影像学引导的立体定向脑活检手术

目的探讨现代神经成像技术(CT、MRI)引导的立体定向脑病变活检术对组织病理学诊断的可靠性和正确性,总结手术操作方法和技术要点。方法采用CT、MRI与立体定向技术相结合,进行脑部病变的活检手术共605例,其中450例用CT或MRI片目测靶点坐标定位,155例采用计算机辅助的立体定向手术(CAPN)工作站,自动计算靶点和规划活检入路。结果522例确诊为各种脑肿瘤,39例为炎性病理,23例为寄生虫或先天性囊肿,16例未能提供可供确诊的病理,阳性诊断率为97.36%。并发症15例,其中2例死亡。结论先进影像技术引导下的立体定向脑病变活检术是神经内、外科脑部病变获得定性诊断安全、可靠的手术方法。术中应注意改进操作方法,以提高病理诊断的阳性率,并达到微侵袭性手术的要求。     

CT或MRI引导立体定向活检方法的研究

目的：探讨用CT或MRI引导立体定向对脑深部病变进行活检手术的可行性和准确性。方法：用CT或MRI引导的脑立体定向地605例脑深部病变进行活检以期获得病变的组织学诊断，其中男357例，女248例，年龄：2．5－78岁，平均37．7岁，用CT引导立体定向活检515例，用MRI引导的定向活检90例。结果：522例（86．28％）获得脑肿瘤的病理组织，39例（6．44％）为炎性病理组织，其他病理组织23例（2．4％），16例（2．65％）未能提供病理学诊断，阳性诊断率97．35％，并发症发生13例（2．47％），死亡2例，死亡率为0．33％，结论：采用CT或MRI引导的立体定向脑深部病变活检是一种诊断准确率高，安全可靠，并发症少，创伤轻微，死亡率极低的手术方法，值得推广应用。     

Comparative analysis of diagnostic accuracy of different brain biopsy procedures

BACKGROUND: Image-guided procedures such as computed tomography (CT) guided, neuronavigator-guided and ultrasound-guided methods can assist neurosurgeons in localizing the intraparenchymal lesion of the brain. However, despite improvements in the imaging techniques, an accurate diagnosis of intrinsic lesion requires tissue sampling and histological verification. AIMS: The present study was carried out to examine the reliability of the diagnoses made on tumor sample obtained via different stereotactic and ultrasound-guided brain biopsy procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted of all brain biopsies (frame-based and frameless stereotactic and ultrasound-guided) performed in a single tertiary care neurosciences center between 1995 and 2005. The overall diagnostic accuracy achieved on histopathology and correlation with type of biopsy technique was evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 130 cases were included, which consisted of 82 males and 48 females. Age ranged from 4 to 75 years (mean age 39.5 years). Twenty per cent (27 patients) were in the pediatric age group, while 12% (16 patients) were >or= 60-years of age. A definitive histological diagnosis was established in 109 cases (diagnostic yield 80.2%), which encompassed 101 neoplastic and eight nonneoplastic lesions. Frame-based, frameless stereotactic and ultrasound-guided biopsies were done in 95, 15 and 20 patients respectively. Although the numbers of cases were small there was trend for better yield with frameless image-guided stereotactic biopsy and maximum diagnostic yield was obtained i.e, 87% (13/15) in comparison to conventional frame-based CT-guided stereotactic biopsy and ultrasound-guided biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, a trend of higher diagnostic yield was seen in cases with frameless image-guided stereotactic biopsy. Thus, this small series confirms that frameless neuronavigator-guided stereotactic procedures represent the lesion sufficiently in order to make histopathologic diagnosis.     

Correlation of CT and MR with impedance monitoring and histopathology in stereotactic biopsies

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MR) and Computer Assisted Tomography (CT) guided stereotaxis combined with intraoperative impedance monitoring and multiple sequential biopsies provides the opportunity to correlate the results of radiologic imaging with impedance and histopathology. The authors present the methods used and preliminary results obtained from 30 stereotactic biopsies with complete correlation in 12 cases. Impedance changes correlate accurately with lesion margins as defined by histology. CT images of enhancing lesions correlate quite closely to the histopathologic lesion margins whereas the appearance of the lesion on MR images is often larger than subsequently identified by either impedance or at pathologic examination. Impedance monitoring is a useful adjunct to stereotactic biopsy as it helps to accurately define lesion margins and can help direct the choice of biopsy sites.     

