选择性远端脾腔静脉分流术治疗门静脉高压症

目的探讨远端脾腔静脉分流术治疗门静脉高压症的远期疗效。方法用远端脾静脉腔静脉直接吻合分流,并行脾胰断流和胃小弯侧门静脉奇静脉断流。结果分流术后,自由门静脉压平均下降０５３ｋＰａ,并仍维持在３２９±０４４ｋＰａ较高水平;再出血率７５８％;腹水发生率２７３０％;无明显肝性脑病发生;手术病死率７５８％;５年生存率７０４５％。结论远端脾腔静脉分流术是一种较理想的选择性分流术式。     

脾肾分流加门奇断流联合术治疗门静脉高压症的远期疗效

目的评价门静脉高压症采用脾肾分流加门奇断流联合术治疗门静脉高压症的长期效果。方法回顾性总结了１９年采用脾肾分流加门奇断流联合术治疗门静脉高压症１４０例，并通过手术前后采用彩色多普勒显像、数字减影血管造影和术中测ＦＰＰ观察门静脉系血流动力学变化。结果临床疗效满意。手术病死率为３６％，术后近期无１例出血，远期再出血率为８３％，术后肝性脑病发生率为５０％，术后５、１０和１５年生存率分别为８３３６％、６４５％和５４５％。术后ＦＰＰ和ＰＶＦ降低有显著意义（Ｐ＜００１）。术后ＦＰＰ平均保持在３２±０４ｋＰａ。结论脾肾分流加门奇断流联合术既保留了分流术和断流术二者的优点，又克服了二者的缺点，是一种合理而可行的术式。     

门腔静脉架桥分流术与侧侧分流术疗效比较

门腔静脉侧侧分流术治疗门静脉高压症胃底食道曲张静脉破裂出血，虽能有效降低门静脉压力，再出血率低，但因分流量大，术后脑病和肝功能衰竭的发病率高。限制性门腔分流术后大多数吻合口仍然会随着时间的推移而扩大，部分还可能因吻合口张力较大而最终发生狭窄或形成血栓。本文报告使用带外支撑环的８ｍｍ口径Ｇｏｒｅ－Ｔｅｘ人工血管行门腔静脉架桥分流术治疗门静脉高压症病人２５例，并与同期门静脉侧侧分流组１４例比较。结果显示门腔侧侧分流组门静脉压力下降数值稍大于架桥分流组，但两组比较没有统计学意义（１．０４±０．４４ｋＰａ和０．８７±０．２６ｋＰａ，Ｐ＞０．０５）。两组术后再出血率及手术死亡率差异无显著性意义，但门腔静脉人工血管架桥分流术后脑病发生率显著低于门腔侧侧分流术组（８．０％和３５．７％，Ｐ＜０．０５），术后经下腔静脉行门静脉造影证明人工血管通畅率为９６％。初步结果表明门腔静脉人工血管架桥分流术对病人创伤较小，操作简便，术后脑病发生率低，是一种值得推荐的治疗门静脉高压症的手术方法。     

限制性分流与断流联合术治疗门静脉高压症

目的探讨限制性分流与断流联合手术治疗门静脉高压症的效果。方法对39例门静脉高压症患者行断流加肠腔静脉限制性分流术的临床疗效进行回顾性分析。结果患者术后自由门静脉压力水平下降8cm H2O，且皆保持门静脉的向肝血流，术后随访6～24个月，39例患者有18例肝功能有不同程度恢复，1例在围手术期有短暂的肝性脑病发作，38例患者腹水消失，食管胃底静脉曲张消失好转率82．1％，无再出血发生。结论断流限制性分流联合应用，既能保持一定的门静脉压力及门静脉肝脏血供，又能防止上消化道出血，降低肝性脑病发生率，是治疗门静脉高压症的较为理想的手术方法。     

