure. The major difference in results was that none of the 23 patients with portacaval H-graft shunts had rebleeding, while 4 of 14 had rebleeding from varices after mesocaval interposition shunting. This contributed to the higher operative mortality associated with the latter procedure. The index of operative difficulty, as judged by blood loss and length of operation, and postshunt encephalopathy rates were similar for both procedures. Thus, while the mesocaval interposition shunt offers none of the reported theoretical advantages over portacaval H-graft shunt, it does place patients at greater risk of postoperative variceal rehemorrhage. It is concluded that the portacaval interposition shunt, because of its effectiveness and technical expediency, may be the operation of choice in cirrhotic patients with bleeding varices who are not otherwise candidates for other procedures which reduce portal flow less drastically.     

Portacaval H-graft: relationships of shunt diameter, portal flow patterns and encephalopathy

Small-diameter protacaval H-grafts, 10, 12, or 14 mm, were constructed in 29 cirrhotic patients with previous or active variceal hemorrhage. When 10 mm grafts were used in combination with portal collateral outflow ligation, varying degrees of prograde portal flow were maintained in 50% of the patients. When shunt size was greater, prograde flow was lost in more than 90%. The incidence of spontaneous postoperative encephalopathy was 11% in patients with prograde flow, compared with 50% in those with retrograde flow (p = 0.05). It is concluded that maintaining prograde portal flow after portacaval shunt is essential in minimizing postoperative encephalopathy. Prograde portal flow may be achieved in 50% of patients using 10 mm PTFE portacaval H-grafts combined with portal collateral ligation.     

Long-term results of side-to-side and H-graft mesocaval shunt

From January, 1966 to January, 1988, mesocaval shunt was performed on 47 patients with the variceal hemorrhage secondary to portal hypertension. Of these, 30 patients underwent side-to-side mesocaval shunt, the remaining 17 had H-graft mesocaval shunt. Postoperative follow-up averaged 6 years and 11 months for the patients surviving operation. The rebleeding rate was 21.1%, and the shunt related encephalopathy rate 25.5%. The 5-, 10-, 15- and 20-year survival rates of the whole series were 65.8%, 51.8%, 37.5% and 20.0% respectively. We conclude that mesocaval shunt is the procedure of choice for treatment of variceal bleeding, especially for the control of postoperatively recurrent variceal bleeding.     

Selective distal splenorenal shunt versus side-to-side portacaval shunt. Clinical results of a prospective, controlled study

A prospective, controlled study comparing the clinical results of the selective distal splenorenal shunt procedure and the side-to-side portacaval shunt procedure was undertaken in 1980. Ninety-three cirrhotic patients with previous episodes of bleeding from esophageal varices underwent a distal splenorenal shunt procedure (47 patients). The operative mortality rate was 2 percent in both groups. The intraoperative decrease of portal hypertension after the portacaval shunt procedure was higher than after the distal splenorenal shunt procedure (p less than 0.05), and in those with patent shunts, there was a 0 percent incidence of early variceal rebleeding after the portacaval shunt procedure compared with a 9 percent incidence after the distal splenorenal shunt procedure (p less than 0.05). Both shunts, however, had similarly satisfactory results in preventing long-term variceal rebleeding (portacaval shunt 2 percent and distal splenorenal shunt 0 percent). Postoperative ascites was more common after the distal splenorenal shunt procedure (58 percent versus 24 percent; p less than 0.01). Analysis of actuarial survival curves showed no difference between the two procedures. The incidences of long-term episodes of chronic encephalopathy were not statistically different after both procedures. The only three instances of severe encephalopathy occurred in patients with the portacaval shunt (p less than 0.05). The distal splenorenal shunt also seemed to have a less negative effect on postoperative liver function than the portacaval shunt. These data suggest that the selective shunt should be viewed as a first choice strategy in the treatment of portal hypertension.     

Long-term follow-up of poor-risk patients undergoing small-diameter portacaval shunts.

The small-diameter portacaval H-graft has been shown to be a reliable method of controlling variceal hemorrhage. However, little has been written about the long-term follow-up of poor-risk patients treated by this method. Over the last 11 years, we have performed 38 portacaval H-grafts; 79% of the patients were Child's B or C, and 79% were alcoholic. The mean age was 52 years, and the mean period of follow-up was 44 months. Over 37% of the grafts were performed in patients who were bleeding at the time of operation. Our 30-day operative mortality was 13%. Postoperatively, the small-diameter H-graft was associated with mild to moderate encephalopathy in 33% of the patients and ascites in 42%. Both these conditions were easily controlled with diet and medication. Early recurrent variceal bleeding was seen in 13% of patients. However, on late follow-up, recurrent hemorrhage and encephalopathy have been seen in only 12% and 14% of patients, respectively. We conclude that the portacaval H-graft is a reliable and lasting method for controlling variceal bleeding with an acceptable postoperative morbidity and mortality.     

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt vs. small-diameter prosthetic H-graft portacaval shunt: Extended follow-up of an expanded randomized prospective trial

We report herein the results of extended follow-up of an expanded randomized clinical trial comparing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) to 8 mm prosthetic H-graft portacaval shunt as definitive treatment for variceal bleeding due to portal hypertension. Beginning in 1993, through this trial, both shunts were undertaken as definitive therapy, never as a “bridge to transplantation.” All patients had bleeding esophageal/gastric varices and failed or could not undergo sclerotherapy/banding. Patients were excluded from randomization if the portal vein was occluded or if survival was hopeless. Failure of shunting was defined as inability to shunt, irreversible shunt occlusion, major variceal rehemorrhage, hepatic transplantation, or death. Median follow-up after each shunt was 4 years; minimum follow-up was 1 year. Patients undergoing placement of either shunt were very similar in terms of age, sex, cause of cirrhosis, Child’s class, and circumstances of shunting. Both shunts provided partial portal decompression, although the portal vein-inferior vena cava pressure gradient was lower after H-graft portacaval shunt (P<0.01). TIPS could not be placed in two patients. Shunt stenosis/occlusion was more frequent after TIPS. After TIPS, 42 patients failed (64%), whereas after H-graft portacaval shunt 23 failed (35%) (P <0.01). Major variceal rehemorrhage, hepatic transplantation, and late death were significantly more frequent after TIPS (P <0.01). Both TIPS and H-graft portacaval shunt achieve partial portal decompression. TIPS requires more interventions and leads to more major rehemorrhage, irreversible occlusion, transplantation, and death. Despite vigilance in monitoring shunt patency, TIPS provides less optimal outcomes than H-graft portacaval shunt for patients with portal hypertension and variceal bleeding. Presented at the Forty-First Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, San Diego, Calif., May 21–24, 2000.     

Prospective study of a prosthetic H-graft portacaval shunt

This study was undertaken to prospectively evaluate the 8-mm Gore-Tex interposition H-graft portacaval shunt. Thirty-six high-risk patients at the University of South Florida-affiliated hospitals received small-diameter shunts because of bleeding esophagogastric varices over a recent 2-year period. Portal vein and portal vein-inferior vena cava gradients were significantly reduced after shunting. These pressure changes were manifested clinically by the absence of variceal rebleeding and improvement of ascites; in addition, the incidence of encephalopathy was low. The 8-mm graft maintained hepatopedal flow in 67% of the patients, but reversal of flow did not result in complications commonly associated with poor portal perfusion. Graft thrombosis occurred in four (11%) patients. All grafts were successfully revised, three by operative revision and one by an interventional radiologist. Operative mortality was low (11%), and morbidity was unusual. The small-diameter H-graft portacaval shunt is a safe and effective method of treatment for bleeding esophagogastric varices.