Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Distant Double Bile Duct Tumoral Thrombus: a Case Report

The authors report a case of a 3 cm hepatocellular carcinoma at the junction of segments VI and VII with double bile duct tumoral thrombi (Types I and III). The type I thrombus was suspected during the pre-operative workup, but the type III bile duct tumoral thrombus (BDTT) was an intra-operative additional finding on cholangiography. The patient underwent a bisegmental posterolateral resection to remove the primary tumour and the first tumoral thrombus located in the posterolateral intrahepatic duct. A choledocotomy was also performed to remove, by balloon catheter, the floating thrombus located in the common bile duct just over the papilla. The authors discuss their diagnostic and therapeutic approach and review the literature.     

Role of Hepatectomy in the Treatment of Hilar Bile Duct Carcinoma

Purpose. To clarify the role of hepatic resection in the surgical treatment of hilar bile duct carcinoma.Methods. Between 1980 and 1997, 68 patients underwent surgery for hilar bile duct carcinoma. The patients were divided into a hepatectomy group (n = 40) and a nonhepatectomized group (n = 28) depending on whether they underwent resection of the bile duct confluence in combination with hepatectomy, or alone, respectively. Background data, operative morbidity and mortality, and survival were retrospectively compared between the two groups.Results. There were no significant differences in morbidity and mortality, or in postoperative survival between the two groups (the 5-year survival rates being 20.6% in the hepatectomized group and 7.1% in the nonhepatectomized group; P = 0.0806). However, patients who underwent curative resection had significantly better postoperative survival than those who underwent noncurative resection (P = 0.048). Hepatectomy provided a significantly better cancer-free margin than bile duct resection alone (P = 0.0296).Conclusions. Although a countermeasure must be taken to decrease mortality, the introduction of hepatectomy with bile duct resection would provide a better cancer-free surgical margin than bile duct resection alone for hilar bile duct carcinoma. Curative resection contributed to long-term survival in this series.     

影响胆管癌切除术后的预后因素分析

目的 分析影响胆管癌切除术后的预后因素。方法 对我院1980～2004年期间120例胆管癌切除术后的患荇进行研究，选择可能影响胆管癌切除术后预后的临床病理因素，并通过Cox比例风险模型对其进行多因素分析。结果全组胆管癌切除术后的1、3和5年生存率分别为71．7％、32．5％和19．2％。单因素分析提示，肿瘤的组织学类型、淋巴结转移、胰腺浸润、十二指肠浸润、切缘癌残留、神经浸润、周围血管浸润和肿瘤浸润深度影响胆管癌的预后（P〈0．05）。Cox比例风险模型多因素分析结果提示，淋巴结转移、胰腺浸润和神经浸润是影响胆管癌切除手术预后的主要因素。结论 影响胆管癌切除术后患者预后的最重要因素是淋巴结转移、胰腺浸润和神经浸润。     

肝外胆管癌（附46例临床分析）

本文报告４６例胆管癌，其中上段胆管癌２８例，中段４２例，下段６例，广泛胆管癌６例，根治性切除７例，切除率１６％，病理结果，胆管腺癌３６例，占８１％。     

人胆管癌裸鼠移植瘤模型的建立

目的：建立人胆管癌裸鼠移植瘤1号和2号模型。方法：将人胆管癌组织接种于裸鼠皮下和肝脏，逐代观察移植瘤的生长情况，绘制其生长曲线，进行形态学和生物学特性鉴定。结果：建立了人胆管高分化粘液腺癌裸鼠移植瘤1号和中分化乳头状腺癌裸鼠移植瘤2号模型。皮下移植瘤生长率为40％；1、2号模型移植成功率分别为97．7％和100％，潜伏期分别为26d和217d。移植瘤在形态和生物学上仍保持人胆管癌的特点。结论：裸鼠移植瘤1、2号模型是一种接近人体的胆管癌模型，可为胆管癌研究提供实验平台。     