MRI定位下立体定向活检术在颅内多发疑难病例诊断中的应用

目的探讨MRI定位立体定向活检术的优点及其在颅内多发疑难病例诊断中的应用价值。方法安装Leksell-G型定位框架,采用MRI扫描,确定靶点的位置。对22例临床表现不典型或影像学上较难诊断的多发疑难占位患者施行立体定向活检手术。结果22例患者均未出现因活检手术造成的颅内出血、偏瘫等严重并发症。所有患者均得到明确的病理诊断及相应的治疗。结论MRI定位立体定向活检手术具有准确性高的优点,能够有效的诊断颅内多发疑难病例。     

提高颅内病变立体定向活检准确率的体会

报告３３例颅内病变ＣＴ导向立体定向活检术。病理诊断准确率为９６．９％（３３：３２），无手术并发症及死亡。选择恰当的手术入路是减少出血、偏瘫等手术并发症的重要措施；选择合适的活检器械，是保证取得足量样本活检成功的前提；选择正确的取样部位，是提高活检准确率的关键。     

Stereotactic biopsy of polylmorphic tumors and brain tumors invisible in CT image

The authors present the possibilities of obtaining tissue samples with stereotactic biopsy basing on three examples of intracranial polymorphic and invisible in CT tumours. CT scans of these tumours make a serious problem with proper targeting and tissue sampling from proper sites. Stereotactic serial biopsy directed by CT/MRI fusion is the best way of obtaining tissue material in order to establish correct diagnosis.     

805例立体定向脑活检报告

目的　探讨立体定向脑活检方法的可靠性和安全性 ,研究手术方法及技术要点。方法　回顾性分析80 5例立体定向手术对脑深部病灶活检病理学检查。其中用CT引导活检 6 0 5例 ,MR引导活检 2 0 0例 ;幕上脑深部活检 6 4 5例 ,幕下病灶活检 16 0例 ;单道入路活检取材 5 30例 ,多道入路活检取材 2 0 5例 ,多发病灶活检取材 70例。结果　 710例 (88 2 0 % )获取各类脑肿瘤的病理学诊断 ,5 0例 (6 2 1% )为炎性病理 ,2 5例 (3 11% )为寄生虫或囊肿类病理 ,其余 2 0例 (2 4 8% )所取得的病理组织未能提供正确的病理定性诊断。病理阳性诊断率为 97 5 2 % ,肿瘤发现率为 88 2 0 % ,死亡 3例 ,死亡率 0 37% ,并发症发生 19例 (2 36 % )。结论　现代立体定向脑深部病灶活检技术安全、可靠。     

微侵袭立体定向活检手术方法的研究

目的 研究应用微侵袭立体定向活检手术方法获取颅脑深部病变组织的可行性和准确性。方法 CT或MRI与立体定向技术相结合,对605例脑深部病变患者进行精确定位、活检,其中450例用CT或MRI目测靶点坐标定位,155例采用计算机辅助立体定向手术工作站,自动计算靶点坐标和规划活检手术入路。结果 活检手术后,经病理证实为脑肿瘤组织者537例(88.76％),炎性病变组织者30例(4.96％),其他病变组织18例(2.98％),另有20例(3.31％)未能提出可供病理学确诊的依据,阳性诊断率为96.69％。术后发生并发症13例(2.15％),死亡2例(0.33％)。结论 经影像学引导的立体定向活检手术是神经内外科获得颅脑深部病变定性诊断安全而可靠的方法,值得临床推广应用。     

Technique of stereotactic biopsy in a 5-month-old child

We describe a technique of stereotactic frame-based biopsy in young children who have open fontanels and a deformable skull. A 5-month-old girl with a growing lesion in the right thalamus and basal ganglia underwent stereotactic biopsy, which disclosed an anaplastic astrocytoma. To avoid insertion of the four stereotactic frame fixation pins through the infant's skin and into bone, the pins were advanced into the hollowed end of rubber tops obtained from Vacutainer blood sampling tubes. The pressure applied to the skin was diffused through the rubber onto a wide skin surface, obviating skin puncture or bone deformation. This technique provided firm head fixation, and target accuracy was confirmed on post-operative imaging. This technique is safe and should permit use of conventional stereotactic techniques in young infants.     

