2008—2009年北京市男男性行为者HIV-1感染率与新发感染率调查

目的了解北京市男男性行为者（MSM）人群HIV-1感染率与新发感染率情况。方法对北京市2008—2009年三轮MSM人群进行横断面调查,采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）与蛋白印迹实验（WB）对监测样本进行初筛与确证实验。再对血清学确认为HIV-1阳性的样本进行BEDHⅢ捕获酶联法（BED方法）检测。结果在1833份监测样本中共筛出96份HIV-1阳性样本,其中进行BED方法检测的样本数为68例,判定为新近感染的样本为36例。三轮MSM人群HIV感染率分别为5．9％、5．0％、4．9％;三轮MSM人群新发感染率分别为4．83％（2．36％～7．54％）、4．83％（2．36％～7．54％）、2．65％（0．82％～4．55％）。结论北京市2008～2009年度MSM人群HIV的感染率与新发感染率均达到较高水平。     

我国男男性行为人群HIV-1新发感染者亚型及原发耐药分析

目的为了掌握全国男男性行为人群（MSM人群）HIV原发耐药状况,本研究在BED—EIA新发感染筛查阳性者中开展了亚型及耐药性检测。方法采用同伴推动抽样（简称RDS）或分类滚雪球抽样方法在13个省份男男性行为人群中开展抽样调查,确证阳性者进行BED—EIA检测。通过PCR反应和基因测序对214个新发感染样本进行HIV—1亚型及原发耐药分析。结果扩增成功104个样本,CRF01-AE、CRF07-BC和B’亚型分别占62．5％、28．8％和8．7％;耐药突变发生率20．2％,潜在耐药13个、低度耐药6个,中度耐药4个、高度耐药2个;逆转录酶区耐药突变发生率较高;蛋白酶抑制剂、核苷类反转录酶抑制剂、非核苷类反转录酶抑制剂相关耐药突变发生率分别为7．69％、6．73％及10．6％;耐药发生率14．4％。结论我国MSMHIV新发感染人群中原发耐药问题不容忽视,有必要对MSM人群开展治疗前耐药检测;另外,还需加大感染者管理、加强干预力度,以应对我国MSM人群未来可能的艾滋病治疗原发耐药的严峻考验。     

西安市2010—2012年HIV抗体确证阳性样本的人群分布及变化趋势

目的分析2010—2012年西安市艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染人群的分布状况和变化趋势，为制定更加有效的艾滋病防治策略提供科学依据。方法收集2010—2012年HIV抗体确证阳性样本，横向分析样本人群来源及年龄、职业分布．纵向比较数据的年度变化，统计分析揭示数据背后的流行病学规律。结果由于监测力度增大，HIV抗体确证阳性样本逐年增加，2010—2012年分别检出372人、643人、808人，男性占90．O％，女性占10．O％。阳性样本在男男人群（MSM）和非婚异性性接触传播人群中所占比例最高，分别为45．4％和34．0％。MSM占阳性人群比例由32．5％增加到49．6％（P〈O．01）。MSM年龄多集中在15～45岁之间，大专及以上学历者占该人群的47．5％。非婚异性性接触感染阳性构成比3年分别为28．5％、31．7％、38．3％（P〈0．01）。注射毒品、输血／血制品及母婴传播3种途径的感染构成比呈逐年下降趋势。〈15岁感染者为母婴传播。结论3年来西安市HIV感染阳性人数逐年增加，感染人群的分布及构成变化不同．因此．应该根据检出阳性人群的分布特征制定出更加合理有效的防治策略。     