门腔静脉人工血管搭桥分流术治疗门静脉高压症

目的观察用门腔静脉间人工血管搭桥分流术治疗门静脉高压症患者的临床疗效,并与传统的门体分流术比较。方法采用带外支撑环的８ｍｍ口径聚四氟乙烯（ＧｏｒｅＴｅｘ）薄壁人工血管行门腔静脉间搭桥分流术,所用人工血管长度为２～３ｃｍ,共治疗２０例患者。结果搭桥分流术后门静脉压力下降幅度与同期１７例脾肾静脉分流术及１１例门腔静脉侧侧分流术相比差异无显著意义（０８３±０３１ｋＰａ,０８１±０５０ｋＰａ及１０２±０４５ｋＰａ,Ｐ＞００５）。三组患者全部获得随访,平均随访时间为１５～２８个月,手术死亡率及再出血率没有差别,但搭桥分流组术后脑病发生率显著低于门腔侧侧分流组（５０％及３６４％,Ｐ＜００５）。２０例患者术后近期均经下腔静脉行门静脉造影,人工血管通畅率为９５％,出院后１９例患者均经一次以上Ｂ超检查,随访已超过１５个月,人工血管均通畅。结论门腔静脉间小口径人工血管搭桥分流术对患者创伤小,操作简便,术后脑病发生率低,疗效比较确切     

附加金属环限制的门腔静脉侧侧分流加断流术治疗门静脉高压症

日的 总结附加金属环限制的门腔静脉侧侧分流加断流术治疗门静脉高压症曲张静脉出血的效果。方法 对实施本联合术式的门静脉高压症62例作回顾性分析。结果 术后1个月的死亡1例。手术死亡率1.6%；术后近期无一例再出血，再出血率3.4%；术后肝性脑病发生率3.4%；腹水消失率96.6%。结论 本联合术是治疗门静脉高压症合理，实用且可取的一种术式。     

脾次全切除腹膜后移位加断流术治疗门静脉高压症的临床研究

目的探讨提高肝硬变门静脉高压症疗效的新术式。方法采用脾次全切除腹膜后移位加断流术治疗肝硬变门静脉高压症患者３６例,以３６例行贲门周围血管离断术的患者为对照,进行对比研究。术后随访３个月～５５年,平均２６个月。结果（１）研究组患者食管静脉曲张消失者约１１５％,好转６１５％,无变化２６９％;而对照组好转５００％,无变化４５８％,加重４２％,研究组疗效显著优于对照组（Ｐ＜００５）;（２）研究组脾亢消失;（３）术后２年内研究组免疫指标（ＩｇＭ,Ｃ３）与对照组相比升高有显著性意义（Ｐ＜００５）;（４）血管数字减影显示,余脾与腹膜后组织建立了丰富的侧支循环,使门静脉血向腹膜后分流。结论本术式兼有断流术和分流术的优点,门静脉高压症手术可保留部分脾脏。     

附加限制环的门腔静脉侧侧分流术

附加限制环的限制性门腔静脉侧侧分流术的目的是在降低门静脉压力的同时保持一定的门静脉向肝血流量。作者自１９８８年１２月至１９９４年１２月间，共为１５４例患者进行了该手术。其中：ＣｈｉｌｄＡ级９１例，ＣｈｉｌｄＢ级４１例，ＣｈｉｌｄＣ级１８例。在平均３．２年的随访期间内，住院死亡率为１．３％，总的死亡率为２．６％，再出血率为１．９％，术后肝性脑病、脊髓病发生率为４．１％，术后２、３、４、５、６年生存率分别为９８．３％、９６．６％、９３．７％、８９．２％、８３．３％。该手术方式临床效果满意，特别是术后脑病的发生率明显低于以往报道。其原因可能是由于该手术中放置的限制环，真正起到了持久限制分流的作用。附加限制环的限制性门腔静脉侧侧分流术是我科治疗门静脉高压症的首选手术方式。     

脾肾分流加门奇断流术治疗门静脉高压症的远期疗效

报告脾肾分流加门奇断流术治疗门静脉高压症１４０例的长期疗效。术后近期无１例再出血,再出血率为８．３％,术后肝性脑病为５．０％。５、１０和１５年生存率分别为８３．３％、６４．５％和５４．５％。通过前瞻性临床随访和手术前后门脉血流动力学对比研究证实：本联合术发挥了优势互补作用,既保留了分流术和断流术二者的优点,又克服了二者的缺点。作者认为本联合术是治疗门静脉高压症合理、实用而可取的一种术式。     