Difficulties in stereotactic biopsies of brain tumors

MATERIAL: 28 stereotactic biopsies of organic brain processes (brain tumours) were performed in the years 1997-2000 in the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Warsaw. In this series the lesions were located in corpus callosum in 5 patients, in basal nuclei in 9, and deeply in the white matter of cerebral hemispheres in 14. METHOD: The Baklund biopsy kit and Leksell's stereotactic frame were used, target localisation was based on the CT scan. Histological verification was based on hematoxillin--eosin staining, completed with histochemical evaluation if necessary. In 9 patients intraoperative smear evaluation was performed. RESULTS: Sensitivity of stereotactic biopsies was 86% (24/28), although the rate of conclusive biopsies was lower, being 60% (17/28). False negative results were observed in 14% of the patients (4/28). Analysis of the results revealed, that the sensitivity was not dependent on the size, neither on the location of the tumour, but was related to its morphology. The false negative results were obtained in the tumours with significant necrosis (as seen on CT scans). There were no surgical complications in this series. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Difficulties in stereotactic biopsies of brain tumours are associated mainly with tumour morphology. In tumours with marked necrosis, other degenerative changes or cystic ones, higher risk of non-conclusive biopsy may be expected. 2. Size of the tumour and its location do not affect the diagnosis based on the stereotactic biopsies. 3. In the polymorphic tumours, the policy to take biopsy material from different tumour sites, should be a rule, as different parts of the lesion may represent different stages of malignancy and histological evaluation of separate parts of the tumour may lead to inadequate oncological treatment.     

Methodology and prognostic reliability of stereotaxic biopsy in tumors of glial origin

Between 1978 and 1984, 227 patients affected from glial tumors underwent serial stereotactic biopsy. Correct prognostic indications have been obtained in 85% of the entire series. In 10.5%, the stereotactic procedure provided only the diagnosis of the nature of the tumor, while the histological grading and prognosis remained unknown. The operative mortality was 2.6% and the permanent morbidity included 3.9% of patients who complained about worsening of the preoperative neurological conditions. The methodology of stereotactic biopsy is described in detail. The results are discussed with particular reference to the prognostic value of serial stereotactic biopsies.     

Intraindividual comparison of histopathological diagnosis obtained by stereotactic serial biopsy to open surgical resection specimen in patients with intracranial tumours

Background

There are concerns in the literature about the accuracy of histopathological diagnosis obtained by stereotactic biopsy in patients with brain tumours. The aim of this study was to analyse intraindividually the histopathological accuracy of stereotactic biopsies of intracerebral lesions in comparison to open surgical resection.

Materials and methods

Between 2007 and 2011 a total of 635 patients underwent stereotactic serial biopsy in our department. Among these patients we identified 51 patients, who underwent magnetic resonance (MR) based stereotactic biopsy and subsequent open resection within 30 days. Mortality and morbidity data as well as final histopathological diagnoses of both procedures were compared with regard to tumour grade and tumour cell type. Patients with discrepancies between the histological diagnosis obtained by biopsy and open resection were classified into three subgroups (same cell type but different grading; same grading but different cell type and different grading as well as different cell type).

Results

The mean number of tissue samples taken by stereotactic serial biopsy from each patient was 12 (range 7–21). Minor morbidity was 6% and major morbidity was 14% after open surgery compared to no morbidity after stereotactic biopsy. Mortality was 2% after stereotactic biopsy (one patient died after stereotactic biopsy as a result of a fatal bleeding) compared to 0% in the resection group. Silent bleeding rate without any clinical symptoms was 8% in the biopsy group. A complete correlation of histopathological findings between the biopsy group and the resection group was achieved in 76% and was increased to 90% by analyzing clinical and neuroradiological information. In patients with recurrence the correlation was higher (94%) than for patients with primary brain lesions (67%). The discrepancies between the open resection group and biopsy group were analysed.