乙型肝炎疫苗长期免疫效果评价及免疫持久性研究

目的 评价我国新生儿乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗免疫后的长期保护效果,为乙肝防控和乙肝疫苗HepB免疫策略提供参考.方法 用横断面调查和分层整群抽样的方法,在乙肝疫苗免疫效果观察监测点收集1987-1996年出生(13～22岁)、全程接种乙肝血源疫苗的人群,以及1997-2008年出生(1 ～ 12岁)、全程接种乙肝重组酵母疫苗人群的血清样本和资料;用微粒子酶免疫法检测HBV感染指标,结合本底资料和乙肝疫苗免疫史进行分析.结果 在河北正定、广西隆安、上海黄浦、青海同德和湖南湘潭5个监测点共收集1～12岁重组酵母疫苗免疫人群样本8133例,13 ～22岁血源疫苗免疫人群样本4848例,5个监测点的HBsAg平均阳性率均显著低于本底值,疫苗总体保护效果分别为86.04％～96.14％;河北正定、青海同德和湖南湘潭的年龄分布差异无统计学意义,广西隆安和上海黄浦的结果显示19～22岁人群HBsAg阳性率偏高;Anti-HBs阳性率随免疫年龄增长而下降,重组疫苗免疫人群从1～2岁组的86.84％下降至11～12岁组的46.40％,17 ～18岁组的Anti-HBs阳性率处于较低水平,而19～22岁组出现升高;几何平均浓度(GMC) ＜10 mIU/ml(Anti-HBs阴性)的比例随着年龄增长逐渐升高,100～999.99 mIU/ml和≥1000 mIU/ml的比例随着年龄的增长呈现下降趋势.结论 血源疫苗免疫后13～ 22年、重组酵母疫苗免疫后1～12年的总体保护效果良好;不必开展加强免疫,建议加强监测18岁以上人群的Anti-HBs水平,对GMC＜10 mIU/ml者开展加强免疫.     

乙型肝炎病毒感染标志物及其临床意义

乙型肝炎是全球性传染病,人群感染率分布不平衡,西欧、北美的人群感染率为2—4％;非洲、东南亚、我国人群感染率为60％。HBsAg携带率在西欧、北美为0.1—0.2％;非洲、东南亚、我国为10％或更高。高发区的主要流行特征是儿童期HBV(乙肝病毒)的感染率很高,5岁以下约40％被感染。HBsAg携带者孕妇在围产期对新生儿的感染是严重的,30—40％的此类母亲的新生儿在出生后6个月内可以成为HBsAg无症状的阳性者,其中80％成为长期HBsAg携带者。估计人群中的HBsAg携带者1/2是来自于母婴围产期传播。因此TORCH感染中的O(others),在我国主要指HBV。     

中国大陆汉族人群强直性脊柱炎患者骨保护素基因多态性研究

目的：通过骨保护素（OPG）基因单核苷酸多态性（SNPs）位点的筛查,分析中国大陆汉族人群中OPG基因多态性与强直性脊柱炎（AS）易感性的相关性。方法：采集2008年1月至2012年1月在我院就诊的AS患者195例（AS组）及203例性别、年龄与之匹配的健康体检者（对照组）的外周血样本,并提取基因组DNA。所有样本采用TaqMan探针法对OPG基因SNP rs2073618、rs4355801位点进行基因型鉴定。比较AS组与对照组之间不同等位基因及基因型的分布差异,并分析其与AS易感性的相关性。结果：OPG基因SNP rs2073618、rs4355801位点的等位基因及基因型分布均符合Hardy—Weinberg平衡。AS组与对照组等位基因频率分别如下。rs2073618（G）：71．0％、71．9％,（C）：29．0％、28．1％;rs4355801（G）：27．7％、26．4％,（A）：72．3％、73．6％。两组在基因型频率的分布上显示,m2073618（CC）：9．2％、8．9％,（GC）：39．5％、38．4％,（GG）：51．3％、52．7％;rs4355801（AA）：52．3％、52．7％,（AG）：40．0％、41．9％,（GG）：7．7％、5．4％。以上数据组间比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。经关联性分析,未发现AS发病的风险等位基因或基因型。结论：中国大陆汉族人群中OPG基因SNP rs2073618、rs4355801单核苷酸多态性与AS的易感性之间没有相关性。     

