后路显微内镜椎间盘切除术24例短中期随访报告

目的 探讨后路显微内镜椎间盘切除术（microendoscopic discectomy,MED）治疗腰椎间盘突出症或合并侧隐窝狭窄症的疗效。方法 椎间盘镜后路手术,椎板表面剥离软组织,扩大骨窗;剥离子分离椎板下黄韧带,切开黄韧带并咬除,显露硬脊膜及神经根;有隐窝狭窄者,薄椎板咬骨钳沿神经根,潜行咬除侧方黄韧带及增生骨质,必要时用自制小骨刀小心行神经根减压,牵开神经根切开纤维环,取出髓核组织。结果 术中出血量250～700 ml,平均410 ml;手术时间25～300min,平均70 min。硬脊膜破裂1例。24例术后随访12～36个月,按Macnab标准,优18例,良4例,可2例。结论 MED治疗腰椎间盘突出症疗效满意。     

内窥镜下保留大部分黄韧带治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的：探讨内窥镜下保留大部分黄韧带治疗腰椎间盘突出症的手术技巧和近期临床效果。方法：52例腰椎间盘突出症患者,男31例,女21例;年龄28～45岁,平均36岁;其中L4,524例,L5S128例。在内窥镜操作下,咬除上位椎板下缘1/4～1/3骨组织,纵向扩大骨窗,角度小刮匙在下位椎板上缘外侧分离出浅层黄韧带,用咬骨钳沿椎板上缘横行咬除浅层黄韧带成一小凹槽,用髓核钳在凹槽处钳夹黄韧带浅层向近端牵拉剥离并切除,保留深层黄韧带,然后用椎板咬骨钳在黄韧带外侧咬除小关节内侧1/4～1/3,扩大侧隐窝,游离黄韧带外缘,椎板咬骨钳咬除黄韧带外侧1/3入椎管,保留内侧2/3,神经根钩仔细分离突出椎间盘周围的组织,尽可能保留神经根周围及硬膜外脂肪,将硬脊膜及神经根牵向内侧,摘除突出的髓核。结果：52例中46例获得随访,随访时间5～51个月,平均34.5个月。疗效评定按Nakai标准,优34例,良9例,可3例。手术时间45～75min,出血40～80ml,均无神经根损伤和硬脊膜撕裂等并发症。结论：内窥镜下保留大部分黄韧带,技术上操作可行且尽可能的保留了人体的自然解剖结构,最大限度地维持了脊柱的稳定性,临床效果好。     

经后路椎间盘镜治疗破裂型腰椎间盘突出症

目的探讨椎间盘镜下椎间盘切除术(microendoscopic discectomy,MED)治疗破裂型腰椎间盘突出症的临床效果。方法 2005年6月～2009年12月77例无明显腰椎不稳的破裂型椎间盘突出症,病变椎突旁0.5 cm处做1.5～2.0cm纵行切口,适当剥离上椎板下缘肌肉,逐级套入椎旁肌扩张管,连接工作通道,安装MED系统。清理工作窗口内软组织,椎板咬骨钳切除部分上椎板,显露黄韧带附着点,剥离并咬除外侧部分黄韧带,显露神经根,髓核钳取出破裂的髓核组织,清理椎间隙和椎管内髓核组织。结果手术时间25～90 min,平均45 min。出血量10～150 ml,平均25 ml。Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)术前(39.61±1.92)分显著高于术后1个月(7.25±1.31)分(t=6.725,P=0.000)。77例随访9～36个月,平均23个月,未发生椎间隙感染及术后明显椎体滑脱。术后6个月Macnab评价标准:优56例,良15例,可5例,差1例,优良率达92.2%(71/77);65例术后随访超过1年,按Macnab评价标准:优51例,良11例,可2例,差1例,优良率95.4%(62/65)。结论 MED是治疗破裂型腰椎间盘突出症的一种有效的方法,具有损伤小、恢复快、并发症少的优点,疗效满意。     

后路椎间盘镜手术中转传统开窗椎板切除髓核摘除术的原因分析

目的 分析后路椎间盘镜(MED)治疗腰椎间盘突出症术中转传统开窗椎板部分切除髓核摘除术的原因,探讨相应的预防措施.方法 分析应用MED技术治疗300例(342个间隙)患者的临床资料,总结9例中转开窗椎板部分切除髓核摘除术的原因,并提出相应的预防措施.结果 300例患者手术切口均一期愈合.疗效评定:优148例,良130例,中18例,差4例,优良率为92.7%.中转开窗椎板部分切除髓核摘除术9例:3例术中出血多者果断中转而治愈;5例脑脊液漏者经治疗治愈;1例神经根损伤开放探查,为部分马尾损伤,经治疗残留部分感觉减退但无足下垂.结论 硬脊膜损伤、术中出血、神经根损伤是MED治疗腰椎间盘突出症中转传统开窗椎板部分切除髓核摘除术的常见原因;术者丰富的微创经验、合适的病例选择可减少MED治疗腰椎间盘突出症中转开窗椎板部分切除髓核摘除术.     