Conclusion

Stereotactic MR guided serial biopsy is a minimal invasive procedure with low morbidity and high diagnostic accuracy for diagnosis and grading of brain tumours. Diagnostic accuracy of stereotactic biopsy can be enhanced further by careful interpretation of neuroradiological and clinical information.     

Technical and diagnostic difficulties in stereotactic biopsy in children

The paper presents technical and diagnostic problems associated with stereotactic biopsies in children. Between the years 1992 and 2000, in the Dept. of Neurosurgery, Child's Health Center, we performed 132 stereotactic procedures, including 110 biopsies. In 15 cases bleeding developed from the biopsy site; in this group we performed 3 craniotomies for open haematoma evacuation, 1 child died (mesencephalic glioblastoma multiforme). The remaining 2 children recovered with no additional neurologic sequelae related to this complication. Since 1997 we use the Nashold needle to obtain tissue samples. This enables us to take larger and fewer samples with less risk of bleeding. The biopsy was non-diagnostic in 3 cases. In 1 case we observed a slight movement of the child's head in relation to the stereotactic frame when the patient was moved from the CT-scanner to the operating theater. In order to avoid such problems in the future and to facilitate transposition of heavy and paretic or unconscious patients, we devised a hard board with side handles. Methods designed to overcome these and other difficulties are described.     

CT、MRI引导立体定向脑活检术的临床研究

目的评价CT或MRI引导立体定向活检术在确定脑深部病变的病理组织学诊断及选择适宜的治疗方法中的作用.方法采用计算机体层摄影(CT)或磁共振成像(MRI)引导立体定向技术对420例脑深部或脑主要功能区病灶进行了活检手术.其中男252例,女168例,年龄4.5～71岁,平均40.3岁.病变位于脑深部104例,鞍区82例,基底节区78例,三脑室后部50例,多发病灶48例,脑室内23例,小脑半球19例,脑干内14例,斜坡2例.CT引导手术386例,MRI引导手术34例.结果共有405例作出了病理诊断,活检总阳性率为96.43%,其中肿瘤359例(85.48%),炎性病变33例(7.86%),其他病变13例(3.10%).未作出病理诊断者15例(3.57%).共发生手术并发症7例(1.67%)出血5例(1.2%),癫痫1例,意识障碍1例.结论 CT或MRI引导的立体定向脑深部病变活检术是一种明确颅内占位病变的组织学诊断的可靠方法,并能为临床治疗方法的选择提供依据.     

CT/MRI结合立体定向技术辅助显微手术切除颅内小病灶

目的探讨CT/MRI结合立体定向技术辅助显微手术切除颅内小病灶的优越性。方法应用LEKSELL-G型头架,CT/MRI定位,对11例颅内小病灶显微手术切除,病变性质脑转移瘤1例,脑膜瘤3例,脑胶质瘤2例,海绵状血管瘤1例,脑囊虫病1例,炎性肉芽肿4例。结果所有病灶均获得全切除,无严重并发症和死亡病例。结论CT/MRI结合立体定向技术辅助的显微手术切除颅内小病灶,具有定位精确可靠,手术创伤小,术后并发症少,恢复快等优点。     

颅内特殊部位病变的立体定向活检术

目的 探讨颅内特殊部位病变立体定向活检的手术技巧及影响因素.方法 总结1994年12月～2005年12月间对颅内特殊部位病变行MR导向立体定向活检的106例病例.患者年龄6～76岁,平均42.5岁,其中男62例,女44例,病灶位于鞍区13例,基底节区35例,松果体区51例,脑干7例.使用1.0T MR机定位和Leksell-G型定向仪,ASA-602立体定向手术计划系统行定位影像三维重建并选择最佳靶点、入颅点和活检轨迹.所有靶点均使用Sedan活检针活检,活检组织标本行术中快速冰冻病检,术后行常规病理检查,必要时行免疫组化检查.结果 本组106例,获得明确病理诊断103例,其中生殖细胞瘤37例,松果体母细胞瘤5例,淋巴瘤11例,转移瘤14例,感染性病灶7例,胶质瘤26例,脑变性疾病3例;阴性(轻度胶质增生)3例.病理诊断阳性率97.17%.活检后少量出血2例,全组病例无死亡.结论 立体定向活检术是一种安全、定位精确、高诊断率的脑部疑难病变定性诊断方法,对颅内特殊部位病变的病理学诊断具有重要价值.     