两种巨细胞病毒IgG抗体ELISA诊断试剂性能评价

目的对国内两种巨细胞病毒IgG抗体ELISA诊断试剂进行评价。方法用两种试剂对BBI公司的质控盘QTC711,血清转化盘PTC901,BIOMEX公司血清转化盘SCP—CMV-001（RP-003）、SCP—CMV-002（RP-019）,儿童、孕妇和门诊患者2163份标本进行检测,对不一致的样本用DiasorinELISA试剂盒和Mikrogen重组免疫印迹试剂盒进行复测,比较两种试剂的灵敏度、特异性和对不同人群的检测差异。结果A试剂对3个血清转化盘的检出时间均早于B试剂,平均提前25d,与AbbottImxCMVIgG检测灵敏度一致。两种试剂检测孕妇样本607份,8份不一致,总符合率98．68％;门诊样本512份,7份不一致,总符合率98．63％;儿童样本1044份,74份不一致,总符合率92．91％,两试剂对儿童人群的符合率低于孕妇和门诊人群。两试剂对三个人群检测均为阴性的161份样本,和A试剂检测为阳性B试剂检测为阴性的89份样本,用意大利Diasorin公司CMV—IgGELISA试剂复测,A试剂与Diasorin的阳性符合率为100％,阴性符合率为93．06％,总符合率为95．22％;B试剂与Diasorin的阴性符合率为100％,78份阳性未检出,总符合率为68．92％。选择A试剂与Diasorin结果不一致的样本12份,一致的样本6份,用重组免疫印迹复测,其中14份阳性,4份阴性。结论国内A试剂对血清转化盘的检测窗口期较B试剂显著提前。两试剂对孕妇和门诊人群的符合率高于儿童人群。两试剂不符合的样本用进口试剂盒复测,A试剂与进口试剂盒的符合率高于B试剂,显示了较高的灵敏度。     

如何向SCI收录的优秀期刊投稿:临床研究设计中的统计学问题

<正>1.统计学为医学研究提供了什么?1.1统计学基本概念统计学是基于人群中的样本对人群做出判断的。人群是指所限定群体中的所有成员;样本是人群中的一个子集,增加样本代表性的一种方法是在人群中进行随机抽样;α代表确认     

第四届中国生物样本库标准化建立与应用研讨会暨第二届上海生物样本库与转化医学国际论坛首轮通知

<正>一年一度的中国医药生物技术协会组织生物样本库分会年会、第四届中国生物样本库标准化建立与应用研讨会暨第二届上海生物样本库与转化医学国际论坛将于2012年6月21–23日在上海交通大学医学院隆重召开。本次会议由中国医药生物技术协会、生物芯片上海国家工程研究中心、上海交通大学医学院主办,中国医药生物技术协会组织生物样本库分会、同济大学附属同济医院、上海芯超生物科技有限公司承办。     

2011-2012年肇庆市禽流感职业暴露人群及外环境病毒分布监测分析

目的了解肇庆市禽类职业暴露人群禽流感病毒感染状况以及外环境禽流感病毒的分布情况。方法采集禽类职业暴露人员血清样本,用红细胞血凝抑制试验（HI）检测H5N1流感抗体;采集外环境样本,用荧光定量PCR法检测禽流感病毒FluA、H5、H7和H9核酸。结果2011-2012年共采集职业暴露人员血清样本400份,检测H5N1抗体均为阴性;共采集外环境有效样本202份,检出FluA阳性25份,阳性率为12．38％,其中AH9亚型阳性14份（56．00％）。AH7亚型阳性1份（4．00％）,A未分型10份（40．00％）,未检出AH5亚型。结论肇庆市职业暴露人群尚未发现感染高致病性禽流感H5N1病毒．夕h环境存在禽流感病毒的污染,H9亚型是主要的病原体。     

