蟛蜞菊内酯对脂多糖诱导RAW264.7细胞环氧化酶2、NO及TNF-α的影响

目的:研究蟛蜞菊内酯对脂多糖(lipopo-lysaccharide,LPS)诱导RAW264.7巨噬细胞环氧化酶2(COX-2)、NO及TNF-α的作用。方法:ELISA方法检测0.2、2、20μmol/L不同浓度蟛蜞菊内酯对终浓度为10μg/mL LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞产生TNF-α、NO及前列腺素E2(PGE2)的影响,Western blot方法检测蟛蜞菊内酯对LPS诱导COX-2酶蛋白表达的影响。结果:LPS能够明显诱导小鼠RAW264.7细胞产生的COX-2酶蛋白,蟛蜞菊内酯低中高3个浓度均能抑制LPS诱导产生的COX-2酶蛋白表达。PGE2可以被LPS诱导增加,与空白组比有显著差异。蟛蜞菊内酯低中高3个浓度均能抑制LPS诱导产生的PGE2、NO和TNF-α,呈现剂量依赖性。结论:蟛蜞菊内酯抗炎的作用机制可能为抑制COX-2的蛋白表达,进而抑制PGE2的生成,也可能与抑制NO和TNF-α生成有关。     

山萘酚对脂多糖诱导RAW264.7细胞中COX-2和iNOS表达及产物生成的影响

目的探讨山萘酚对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharides,LPS)诱导RAW 264.7细胞COX-2及iNOS表达的影响。方法四氮唑盐法(monote-trazolium test,MTT)检测山奈酚对RAW264.7细胞生长增殖的影响,放射免疫测定法(RIA)检测山萘酚对PGE2和NO生成的影响,免疫印迹法(western blotting)检测COX-2及iNOS蛋白的表达。结果山萘酚抑制LPS诱导的RAW 264.7细胞PGE2和NO的生成,同时下调LPS诱导的RAW 264.7细胞COX-2及iNOS蛋白的表达。结论山萘酚抑制2个诱导酶COX-2和iNOS的表达,从而减少炎性产物PGE2和NO的生成,这可能是山萘酚抗炎的机制之一。     

染料木素通过TIPE 2负性调控Akt活性促进脂多糖活化的巨噬细胞凋亡

目的探究染料木素(genistein,GEN)对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)活化的RAW264.7细胞凋亡的影响及其可能的药理学作用机制。方法GEN预孵育RAW264.7细胞或慢病毒介导的肿瘤坏死因子α诱导蛋白8样分子2(tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 8-like 2,TIPE 2)过表达细胞2 h,再与LPS共孵育24 h,采用CCK 8试剂盒检测细胞活力,Annexin V-FITC/PI试剂盒检测细胞凋亡水平,qRT-PCR检测TNF-α、IL-6、caspase-8、caspase-3和TIPE 2 mRNA,Western blot检测iNOS、COX-2、caspase-8、caspase-3、TIPE 2、Akt和p-Akt蛋白表达。结果LPS促进RAW264.7细胞TNF-α、IL-6、iNOS、COX-2合成;GEN抑制LPS活化的RAW264.7细胞活力,凋亡细胞增多,并上调caspase-8、caspase-3、TIPE 2 mRNA及蛋白表达;TIPE 2过表达上调活化RAW264.7细胞caspase-8、caspase-3 mRNA及蛋白表达,减少Akt磷酸化,且与GEN具有协同作用。结论GEN可能通过上调TIPE 2抑制Akt活性,激活外源性凋亡途径,促进LPS活化的RAW264.7细胞凋亡。     