预防性断流术治疗门脉高压症的价值

９８例门脉高压症患者采用预防性断流术，无手术死亡，肝功能稳定好转率８８．７８％，食道静脉曲张好转消失率７６．６９％，门静脉压力下降率为９３．１０％，并发症发生率为４．０８％，近远期出血率分别为３．０６％、５．３２％，近远期脑病发生率分别为１．０２％、０％，随访了３￣１２９个月生存率为９０．８２％。因此预防性断流术对食管脉曲张而尚无出血史的病例是较好的手术方式。     

脾肾分流加让奇断流联合术治疗门静脉高压症的远期疗效

评价门静脉高压症采用脾肾分流加门奇断流联合术治疗门静脉高压症的长期效果。方法 回顾性总结了１９例采用脾肾分流加门奇断流联合治疗门静脉高压症１４０例,并通过手术前后采色彩色多普勒显像,数字减影血管造影和术中测ＦＰＰ观察门静脉系血流动力学变化。     

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目的探讨断流与肠腔分流联合手术的血流动力学变化及其临床效果。方法对1980～1995年采用联合手术治疗的100例门静脉高压症进行回顾性分析。结果分流术后自由门静脉压力(FPP)下降1.92kPa,能够降低门静脉压力,防止出血;联合手术后FPP平均为(2.46±0.30)kPa,仍可保持高水平的向肝血流灌注,减少脑病发生。全组效果满意,无手术死亡。89例随访5～15年无复发出血,脑病5％,总病死率15％。其中肝功能ChildC级13例死于肝终末期病变,如肝衰、肝癌及肝肾综合征,5年生存率94.5％,10年生存率68.5％。结论联合手术具有断流术和外周型合理口径分流的特色,是断流和分流术两者优缺点互补,是目前我国治疗门静脉高压症的理想术式。     

Effects of nonshunting operations on portal venous pressure and hepatic blood flow

A comparative analysis has been presented of the effect of the nonshunting operation on portal venous pressure and effective hepatic blood flow in patients with liver cirrhosis and idiopathic portal hypertension. A reduction of portal pressure after splenectomy with esophagogastric devascularization in 17 patients with idiopathic portal hypertension was significantly greater than that in 79 patients with liver cirrhosis (-21 +/- 4.1 percent versus -8.9 +/- 1.6 percent, p less than 0.01). Clearance of galactose from the blood, which approximates effective hepatic blood flow, was decreased after the nonshunting operation by 6.7 percent in five patients with liver cirrhosis (p value not significant). On the other hand, there was a 19.4 percent reduction (statistically significant) in galactose clearance in four patients with idiopathic portal hypertension (p less than 0.05). Based on these data, we suggest that in patients with idiopathic portal hypertension, the splenic circuit largely contributes to the portal hypertension, the effective hepatic blood flow, or both. We recommend a nonshunting operation for the treatment of esophageal varices from the hemodynamic viewpoint in cirrhotic patients.     

肝硬变时肝内门静脉系统血管顺应性的研究

目的用隔离灌流的鼠肝硬变模型（ＩＰＣＭ）观测肝内血管的顺应性。方法８０只四氯化碳（ＣＣｌ４）诱导肝硬变大鼠,按门静脉单纯灌流和门静脉肝动脉联合灌流分为Ａ、Ｂ两组,通过递增灌流速度观察模型血流动力学变化。结果Ａ组中,对照组基础压力为１６５±０２８ｋＰａ,与此相比,每分钟灌流速分别为３５ｍｌ,４５ｍｌ,５５ｍｌ的３个实验组灌注压随着灌流速度的梯度增加而迅速升高,二者间有高度相关性（ｒ＝０９８５,Ｐ＜００１）,肝内阻力变化不大（Ｐ＞００５）;每分钟灌流速为１５ｍｌ的Ｑ１５组则由于低灌流造成了模型的不可逆损伤。ＩＰＣＭ最大灌流速度范围小于文献报告的正常肝脏灌流的相应范围。Ｂ组中,Ｑ３５～Ｑ５５组的灌注压力也呈迅速升高趋势（Ｐ＜００５）,但未发生Ｑ１５组的低灌流现象;与Ａ组相比,Ｂ组由于开放了肝动脉灌流而部分地缓解了门静脉的压力升高。结论（１）肝硬变门静脉高压症时肝内循环顺应性下降而向肝血流量增加;（２）肝动脉与门静脉两系统间可能存在血流动力学功能的相互代偿     