上海市区195例胆管癌临床分析

目的：总结胆管癌诊治现状。方法：分析1997年5月至2001年5月上海市区常住居民中35－74岁的195例胆管癌新病例资料。结果：上、中、下段胆管癌分别占56．4％、13．4％和17．4％，联合部位者占12．8％。胆管癌明显好发于老年病人，60－74岁年龄段病人占74．9％。就诊时94．4％的病人已出现黄疸。50例行根治性切除术，术后1、2、3年生存率分别为57．1％、44．7％和26．1％。80例行姑息性引流术，1年、2年、3年生存率分别为27．5％、5．5％和1．8％。38例行胆管内支撑法治疗，平均生存时间7个月左右。经1－5年随访，全组仅9．7％（19／195）的病人存活。结论：胆管癌诊断困难，预后很差。提高疗效的措施在于：规范诊疗操作技术；积极进行手术探查；普及应用新技术；术后采用综合性治疗措施。     

肝细胞癌侵犯肝内主要管道结构的螺旋CT表现

目的 探讨原发性肝细胞癌(HCC)侵犯肝内主要管道结构(门静脉、肝静脉和胆管)的多排螺旋CT(MDCT)表现特征。方法 收集68例侵犯肝内主要管道结构的HCC患者MDCT双期增强扫描资料,进行回顾性分析。着重观察和记录肝内门静脉血管、肝静脉及下腔静脉肝内段、胆道系统以及肝实质等结构在肝动脉期和门静脉期的形态学改变。结果 68例HCC中侵犯门静脉系统并继发癌栓病例47例,侵犯肝静脉及下腔静脉肝内段12例,侵犯胆管并继发胆管内癌栓者9例。肝内静脉血管受侵的直接CT征象有：①受累静脉扩张或增粗,伴管腔内软组织密度样“充盈缺损”;②静脉内癌栓在动脉期出现强化．呈现静脉的动脉化现象等。间接征象包括：①动脉-静脉瘘形成;②癌旁肝实质在动脉期出现异常强化;③门静脉海绵样变等。HCC侵犯胆管征象为：①病灶周围胆管或近端胆管扩张;②胆管腔内软组织密度结节或肿块影。结论 HCC侵犯肝内主要管道结构可出现相应的MDCT征象。MDCT增强双期扫描结合图像重建技术可以更好地评价肝内管道结构的受侵情况。     

Adenomyoma of the Common Hepatic Duct Mimicking Bile Duct Cancer: Report of a Case

We report an unusual case of adenomyoma of the common hepatic duct mimicking bile duct cancer. A 50-year-old woman was referred to our hospital for the investigation of general fatigue. Laboratory data showed abnormal liver test results and computed tomography showed a mass lesion in the hepatic hilum and dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts. These findings led to a preoperative diagnosis of hilar bile duct carcinoma, and we performed a left lobectomy with resection of the extrahepatic bile duct. Macroscopically, an elevated lesion was found in the common hepatic duct, which was confirmed histologically to be an adenomyoma. Bile duct strictures are rarely caused by benign tumors of the biliary tract, such as adenomyoma. Surgical resection of the bile duct should be considered for all bile duct strictures because it is often difficult to differentiate malignant from benign lesions in this location preoperatively, and malignant cells may be present in the lesion.     

Well-Differentiated Endocrine Carcinoma Originating From the Bile Duct in Association With a Congenital Choledochal Cyst

We encountered a rare case of a well-differentiated endocrine carcinoma originating from the bile duct in association with a congenital choledochal cyst (CCC). The patient is a 28-year-old woman referred to our clinic for pruritus. Laboratory data showed mild elevation of serum hepatobiliary enzymes. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated pancreatobiliary maljunction and a Todani type IV-A CCC from the inferior bile duct to the bilateral intrahepatic bile ducts. A solid tumor was detected in the middle portion of the common bile duct. Pancreatoduodenectomy and total extrahepatic bile duct resection was performed. Based on pathologic and immunohistochemical examinations, a diagnosis of well-differentiated endocrine carcinoma was made according to the World Health Organization criteria. To our knowledge, this is the third report of a neuroendocrine tumor originating from the bile duct in association with a CCC.     