腰椎间盘突出症后路微创手术的应用解剖与临床研究

[目的]为微创外科技术治疗腰椎间盘突出症提供解剖学基础,并提高其手术效果.[方法]30具成人尸体标本,测量椎板下缘骨嵴到同位椎体下缘、黄韧带附着点、棘突下缘、棘间韧带外缘的距离.临床应用椎间盘镜（MED）治疗腰椎间盘突出症368例.[结果]椎板下缘骨嵴位于棘突的头侧,L3、4椎板遮挡相应的椎间盘,L5椎板没有遮挡L5～S1椎间盘.临床随访368例,根据Nakai分级：优287例;良57例：可21例：差3例;优良率93.5%.[结论]在腰椎间盘突出症后路微创手术中,切口应以棘突下缘头侧椎板下缘骨嵴为中心.要显露L3～4或L4～5椎间盘,需切除L3或L4椎板下缘少部分;显露L5～S1椎间盘,不需咬除L5椎板下缘,同时只需切除少部分黄韧带,即可显露椎间盘与神经根,完成髓核摘除手术.对单节段旁中央型、外侧型腰椎间盘突出症MED才能达到微创手术,要提高MED手术效果,关键是严格掌握手术适应证,并具有丰富的开放式手术经验以及熟练的镜下操作技术.     

椎板开窗减压髓核摘除术治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的：探讨应用腰椎后路椎板开窗减压髓核摘除术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的方法及疗效。方法：回顾以往应用该方法治疗的32例腰椎间盘突出症病例。术中咬除椎间盘髓核突出部位相应的上椎板部分下缘及下椎板上缘,呈开窗状,切除增厚的黄韧带、增生的椎体后缘和关节突内侧皮质骨、钙化的后纵韧带及突出的纤维环和髓核,术后观察其疗效。结果：术后全部随访6—36个月,优良率达92％。结论：腰椎后路椎板开窗减压髓核摘除术治疗椎间盘突出症具有创伤小,对腰椎功能影响小,疗效好。     

脊柱后路显微内窥镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的 探讨脊柱后路显微内窥镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床应用及适应证。方法 采用脊柱后路显微内窥镜椎间盘切除术(microendoscopy discectomy,MED)技术进行髓核摘除及神经根通道清理术。术中通过“C”型臂X线机引导准确定位,仅做长1-8cm 纵行切口,沿导针逐级更换套管扩张后放入金属手术通道及内窥镜镜头,于电视监视下显露椎板间隙,咬除少量椎板下缘及黄韧带,扩大椎间隙, 显露硬脊膜、神经根以及突出椎间盘的髓核组织并予以摘除, 必要时清理或扩大神经根通道。结果 本组共治疗腰椎间盘突出症65 例,随访6～18 个月,按Nakai 标准评定:优49 例,良12 例,可3 例,差1 例。结论 本术式在保证神经根充分减压的基础上,尽量减小手术创伤,保持脊柱后柱完整性,不破坏脊柱的生物力学结构,减少手术对脊柱稳定性的影响。由于手术视野放大15 倍,提高了手术安全性及疗效可靠性。本方法适用于单节段腰椎间盘突出症或合并相同节段侧隐窝狭窄患者     

椎间盘镜手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的：评价椎间盘镜手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。方法：腰椎间盘突出症患者15例，男11例，女4例；平均年龄39．8岁。在椎间盘镜下行腰椎间盘髓核切除、椎板减压及神经根管扩大术。术前在X线机下，分别于病变节段上位棘突下缘、上位椎板下缘中点定位，置人内窥镜头。在椎间盘镜配套的监视器下咬除部分椎板下缘及黄韧带，扩大椎板间隙，清除椎间盘髓核组织，扩大神经根管。结果：本组除1例患者因术中硬膜囊破裂改为开放手术，其余14例平均手术出血量60ml，平均手术时问86min。本组平均随访时间13．2个月，按照Nakai评级，优11例，良3例，可1例。结论：椎间盘镜手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症比常规手术方法视野清晰、创伤小、恢复快，基本保持了脊柱后柱完整。     