Distribution of HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in Taiwan: a comparative study among Min-nan, Hakka, Aborigines and Mainland Chinese

A total of 8,497 blood samples were typed for HLA-A, B, DR and DQ. Of these, 7,137 Min-nan, 714 Hakka, 535 Mainland Chinese (152 from North China, 211 from Middle China, and 172 from South China) and 111 Aborigines were randomly selected from Tzu Chi Taiwan Marrow Donor Registry (TCTMDR). Differences in HLA gene and antigen frequencies have been observed between various ethnic groups of the Chinese population in Taiwan. The phylogenic tree shows Taiwan Aborigines and Javanese cluster together; Min-nan shares a common cluster with Hakka, Southern Hans and Thai; and Northern Hans shares a cluster with Middle Hans. The separation between Northern/Middle and Southern Chinese Hans support the idea that Northern and Southern Chinese have different genetic background. Aborigines appeared to be quite distinct in the distribution of a majority of the class I and class II antigens. High frequency of HLA-A24 (60.4%) and relatively restricted HLA polymorphisms are noted in Aborigines. The HLA haplotypes with high frequency in Aborigines included A24-B60-DRB1*04, A24-B60-DRB1*14, A24-B48-DRB1*04, and A24-B48-DRB1*14, which are different from the other ethnic groups. Although the phylogenic tree separates Aborigines and Han Chinese populations, 4 out of 20 most common HLA-A, -B, and -DR haplotypes presented in both Aborigines and Han Chinese may reflect an ancient common origin or intermixture between early settlers of Han Chinese and Taiwan Aborigines. The results in this study are essentially a summary of the observed gene/haplotype frequencies and differences among various ethnic groups in Taiwan.     

贵州汉族人群HLA抗原的多态性

本研究用第三届亚洲大洋洲组织相客性专题讨论会的418份血清,检测了78例无血缘关系的贵州汉族成人的HLA-A、B、C、DR和DQ位点抗原共92个特异性,并计算了其基因频率和单倍型频率。 贵州汉族人中最常见的抗原是HLA-A2、A11、A9、B40、BW46、CW3、CW1、DRW9、DR2等;呈显著连锁不平衡的单倍型有21条,⊿值最高的几条是BW46-CW1、BW46-CW3、A2-DR2、A2-CW1、A2-DQW1、A2-BW46和BW46-DRW9. 用本研究资料和其它中国人群的资料比较,从有明显异同的HLA-A1、A3、A11、BW22和BW46等的抗原频率上看,贵州地区汉族人和中国北方人群间的差异有显著性,而和中国南方人群间的差异无显著性。故从HLA的多态性上看,贵州汉族人群具有中国南方人的特征。     

Genetic link between Asians and native Americans: evidence from HLA genes and haplotypes.

We have been studying polymorphisms of HLA class I and II genes in East Asians including Buryat in Siberia, Mongolian, Han Chinese, Man Chinese, Korean Chinese, South Korean, and Taiwan indigenous populations in collaboration with many Asian scientists. Regional populations in Japan, Hondo-Japanese, Ryukyuan, and Ainu, were also studied. HLA-A, -B, and -DRB1 gene frequencies were subjected to the correspondence analysis and calculation of DA distances. The correspondence analysis demonstrated several major clusters of human populations in the world. "Mongoloid" populations were highly diversified, in which several clusters such as Northeast Asians, Southeast Asians, Oceanians, and Native Americans were observed. Interestingly, an indigenous population in North Japan, Ainu, was placed relatively close to Native Americans in the correspondence analysis. Distribution of particular HLA-A, -B, -DRB1 alleles and haplotypes was also analyzed in relation to migration and dispersal routes of ancestral populations. A number of alleles and haplotypes showed characteristic patterns of regional distribution. For example, B39-HR5-DQ7 (B*3901-DRB1*1406-DQB1*0301) was shared by Ainu and Native Americans. A24-Cw8-B48 was commonly observed in Taiwan indigenous populations, Maori in New Zealand, Orochon in Northeast China, Inuit, and Tlingit. These findings further support the genetic link between East Asians and Native Americans. We have proposed that various ancestral populations in East Asia, marked by different HLA haplotypes, had migrated and dispersed through multiple routes. Moreover, relatively small genetic distances and the sharing of several HLA haplotypes between Ainu and Native Americans suggest that these populations are descendants of some Upper Paleolithic populations of East Asia.     