Laparoscopic Bile Duct Reexploration for Retained Duct Stones

Background  Failure of endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) for retained bile duct stones occurs in 4% to 10% of cases and was traditionally managed with open bile duct reexploration. Methods  This study uses retrospective analysis of a consecutive series of cases of laparoscopic bile duct reexploration for retained bile duct stones after unsuccessful ES. Results  Thirty-one cases were operated over a 7-year period. Seventy percent had a previous open cholecystectomy. Ten cases were successfully treated with a transcystic approach and 19 with laparoscopic choledochotomy. Two patients were converted to open surgery. Morbidity was 3.22% with no mortality. Conclusion  Laparoscopic bile duct reexploration can be safely performed and should be considered as an alternative to open surgery.     

Carcinoma Arising from Villous Adenoma of the Ampullary Bile Duct: Report of a Case

Adenocarcinoma arising from the villous adenoma of the ampullary biliary epithelium is an extremely rare disorder. The preoperative diagnosis and treatment of the disease represent a major difficulty. A 67-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with a chief complaint of jaundice. Preoperative investigations revealed obstructive type jaundice due to a 2-cm mass at the end of common bile duct. She was operated on and after undergoing a sphincterotomy, small, yellowish, grape-like particles fell down from the ampullar orifice. A frozen-section examination of these particles revealed villous adenoma. Next, a transduodenal resection of ampulla and reconstruction were performed. The frozen-section examination of the resected material also revealed a villous adenoma. The patient was discharged uneventfully. The histological examination revealed a villous adenoma arising from the biliary epithelium and some adenocarcinoma foci. The surgical margins were tumor free. Nevertheless, she developed hepatic metastases 15 months after surgery. This case shows the importance of surgeons to keep in mind the fact that frozen examinations may sometimes miss a malignancy and they therefore cannot be relied upon to rule out malignancy in villous adenoma of the ampullary bile duct. This case was presented as a poster presentation at the 12th World Congress of the International Association of Surgeons and Gastroenterologists, Istanbul, Turkey, October 31–November 4, 2002.     

Management of Post-Cholecystectomy Benign Bile Duct Strictures: Review

Cholecystectomy is one of the common surgical procedure performed across the world and bile duct injury is a dreaded complication. The present review addresses the classification of injuries, preoperative preparation and evaluation of these patients and appropriate timing of surgery. A detailed preoperative evaluation combined with a meticulous wide anastomosis by experienced surgeons is the key in achieving long term success. Vascular injuries and its consequences on repair and outcome is also reviewed. Long term results of surgical repair and quality of life in these patients are excellent     

胆管癌与肝炎病毒感染相关性研究

目的:调查胆管癌患者血清中肝炎病毒标志物检出率,探讨胆管癌发生与肝炎病毒感染的相关性.方法:收集天津地区11年间3所医院305例胆管癌的临床资料,统计其中肝炎病毒感染率和肝炎病毒危险因素接触状况,调查住院期间血清肝炎病毒标志物检出情况.调查了同期住院的480例良性胆道疾病患者作为对照.结果:胆管癌和良性胆道疾病患者既往乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染率分别为3%和2.5%;29%的胆管癌病例可以检出HBV的血清标志物,而良性胆道疾病病例HBV血清标志物的检出率为21%,二者有显著差异.丙型肝炎病毒(HBV)的血清标志物检出率在胆管癌为4.3%,在良性胆道疾病为5.6%,二者比较无差别.结论:胆管癌患者中并发HBV感染率较高,HBV感染与胆管癌的发生可能存在一定的关系.由于HCV的检测指标单一,目前尚不能排除胆管癌发生与HCV感染无关.     