穿琥宁抗炎作用的血红素加氧酶-1的信号转导机制

目的初步探讨穿琥宁抗炎作用的信号转导机制。方法用WST-8细胞计数试剂盒检测穿琥宁的细胞毒性;用IN Cell Analyzer 2000活细胞成像系统及组成型增强表达绿色荧光蛋白偶联NF-κBP65(EGFP-NF-κBP65)融合蛋白的CHO细胞和EGFP偶联促分裂原活化蛋白激酶APk2(EGFP-MAPK-APk2)融合蛋白的BHK细胞观察穿琥宁对白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)或肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)诱导NF-κBP65核转位及脂多糖(LPS)诱导的P38MAPK下游分子MAPK-APk2核转位的影响;Western印迹法检测穿琥宁和血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)特异性抑制剂锌原卟啉(ZnPP)对RAW264.7细胞HO-1、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和环氧化酶2(COX-2)表达的影响;Griess反应和ELISA法测定穿琥宁对RAW264.7细胞一氧化氮(NO)和前列腺素E2(PGE2)生成的影响。结果穿琥宁3～100μmol·L-1作用24 h对RAW264.7细胞无细胞毒性。穿琥宁不能抑制由IL-1β诱导的NF-κBP65核转位和LPS诱导的MAPK-APk2核转位,对TNF-α诱导的NF-κBP65核转位有较弱的抑制作用,抑制率为20%,无明显浓度效应关系。穿琥宁3,10,30和100μmol·L-1作用4 h能诱导RAW264.7细胞HO-1表达,穿琥宁100μmol· L-1作用6 h显著抑制IL-1β诱导的COX-2表达和PGE2产生,作用12 h抑制iNOS表达和NO产生。HO-1活性抑制剂ZnPP能部分逆转穿琥宁的上述作用。结论穿琥宁的抗炎作用可能主要通过HO-1信号转导,继而抑制iNOS和COX-2的表达及NO和PGE2的产生。对NF-κB信号传导系统的调节作用尚不清楚。     

木犀草素·4,4′-联吡啶药物共晶对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7的抗炎作用研究

目的:研究木犀草素·4,4′-联吡啶药物共晶的抗炎作用及机制。方法:以正常小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7为对照,以脂多糖(LPS)诱导的RAW264.7细胞为炎症模型,采用MTT法检测不同浓度(10、20、40、80μmol/L)的木犀草素、4,4′-联吡啶和木犀草素·4,4′-联吡啶药物共晶作用细胞2 h后的细胞活性;荧光定量聚合酶链式反应法测定40μmol/L浓度时细胞中诱导型一氧化氮合酶(i NOS)、环氧合酶2(COX-2)m RNA的表达,酶联免疫吸附法测定40μmol/L浓度时细胞中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)蛋白表达,Western blot法测定40μmol/L浓度时细胞中核转录因子p65(NF-κB p65)蛋白表达。结果:与正常细胞比较,LPS诱导后RAW264.7细胞活性明显降低(P<0.01),i NOS和COX-2 m RNA表达水平及TNF-α、IL-6、NF-κB p65蛋白表达水平均明显升高(P<0.01)。木犀草素和木犀草素·4,4′-联吡啶药物共晶均能增强LPS诱导后RAW264.7细胞活性(P<0.05或P<0.01),且呈浓度依赖性;4,4′-联吡啶对LPS诱导后RAW264.7细胞活性无明显影响;40μmol/L浓度下,木犀草素和木犀草素·4,4′-联吡啶药物共晶可使LPS诱导后细胞中i NOS和COX-2 m RNA表达水平及TNF-α、IL-6、NF-κB p65蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),其中木犀草素·4,4′-联吡啶药物共晶降低效果强于木犀草素(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:木犀草素·4,4′-联吡啶药物共晶可能通过下调NF-κB信号来抑制炎症相关因子产生,其抗炎作用优于木犀草素。     

复方甘草酸苷制剂对脂多糖诱导小鼠RAW264.7细胞分泌炎症因子的调节作用

目的:研究复方甘草酸苷片剂和注射剂对脂多糖诱导小鼠巨噬细胞RAW 264.7分泌炎症因子的调节作用。方法:采用脂多糖诱导的小鼠巨噬细胞RWA264.7,建立体外炎症模型。取复方甘草酸苷片剂和注射剂,制备供试药液。分别通过,MTT、Griess和双抗体夹心ABC-ELISA等实验,测定在不同浓度的供试药液作用下RAW264.7细胞活力以及经脂多糖诱导后的RAW264.7细胞的一氧化氮、肿瘤坏死因子TNF-α及白介素IL-1β、-6和-10等炎症因子分泌量的变化。结果:复方甘草酸苷的2种制剂药液在0～300μmol.L-1浓度范围内对RAW264.7细胞活力无影响。复方甘草酸苷注射剂药液在75、150和300μmol.L-1浓度下对经脂多糖处理的RAW264.7细胞的一氧化氮分泌抑制率分别为13.8%、40.4%和53.8%,并致细胞的TNF-α分泌量降低29.8%、41.5%和52.1%,IL-1β分泌量降低39.5%、55.6%和69.6%,IL-6分泌量降低18.3%、29.5%和39.1%,但IL-10分泌量却提高了8.2%、23.8%和30.8%;而复方甘草酸苷片药液在相同浓度下对同样细胞的一氧化氮分泌抑制率分别为9.8%、27.1%和37.8%,致细胞的TNF-α分泌量降低16.6%、37.0%和48.4%,IL-1β分泌量降低28.1%、47.9%和57.9%,IL-6分泌量降低13.5%、19.9%和28.2%,IL-10分泌量提高了3.9%、14.8%和23.4%。复方甘草酸苷的2种制剂对细胞分泌炎症因子的调节作用与阳性对照药地塞米松相似,其中注射剂的作用强于片剂。结论:复方甘草酸苷可剂量依赖性地显著抑制脂多糖诱导小鼠RAW 264.7细胞产生促炎因子一氧化氮、TNF-α及IL-1β和-6并促进抗炎因子IL-10的表达,这可能为其抗炎作用机制。     