影像学引导的立体定向活检在脑疾病诊断中的价值 (附50例临床分析)

目的探讨影像学引导的立体定向活检手术在神经科临床表现及影像学检查不典型病例诊断中的应用价值。方法安装CRW立体定向框架,采用螺旋CT薄层扫描与多层图像三维重建技术,对50例临床表现及影像学检查不典型的患者施行立体定向脑组织活检手术,其中:额叶深部病灶7例,颞叶7例,顶枕叶8例,鞍区4例,丘脑和基底节区9例,第三脑室后部3例,小脑半球4例,颅内多发性病灶(病灶2~7个不等)8例。结果50例患者均得到明确的病理诊断及相应的治疗,病理诊断结果:星形细胞瘤12例(其中I级4例,I~Ⅱ级2例,Ⅱ级2例,Ⅱ~Ⅲ级2例,Ⅲ级2例),胶质母细胞瘤3例,脑胶质瘤病1例,室管膜瘤1例,生殖细胞瘤l例,松果体母细胞瘤2例,恶性淋巴瘤2例,脑白质营养不良1例,线粒体脑病1例,脑囊虫病2例,脱髓鞘改变(白质多发性硬化)5例,炎性肉芽肿10例,脑变性疾病4例,转移瘤5例。诊断成功率达100%,未出现因活检手术而造成的出血、偏瘫等严重并发症。结论影像学引导的立体定向活检手术对于神经科临床表现及影像学检查不典型病例,快速获得明确的病理学诊断,制定相应的治疗方案,是一种安全、可靠的手段,对脑疾病的诊断治疗具有重要的应用价值。     

Safety assessment of intraparenchymal central nervous system biopsies: Single institution healthcare value review

The study objective was to evaluate a single institution experience with adult stereotactic intracranial biopsies and review any projected cost savings as a result of bypassing intensive care unit (ICU) admission and limited routine head computed tomography (CT). The authors retrospectively reviewed all stereotactic intracranial biopsies performed at a single institution between February 2012 and March 2019. Primary data collection included ICU length of stay (LOS), hospital LOS, ICU interventions, need for reoperation, and CT use. Secondarily, location of lesion, postoperative hematoma, neurological deficit, pathology, and preoperative coagulopathy data were collected. There were 97 biopsy cases (63% male). Average age, ICU LOS, and total hospital stay were 58.9 years (range; 21–92 years), 2.3 days (range; 0–40 days), and 8.8 days (range 1–115 days), respectively. Seventy-five (75 of 97) patients received a postoperative head CT. No patients required medical or surgical intervention for complications related to biopsy. Eight patients required transfer from the ward to the ICU (none directly related to biopsy). Nine patients transferred directly to the ward postoperatively (none required transfer to ICU). Of the patients who did not receive CT or went directly to the ward, none had extended LOS or required transfer to ICU for neurosurgical concerns. Eliminating routine head CT and ICU admission translates to approximately $584,971 in direct cost savings in 89 cases without a postoperative ICU requirement. These practice changes would save patients’ significant hospitalization costs, decrease healthcare expenditures, and allow for more appropriate hospital resource use.     

Application of robotics to stereotactic neurosurgery

Advances in the field of stereotactic neurosurgery have depended on improvements in brain-imaging techniques, as well as development of new stereotactic frame systems. This paper describes the development of a stereotactic system based on a robotics model. The system employs the Unimation Puma Mark II Robotic System, specifically modified for use in stereotactic surgery. The robotic CT stereotactic system is mounted in a dedicated operating suite, containing a CT scanning gantry and adjacent computer room. Stereotactic coordinates are derived from CT scan data obtained intraoperatively and transferred by computer link to the robotic stereotactic system. The robotic arm is driven into place to align with predetermined coordinates. A variety of stereotactic procedures may then be carried out using the robotic 'hand' as a guide to the target. So far, the device has been used, only for lesion biopsy. However, future applications to functional neurosurgery are anticipated.