Association of HLA-Bw61 with asthma in the Chinese

HLA-A and -B typings were detected in 93 asthmatic and 98 normal subjects, all of them of Han nationality, in Shenyang. Antigen frequencies of HLA-A9, A10, Bw61 and Bw62 were found to be much higher than those of normal controls, and -A3 much lower (p less than 0.05). However, after the p-values were corrected, the significant difference was only existing in HLA-Bw61 (pc less than 0.01) with a relative risk of 6.6 (HLA frequencies were 0.2366 and 0.0408 in patient group and control, respectively). Our results indicate a significant association between HLA-Bw61 and the asthmatic patients of Han nationality in Shenyang area, North-east China.     

Polymorphism of the ABO blood group genes in Han, Kazak and Uygur populations in the Silk Route of northwestern China

Genetic polymorphism in the ABO blood group gene of Han, Kazak and Uygur populations inhabiting the most northwestern part of China was investigated using polymerase chain reaction-based techniques. The present study enrolled 43 healthy unrelated Han, 37 Kazak and 59 Uygur volunteers. The allele in A1 blood group is distinguished A0101 and A0102 in difference of nucleotide position 467. The A0101 allele is more frequent in Caucasian and the A0102 allele is characteristic in Mongoloid. It must be notable that A0201 in the A2 group (with a single base deletion at nucleotides 1059 to 1061) which was characteristic of Caucasian was observed in Kazak and Uygur populations but not in Han. Further, 00201 (with no nucleotide deletion at 261 and three nucleotide differences), which is frequent in different races including Caucasian except for Mongoloid, was detected also in Kazak and Uygur populations. The frequencies of B0101 in Kazak, Uygur and Han were comparable to those of other Asian populations but higher than those of Caucasian populations. Collectively, these results reveal that the allele frequencies of Kazak and Uygur at the ABO blood group locus are an intermediate between those of Mongoloid and Caucasian, suggesting the admixed feature of Kazak and Uygur with Mongoloid and Caucasian.     

The origin of Minnan and Hakka, the so-called "Taiwanese", inferred by HLA study

The Minnan and Hakka people groups, the so-called "Taiwanese", are the descendants of early settlers from the southeast coast of China during the last few centuries. Genetically they showed affinities to southern Asian populations, as determined by phylogenetic trees and correspondence analysis calculated from HLA allele frequencies. This corresponds historically with the fact that they are the descendants of the southeast coastal indigenous population (Yueh) of China and should therefore not be considered as descendants of "pure" northern Han Chinese. A33-B58-DRB1*03 (A33-Cw10-B58-DRB1*03-DQB1*02), the most common HLA haplotype among "Taiwanese", with a haplotype frequency of 6.3%, has also been found to be the most common haplotype among Thai-Chinese and Singapore Chinese, two other populations also originating from the southeast coast of China. These observations suggests that this haplotype is the most well-conserved ancient haplotype of the Yueh.     