Intrahepatic Repair of Bile Duct Injuries. A Comparative Study

Introduction The frequency of bile duct injuries associated to cholecystectomy remains constant (0.3–0.6%). A multidisciplinary approach (endoscopical, radiological, and surgical) is necessary to optimize the outcome of the patient. Surgery is indicated when complete section of the duct is identified (Strasberg’s E injuries) requiring a bilioenteric anastomosis as treatment. Nowadays, the most frequent technique used for reconstruction is a Roux-en-Y hepatojejunostomy. Long-term results of reconstruction are related to several technical and anatomic factors, but an ischemic duct (with subsequent scarring) plays a mayor role. In this paper, we report the results of biliary reconstructions comparing the extrahepatic—probably ischemic—to intrahepatic—non ischemic—repairs. Methods We reviewed the files of patients referred to our hospital (third-level teaching hospital) for bile duct repair after iatrogenic injury from 1990 to July 2006. Injury classification, time lapse since injury, surgical repair technique, and long-term follow-up were noted. In all cases, a Roux-en-Y hepatojejunostomy was done. Partial resection of segment IV was performed in 136 patients to obtain noninflamed, nonscarred, nonischemic biliary ducts with the purpose of reaching the confluence and achieving a high-quality bilioenteric anastomosis. An anastomosis at the level of the confluence was attempted in 293 patients (in 198 the confluence was preserved and in 95 it was lost). In the remaining 80 patients, a low bilioenteric anastomosis was done at the level of the common hepatic duct. We compared intrahepatic (198) and extrahepatic (80) repairs. Results A total of 405 cases (88 males, 317 females) were identified, with a mean age of 42 years (range 17–75). All of the injuries were classified as Strasberg E1, E2, E3, E5 (less frequent); those with E4 classification (separated ducts) were excluded. In all cases, the confluence was preserved (N = 293). Thirty-two cases were repaired minutes to hours after the injury occurred. The remaining 373 patients arrived weeks after the injury. In 198 cases, an intrahepatic repair was done, including the 136 in which resection of segments IV and V was part of the surgery. In the remaining 80 cases (operated between 1990 and 1997), an extrahepatic repair was done at the level of the common hepatic duct where the surgeon found a healthy duct. Twelve (15%) of the 80 cases with extrahepatic anastomosis required a new intervention (surgical or radiological), compared to only 8 of the 198 (3%) that had an intrahepatic anastomosis (P = 0.00062). Good results were obtained in 85% and 97% of the cases with extrahepatic anastomosis and intrahepatic anastomosis, respectively. Both groups had a reintervention rate of 7% (20/278). Conclusions An intrahepatic anastomosis requires finding nonscarred, nonischemic ducts, thus allowing a safe and high-quality anastomosis with significantly better results when compared to the low-level anastomosis group.     

医源性胆道损伤的处理体会

目的探讨医源性胆道损伤不同时机的发现、不同类型的预防及处理。方法回顾1995年1月～2009年12月收治的21例胆管损伤患者的临床资料,分析其发生的原因、部位、发现的时机及不同类型的处理方法,跟踪追访其治疗效果。结果 21例患者,治愈17例,死亡2例（全身衰竭死亡1例,并发心肌梗死死亡1例）,继发性胆管狭窄2例,经再次择期行Roux-Y吻合均获治愈。随访19例,时间1～13年,随访患者均未出现胆管炎或胆瘘等症状。结论医源性胆管损伤危害是严重的,术中及时发现胆管损伤是及时处理的前提,术后诊断要及时,术式选择要合理,但避免损伤才是整个处理的关键。     

Prevalence of Bile Duct Injury Following Cholecystectomy

Introduction: A review of our experience with CAS in a non-academic hospital is presented. Materials and methods: A consecutive series of 18 CAS-interventions between 2003 and 2005 is studied retrospectively. Indication, medical history, preoperative carotid imaging, operative technique and results were studied for each patient.

Results: CAS was used 12 times in men and six (33.3%) times in women between 2003 and 2005. Five (27.8%) symptomatic stenoses, 12 (66.6%) asymptomatic stenoses and one (5.6%) arterio-venous fistula were treated. One permanent postoperative ipsilateral ischaemic neurologic deficit occurred (5.6%). The mean duration of hospital stay was 4.9 days (range: 2–9 days).