手术治疗老年腰椎间盘突出症32例报告

目的 报告手术治疗老年性腰椎间盘突出症的手术方式及疗效。方法 本组32例均行了手术治疗,其中椎板开窗髓核摘出12例,半椎板切除加椎间关节内侧部份切除侧隐窝扩大神经根管扩大髓核摘除14例,保留棘突的全椎板切除,神经根管扩大侧隐窝扩大髓核摘除6例。结果 随访1－4年,优良21例,差11例,差者为采用单纯椎板开窗髓核摘出术术式者,术后远期疗效差。结论 老年腰椎间盘突出大多伴有腰椎管狭窄,在髓核摘出的同时,应行半椎板或双侧椎板切除减压,侧隐窝扩大,视术中情况是否神经根管扩大。     

椎板间隙入路椎间盘镜治疗腰椎管狭窄症

目的：探讨在椎板间隙入路椎间盘镜下有限化手术治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症。方法：选取退行性腰椎管狭窄症病例，在椎板间隙入路椎间盘镜下行椎管有限减压。咬除病变间隙上位椎板下缘、肥厚的黄韧带和下位椎板上缘，摘除突出椎间盘髓核，松解神经根粘连，侧隐窝减压，必要时切除部分关节突。结果：应用椎板间隙入路椎间盘镜治疗迟行性腰椎管狭窄症，行椎管有限减压87例，减压彻底。82例得到随访，优良串92．7％，手术效果满意。结论：单纯腰椎间盘膨出或突出、黄韧带肥厚和小关节增生引起的退行性腰椎管狭窄症是椎板间隙入路椎间盘镜下椎管有限减压的适应证。满意的手术效果取决于：病人选择适当，术中操作精细，减压彻底。     

内窥镜下保留黄韧带的腰椎间盘摘除术(附65例临床报道)

目的：探讨内窥镜下腰椎间盘摘除术中保留腰椎黄韧带的可行性和临床效果。方法：对65例腰椎间盘突出症患者(L4／5 39例，L5／S1 26例)在常规内窥镜操作下显露腰椎板间隙，用微型手术刀切开并剥离黄韧带。将黄韧带向中线卷曲剥离成上、外、下三面游离的黄韧带瓣，椎间盘切除后再将黄韧带进行复位。结果：65例患者手术切口均一期愈合，无神经根损伤、椎间隙感染和脑脊液漏等并发症。随访6～24个月，平均14．5个月，疗效评定按Nakai标准，优42例，良18例，可3例，差2例。2例差者行开放手术翻修术。翻修术中见保留的黄韧带与椎管外疤痕粘连明显，但与椎管内的粘连较轻。结论：内窥镜下保留腰椎黄韧带不但技术操作可行。而且能降低术后腰椎管外瘢痕向腰椎管内长入，是非常好的天然屏障。     

侧卧位显微椎间盘镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的 探讨后路显微椎间盘镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床效果。方法 手术均取侧卧位,经椎板间隙只切除黄韧带不切除椎板及其它结构,应用椎间盘镜及显微外科的技术摘除突出之髓核。临床应用113例。结果 术后所有病例均获随访,随访最长时间24个月,最短6个月,平均12个月,按Nakai标准评定,其中优107例,良6例。结论 侧卧位经椎板间隙入路行椎间盘镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症的手术损伤小、出血少,术后不影响脊柱稳定性,临床疗效可靠。     

Quantitative analysis of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in ligamentum flavum of lumbar spinal stenosis and disc herniation.