Short-term portal hemodynamic effects of endoscopic embolization for esophageal varices

BACKGROUND/AIM: Endoscopic embolization (EE) is a specialized treatment that obliterates esophageal varices along with their associated blood supply. The purpose of this study was to investigate the short-term effects of EE for esophageal varices on portal hemodynamics and liver function. METHODS: Thirty patients with esophageal varices were included in this study. The portal blood flow was measured by an ultrasonic duplex Doppler system before and after EE. EE was performed by freehand intravariceal injection of 5% ethanolamine oleate with iopamidol with the aid of a balloon attached to the tip of an endoscope under fluoroscopy. RESULTS: For the blood supply system, endoscopic varicography at the time of EE was able to show the vessels of the cardiac branch of the left gastric vein in 93% of the cases, the cardiac venous plexus in 90%, the trunk of the left gastric vein in 27%, the lesser curvature branch of the left gastric vein in 10%, the fundic branch of the short gastric vein in 13%, and the posterior gastric vein in 13%. For the blood drainage system, endoscopic varicography was able to show the paraesophageal vein in 39% of the cases, the inferior phrenic vein in 17%, and the mediastinal vein in 13%. No clotting was detected after EE in the intra- and extraportal veins in any of the cases. The flow velocities in the main portal vein before and after EE were 14.2+/-3.2 and 15.5+/-3.5 cm/s, respectively, showing no significant change. The cross-sectional area of the portal vein before and after EE was 0.96+/-0.21 and 1.04+/-0.23 cm(2), and the flow volume of the portal vein was 817+/-288 and 930+/-189 ml/min, both also showing no significant change. The blood laboratory parameters showed no significant change after EE. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that neither portal blood flow nor liver function were damaged by EE, although both the varices and their associated blood supply were obliterated.     

Doppler color flow imaging for demonstrating changes in portal hemodynamic after Hassab procedure]

Doppler color flow imaging (DCFI) was used to observe portal hemodynamic changes in 40 patients with portal hypertension after Hassab procedure. Preoperative portal blood flow was hepatopetal in all patients, and in 30 of them gastric coronary vein was shown, with the hepatofugal blood flow of 235.32 +/- 56.24 ml/min, and the velocity of 8.62 +/- 2.33 cm/sec. Postoperatively, the gastric coronary vein was interrupted in 27 patients, the portal blood flow was significantly increased from 742.62 +/- 141.73 ml/min to 986.82 +/- 134.58 ml/min (P < 0.01) and the velocity was increased from 10.14 +/- 2.13 cm/sec to 13.41 +/- 1.91 cm/sec (P < 0.01). The results showed that the operation can stop abnormal blood flow in the gastrosplenic region and enhance liver perfusion. DCFI is useful for postoperative follow-up and observing portal hemodynamic changes.     

术中门静脉压力动态测定在门静脉高压症术式选择中的作用

目的 分析断流手术和脾切除脾肾静脉分流加断流联合手术后自由门静脉压(FPP)与术后再出血以及肝性脑病的关系,探讨术中FPP动态变化对术式选择的意义.方法 回顾性分析2001年1月至2007年12月接受贲门周围血管离断术和贲门周围血管离断加脾肾静脉分流术(联合组)患者170例的临床资料.断流组患者断流术后FPP值≥22 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)为高压组(60例),<22 mm Hg为低压组(43例),联合组共67例.三组患者术前Child-Push评分和FPP之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).比较三组患者术中不同时间点FPP变化、以及三组患者术后再出血和肝性脑病发生率.结果 高压组、低压组和联合组术后FPP值分别为(27.1±1.9)mm Hg、(20.8±1.8)mm Hg和(21.5±2.2)mm Hg,再出血率分别为%、4.6%和4.5%.再出血率在高压组显著高于低压组和联合组(P<0.05).术后肝性脑病发生率联合组(10.4%)虽然高于低压组(7.0%)和高压组(3.3%),但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 脾切除断流术后FPP值可以作为选择手术方式的依据,如FPP值≥22mm Hg应加行脾肾静脉分流术.     