HLA-DRB1*10与中国人慢性乙肝关联

目的研究ＨＬＡ－ＤＲＢ１基因与乙肝的关联,探讨可能由病毒感染继发的自身免疫反应导致疾病发展的主要原因,为乙肝的病因学及预后估计提供免疫学方面的资料。方法在我国北方地区随机选择５４名慢性乙肝患者,用ＰＣＲ／ＳＳＰ方法进行ＨＬＡ－ＤＲＢ１等位基因分型,对照组为同地区９２名健康人。采用疾病和ＨＬＡ相关分析软件进行数据处理。结果病人组ＨＬＡ－ＤＲＢ１＊１０基因频率明显增高为２５．９％（ＲＲ＝１０．３８,Ｐｃ＝０．００１）,其它等位基因频率在实验组与对照组间差异无显著性。结论ＨＬＡ－ＤＲＢ１＊１０基因与中国北方人群慢性乙肝关联     

HLA-B*15 subtypes distribution in Han population in Beijing,China, as compared with those of other populations

To identify HLA-B*15 subtypes distribution in Han population in Beijing, People’s Republic of China, 826 unrelated healthy individuals were typed using the polymerase chain reaction-sequence-based typing method. Within the 246 HLA-B*15 positive individuals, 29 HLA-B*15 alleles were identified, the most predominant of which is B*1501 (40.07%), followed by B*1502 (12.87%), B*1511 (12.87%), B*1518 (9.19%) and B*1532 (3.31%). The distribution of HLA-B*15 subtype frequencies was compared between the Beijing Han, eight other Chinese ethnic minorities and six Chinese populations covering the mainland of China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore. A neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree was constructed and revealed that the Beijing Han population clustered into the northern populations group and had a closer relationship with northern Han and Hui than with southern Han or other ethnic minorities. These results thus provide useful information that can be used in anthropology, selection for bone marrow transplantation as well as in disease-association study, such as in carbamazepine (CBZ)-induced Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.     

新疆维吾尔族人群ABO基因多态性的研究

目的研究中国新疆维吾尔族人群ABO基因多态性分布。方法对新疆维吾尔族随机群体160人份血样进行DNA抽提,采用聚合酶链反应-序列特异性引物方法对ABO血型定型,疑难的ABO基因采用直接序列测定。结果160人中检出A101、A102、A201、A205、B01、O016种等位基因,其基因频率分别为0.2062、0.0563、0.0156、0.0031、0.1875、0.5312。结论阐明中国新疆维吾尔族人群的ABO基因结构的特点,提示中国维吾尔族人群与汉族人群间遗传多态性存在着较大程度的区别,既具有差异性又具有融合性。     

Allelic and haplotype diversity of HLA‐A,HLA‐B and HLA‐DRB1 gene at high resolution in the Nanning Han population

The distribution of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) allele and haplotype varied among different ethnic populations. In this study, we investigated the allele and haplotype frequencies of HLA‐A, HLA‐B and HLA‐DRB1 loci in the Nanning Han population who live in Guangxi province of China. We identified 26 HLA‐A, 56 HLA‐B and 31 HLA‐DRB1 alleles in 562 Nanning individuals of Han ethnic group by sequence‐based typing method. Of these, the three most common alleles in HLA‐A, HLA‐B and HLA‐DRB1 loci, respectively, were A*11:01 (32.12%), A*02:07 (12.54%), A*24:02 (12.01%); B*46:01 (14.41%), B*15:02 (13.61%), B*40:01 (11.48%); DRB1*15:01 (14.15%), DRB1*16:02 (11.57%) and DRB1*12:02 (10.14%). With the exception of HLA‐DRB1, the p values of the HLA‐A and HLA‐B loci showed that the HLA allelic distribution in this population was in accordance with Hardy–Weinberg expectation (p > 0.05). A total of 173 HLA~A‐B~DRB1 haplotype with a frequency of >0.1% were presented and the three most common haplotype were HLA‐A*33:03~B*58:01~DRB1*03:01 (6.12%), HLA‐A*11:01~B*15:02~DRB1*12:02 (3.39%) and HLA‐A*11:01~B*15:02~DRB1*15:01 (3.22%). The phylogenetic tree and the principal component analysis suggested that Nanning Han population had a relative close genetic relationship with Chinese Zhuang population and a relative distant genetic relationship with Northern Han Chinese. The information will be useful for anthropological studies, for HLA matching in transplantation and disease association studies in the Chinese population.