STUDY DESIGN: The concentration of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1) was examined in the ligamentum flavum of lumbar spinal stenosis and disc herniation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of TGF-beta1 on hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum in lumbar spinal stenosis compared with that of lumbar disc herniation. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum is known to be related to degenerative changes that are secondary to the aging process or mechanical instability. However, there has been no study to investigate the effect of biochemical factors, such as growth factors, associated with hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum. METHODS: The concentrations of TGF-beta1 were analyzed in the surgically obtained ligamentum flavum specimens from lumbar spinal stenosis (n = 10; mean age 62.8 years) and disc herniation (n = 10; mean age 35.6 years) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The localization of TGF-beta1 within the ligamentum flavum was determined using immunohistochemical study. The thickness of the ligamentum flavum was measured with axial T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. The biochemical and radiologic results were compared for these two conditions. RESULTS: The mean concentration of TGF-beta1 was 123.78 pg/100 microg protein (range 11-374 pg/100 microg protein) in lumbar spinal stenosis and 38.56 pg/100 microg protein (range 0-155 pg/100 microg protein) in lumbar disc herniation; the difference between lumbar spinal stenosis and disc herniation was statistically significant (P = 0.029). The mean thickness of the ligamentum flavum was 4.44 mm (range 3.4-5.4 mm) in lumbar spinal stenosis and 2.44 mm (range 1.8-4.0 mm) in lumbar disc herniation; the difference between lumbar spinal stenosis and disc herniation was statistically significant (P = 0.001). On immunohistochemical study TGF-beta1 was positively stained on the fibroblasts within the ligamentum flavum specimens. CONCLUSION: The current results suggest that higher expression of TGF-beta1 by fibroblasts might be related to the development of hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum in lumbar spinal stenosis.     

显微内镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症远期效果评价

目的探讨显微内镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症远期效果. 方法回顾性分析218例经显微内镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症远期疗效,术后随访3年以上,采用日本骨科学会下腰痛评分标准(JOA)进行疗效评定. 结果本组病例术后随访3年以上,优121例,良80例,可16例,差1例,优良率92.2%(201/218).结论显微内镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症远期疗效确切,娴熟的操作技巧和术后正确指导患者康复训练是确保手术效果的关键.     

全椎板截骨再植椎管扩大成形术治疗胸椎黄韧带骨化症

目的总结胸椎黄韧带骨化症导致胸椎椎管狭窄的影像学特点，探讨改良椎管减压术的临床疗效。方法胸椎黄韧带骨化症31例，男18例，女13例；年龄26—73岁，平均45．7岁。术前均行MR、CT检查以明确诊断。合并颈椎管狭窄3例、腰椎管狭窄5例，颈胸腰椎管狭窄同时存在者2例；合并胸椎后纵韧带骨化和椎间盘突出症9例。单节段3例，双节段12例，三节段11例，四节段以上5例。局限型6例，连续型17例，跳跃型8例。共94个病变节段，其中上胸段(T1～T4)23个节段、中胸段(T5～T8)19个节段、下胸段(T9-T12)52个节段。手术采用全椎板截骨原位再植椎管扩大成形术。对9例合并胸椎后纵韧带骨化和椎间盘突出者，在后方减压的同时，行切除椎管前方突出椎间盘的环脊髓减压及后路钉棒系统内固定。术后疗效评价参照Epstein标准。结果24例患者随访6—63个月，平均15个月。术后疗效优14例、良7例、可3例，优良率87．5％。1例因术后停用脱水药物过早引起下肢瘫痪症状加重；2例出现下肢静脉血栓；2例硬脊膜撕裂。结论MR结合CT检查是诊断胸椎黄韧带骨化症最有效的手段，全椎板截骨再植椎管扩大成形术安全可靠，疗效满意。     

Hypertrophy of ligamentum flavum in lumbar spinal stenosis associated with increased proteinase inhibitor concentration

BACKGROUND: It is well known that age-related fibrosis, or decreases in the elastin-to-collagen ratio of the ligamentum flavum, along with hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum, are associated with lumbar spinal stenosis. However, the molecular mechanism by which this fibrosis and hypertrophy develop is unknown. Tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMPs) are proteinase inhibitors that suppress extracellular matrix degradation. Elevated TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 expression has been implicated in various fibrotic diseases of the liver, kidney, lung, and heart. These TIMPs can also induce cellular proliferation and inhibit apoptosis in a wide range of cell types. These findings led us to postulate that TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 might also be associated with hypertrophy and fibrosis of the ligamentum flavum in lumbar spinal stenosis. METHODS: We quantified and localized TIMP expression in ligamentum flavum tissues that had been obtained during surgery from thirty patients with spinal stenosis and from thirty gender-matched control patients with disc herniation. The thickness of the ligamentum flavum at the level of the facet joint was measured on axial T1-weighted magnetic resonance images. In addition, we examined ligamentum flavum tissues for the expression of markers of cellular proliferation and apoptosis. RESULTS: The ligamentum flavum was significantly thicker in the patients with spinal stenosis (mean, 5.68 mm) than in the patients with disc herniation (mean, 2.70 mm) (p < 0.001). The concentration of TIMP-2 in the ligamentum flavum was significantly higher in the patients with spinal stenosis (mean, 12.62 ng/mL) than in those with disc herniation (mean, 8.85 ng/mL) (p = 0.028). TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were detected in the cytoplasm of ligamentum flavum fibroblasts. TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 concentrations were associated with hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum (p = 0.015 and p = 0.003, respectively). None of the samples from the patients with stenosis had evidence of proliferation of ligamentum flavum fibroblasts. The expression of markers for apoptosis was significantly higher in the patients with spinal stenosis (58.8%) than in those with disc herniation (26.6%) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Increased TIMP expression has been implicated in fibrosis and hypertrophy of the extracellular matrix of several organs. Our results suggest that increased expression of TIMP-2 in ligamentum flavum fibroblasts is associated with fibrosis and hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum in patients with spinal stenosis.     