生长抑素对肝硬变门静脉高压症患者门静脉,肝静脉血流和门静？…

目的 了解生长抑素对肝硬变门静脉高压症患门静脉、肝表脉血液动力学及门静脉压力的影响。方法 用彩色多普勒超声系统测定了２０例肝硬变门静脉高压症患使用生长抑素前后门静脉主干及左、中、右３支肝静脉的内径、最大血流速度及其血流量。其中１５例患测定生长抑素前后门静脉压力的变化。结果 １５例患使用生长抑素后１、１．５小时,门静脉压力由用药前的２．７７±０．２６ｋＰａ下降至２．４２±０．２７ｋＰａ和２．     

Portal vein reconstruction in pediatric liver transplantation from living donors.

OBJECTIVE: The authors analyze the surgical pattern and the underlying rationale for the use of different types of portal vein reconstruction in 110 pediatric patients who underwent partial liver transplantation from living parental donors. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: In partial liver transplantation, standard end-to-end portal vein anastomosis is often difficult because of either size mismatch between the graft and the recipient portal vein or impaired vein quality of the recipient. Alternative surgical anastomosis techniques are necessary. METHODS: In 110 patients age 3 months to 17 years, four different types of portal vein reconstruction were performed. The portal vein of the liver graft was anastomosed end to end (type I); to the branch patch of the left and right portal vein of the recipient (type II); to the confluence of the recipient superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein (type III); and to a vein graft interposed between the confluence and the liver graft (type IV). Reconstruction patterns were evaluated by their frequency of use among different age groups of recipients, postoperative portal vein blood flow, and postoperative complication rate. RESULTS: The portal vein of the liver graft was anastomosed by reconstruction type I in 32%, II in 24%, III in 14%, and IV 29% of the cases. In children <1 year of age, type I could be performed in only 17% of the cases, whereas 37% received type IV reconstruction. Postoperative Doppler ultrasound (mL/min/100 g liver) showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower portal blood flow after type II (76.6 +/- 8.4) versus type I (110 +/- 14.3), type III (88 +/- 18), and type IV (105 +/- 19.5). Portal vein thrombosis occurred in two cases after type II and in one case after type IV anastomosis. Portal stenosis was encountered in one case after type I reconstruction. Pathologic changes of the recipient native portal vein were found in 27 of 35 investigated cases. CONCLUSION: In living related partial liver transplantation, portal vein anastomosis to the confluence with or without the use of vein grafts is the optimal alternative to end-to-end reconstruction, especially in small children.     

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??Choice of shunting operation in portal hypertension. LUO Meng, WU Zhi-yong. Department of General Surgery??Renji Hospital??Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medcine??Shanghai 200127??China Corresponding author: WU Zhi-yong, E-mail: zhengwk@online.sh.cn Abstract Hemodynamic assessment is conducive to the choice of operative approaches and plays a critical role in the surgical treatment in portal hypertension. Total portosystemic shunts are indicated if hemodynamic examinations disclose a total hepatofugal portal blood flow. When the portal perfusion is decreased moderately, even shunting operation or devascularization is suitable. When the portal perfusion is decreased slightly, splenectomy and devascularization is preferred. FPP after splenectomy and devascularization may be a gist of choice of surgical approaches in portal hypertention. The spleno-renal shunt operation or combined operation should be performed in the patients when FPP is over 22 mmHg??1mmHg=0.133kPa?? after devascularization, otherwise the devascularization should be indicated. Combined procedures have the advantages of devascularization and shunting, and should be the choice of surgical procedure in portal hypertention.