Conclusions: Our study shows that CAS is feasible in non-academic hospital settings, with acceptable early results. Participating in larger studies should confirm our results.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤的处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）中胆管损伤的处理。方法回顾分析我院1992年3月-2006年10月8876例LC中16例胆管损伤的临床资料，其中胆总管横行剪断4例，电灼伤3例，胆总管部分撕裂伤4例，钛夹误夹5例。胆管裂口修补，T管支撑引流6例；游离两断端，行端端吻合，T管支撑引流3例；胆管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合5例；去肽夹2例。结果1例胆总管横行剪断后行胆管端端吻合，置T管支撑引流3个月，T管拔除3～5个月后因胆管狭窄，再次行胆管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合，术后未出现因胆管狭窄所引起阻塞性黄疸。2例因胆管空肠吻合口狭窄，分别于术后9、11个月再次行胆管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合，再手术后随访2～4年，未出现胆管炎症状、结石再形成。1例胆管完全性夹闭后行胆管空肠Roux—en-Y吻合术后胆道感染，反复发作。余12例均一次性临床治愈，其中10例随访3～4年，未出现任何不适。结论胆管损伤是LC的主要并发症，早期预防和积极处理胆管损伤是防止多次胆道手术的重要举措。     

Mucin-producing Bile Duct Tumor of the Caudate Lobe Protruding into the Common Hepatic Duct

Mucin-producing tumor in the bile duct is referred to clinically as mucin-producing bile duct tumor (MPBT). Intraductal papillary neoplasm of the biliary tract that resembles an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas is a rare category of MPBT and is not well characterized. We, herein, report a case of MPBT of the caudate lobe of the liver that showed papillary growth and communicated with the bile duct of the caudate lobe and protruded into the common hepatic duct. Histologically, MPBT cells showed papillary overgrowth with abundant mucinous secretions, resembling an IPMN of the pancreas. The MPBT cells showed the same immunostaining pattern as that of cells from IPMN of the pancreas.     

澳大利亚微创胆道外科

目的 从20世纪末期以来,澳大利亚腹腔镜手术已经快速发展进步并且逐渐扩展到各个外科手术领域.一些外科医生也完成并发表了关于腹腔镜胆总管探查技术的报道.在本文中,作者介绍了目前澳大利亚的微创外科手术治疗胆管疾病的现状,包括：常规或选择性胆管造影;胰腺胆道疾病中ERCP的作用;腹腔镜胆总管探查术的手术技巧以及胆源性胰腺炎的治疗.作者还介绍了澳大利亚目前胆总管探查的现状,并且提到他们倾向于每例腹腔镜胆囊切除术都进行术中胆道造影.如果胆总管内发现小结石而且胆囊管足够粗,则进行经胆囊管的胆总管探查术.然而,如果狭窄的胆总管内有较大的结石,则进行术后ERCP治疗.作者还进一步介绍了胆道疾病相关的其他的微创治疗手术方法.总的来说,腹腔镜手术进行胆总管取石是可行和安全的.在有足够经验的医疗中心,这种手术方法可以常规使用.同时,成功进行腹腔镜胆总管探查术也需要多种方法综合进行.ERCP也没有被腹腔镜胆总管探查术所取代,而且成为一种重要的补充性的胆总管结石治疗方法.     

腹腔镜手术治疗胆囊管结石142例

目的总结胆囊管结石的腹腔镜手术处理技巧。方法 2000年2月～2011年6月对142例胆囊管结石行腹腔镜胆囊切除术。术中常规采用胆囊管挤捏法,将胆囊管结石挤入胆囊内;若失败,则切开结石上方处部分胆囊管,取出结石,残端钛夹夹闭;若残端较粗、偏短,丝线结扎缩小管腔后再用钛夹夹闭或Hem-o-lok结扎钉夹闭。结果 142例完成LC,无中胆管损伤、大出血及胆管结石残留等严重并发症。术后6例发生胆漏,引流2～3周胆漏停止,拔除引流管痊愈。142例术后随访3～12个月,平均6个月,未发生胆道狭窄、胆总管结石及术后出血等严重并发症。结论术中仔细探查胆囊管,警惕胆囊管结石的存在,熟练掌握胆囊管挤捏法、胆囊管部分切开法及胆囊管预先结扎法等手术技巧是腹腔镜胆囊管结石手术成功的关键。