The Increased Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases Associated with Elastin Degradation and Fibrosis of the Ligamentum Flavum in Patients with Lumbar Spinal Stenosis

Background

One of the characteristics of spinal stenosis is elastin degradation and fibrosis of the extracellular matrix of the ligamentum flavum. However, there have been no investigations to determine which biochemical factors cause these histologic changes. So we performed the current study to investigate the hypothesis that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which possess the ability to cause extracellular matrix remodeling, may play a role as a mediator for this malady in the ligamentum flavum.

Methods

The ligamentum flavum specimens were surgically obtained from thirty patients with spinal stenosis, as well as from 30 control patients with a disc herniation. The extents of ligamentum flavum elastin degradation and fibrosis were graded (grade 0-4) with performing hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson''s trichrome staining, respectively. The localization of MMP-2 (gelatinase), MMP-3 (stromelysin) and MMP-13 (collagenase) within the ligamentum flavum tissue was determined by immunohistochemistry. The expressions of the active forms of MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-13 were determined by western blot analysis, and the blots were quantified using an imaging densitometer. The histologic and biochemical results were compared between the two conditions.

Results

Elastin degradation and fibrosis of the ligamentum flavum were significantly more severe in the spinal stenosis samples than that in the disc herniation samples (3.14 ± 0.50 vs. 0.55 ± 0.60, p < 0.001; 3.10 ± 0.57 vs. 0.76 ± 0.52, p < 0.001, respectively). The expressions of the active form of MMPs were identified in all the ligamentum flavums of the spinal stenosis and disc herniation patients. The expressions of active MMP-2 and MMP-13 were significantly higher in the spinal stenosis samples than that in the disc herniation samples (both p < 0.05). The expression of active MMP-3 was slightly higher in the spinal stenosis samples than that in the disc herniation samples, but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.131). MMP-2, -3, and -13 were positively stained on the ligamentum flavum fibroblasts.

Conclusions

The current results suggest that the increased expression of active MMPs by the ligamentum flavum fibroblasts might be related to the elastin degradation and fibrosis of the ligamentum flavum in the patients who suffer with lumbar spinal stenosis.     

显微内镜手术治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症

目的介绍显微内镜手术治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的方法,分析其临床效果。方法16例极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症(椎间孔内型7例,椎间孔外型9例)接受显微内镜手术。5例椎间孔内型采用常规显微内镜椎间盘髓核摘除术入路,切除部分椎板、椎弓峡部和小关节。2例椎间孔内型采用经关节突入路,使用X-tube工作通道,切除大部分关节突。9例椎间孔外型采用横突间入路,工作导管置于横突间,部分切断横突间韧带。所有手术均需找到受压神经根并松解,切除突出椎间盘。结果术后平均随访8·3个月,采用改良MacNab标准评定临床结果,优12例,良3例,可1例。平均住院日13·8d,平均手术时间78min,平均术中出血68ml。结论显微内镜手术治疗极外侧腰椎间盘突出症具有小切口和组织损伤轻的优点,能够充分直接探查松解神经根压迫。     

第二代椎间盘镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症的中期疗效观察

目的观察第二代椎间盘镜手术系统治疗腰椎间盘突出症的中期临床疗效。方法回顾分析2004年3月至2005年12月间64例腰椎间盘突出症患者采用第二代椎间盘镜手术系统治疗的中期临床疗效。结果本组64例,随访51～72个月,平均60个月。按Nakai评价标准评定,优48例,良13例,可3例,差0例,优良率95.31%。手术时间40～120 min,平均68 min。术中失血15～40 mL,术中硬脊膜损伤1例,神经损伤1例,无椎间隙感染及术后复发病例。结论第二代椎间盘镜微创手术系统治疗腰椎间盘突出症是一种技术先进、组织创伤少、对脊椎稳定性破坏小、临床治疗效果良好的理想手术方法。