雷公藤甲素对ERα蛋白介导的人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞增殖抑制的影响

目的：研究雷公藤甲素对激素依赖性人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7增殖的抑制作用及可能的机制。方法：MTT法检测雷公藤甲素对MCF-7细胞增殖的抑制作用,Hoechst染色法检测其对细胞凋亡的影响,Western blotting法观察雷公藤甲素对雌激素受体（ER）α蛋白表达的影响。结果：雷公藤甲素对MCF-7细胞增殖有显著的抑制作用,并且呈现良好的时效和量效关系,雷公藤甲素能有效诱导MCF-7细胞凋亡,并且对ERα具有明显的下调作用。结论：雷公藤甲素能抑制人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7增殖并且诱导其凋亡,其诱导MCF-7细胞凋亡的作用机制可能与其下调ERα的表达有关。     

RAW 264.7细胞炎症模型优化及异喹啉类生物碱抗炎活性研究

目的 对RAW 264.7细胞炎症模型进行优化,并考察异喹啉类生物碱的抗炎活性。方法 采用内毒素脂多糖（LPS）诱导RAW264.7细胞炎症反应,以细胞上清液中炎症因子分泌水平为指标,优化LPS诱导浓度、时间及阳性药地塞米松（DEX）孵育时间,并考察异喹啉类生物碱的抗炎活性。结果 RAW 264.7细胞上清液中肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）分泌水平随LPS诱导浓度、时间增加而升高,但当LPS质量浓度超过100 ng/mL、诱导时间超过12 h后,TNF-α分泌水平趋于平缓;LPS为20 ng/mL、诱导12 h的TNF-α分泌水平明显升高。DEX对TNF-α分泌抑制作用随孵育时间延长而增强,但孵育4 h后,TNF-α分泌抑制作用趋于平缓。异喹啉类生物碱呈现不同程度TNF-α分泌抑制作用,其抑制活性与其季胺型母核结构及R基团烷氧基取代等密切相关。结论 LPS为20 ng/mL、诱导12 h能较好诱导RAW 264.7细胞炎症反应;异喹啉类生物碱的TNF-α分泌抑制作用与其季胺型母核结构、R基团取代等密切相关。     

平炎舒消膏抗炎作用及其机制研究

目的 研究平炎舒消膏（PSO）的抗炎作用并初步探讨其作用机制。方法 采用小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性模型、大鼠足肿胀模型及大鼠棉球肉芽肿模型,观察PSO的在体抗炎作用。采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）和生物测定法,观察PSO对脂多糖（LPS）诱导的巨噬细胞（RAW264.7）释放的白细胞介素-1（IL-1β）和肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）含量及生物学活性的影响,探索PSO的抗炎作用机制。结果 体内实验中,PSO显著抑制醋酸所致小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性升高,明显降低大鼠自身血所致足跖肿胀,减轻大鼠棉球肉芽肿。体外实验中,PSO浓度相关性地抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7释放IL-1β及TNF-α,降低IL-1β对胸腺细胞的增殖效应及TNF-α对L-929细胞的杀伤作用。结论 平炎舒消膏可减轻各期炎症形成,其机制可能与抑制巨噬细胞释放炎性因子有关。     

苹果多酚对脂多糖刺激的RAW264.7细胞COX-2/PGE2和iNOS/NO表达的研究

目的 研究苹果多酚(APE)对脂多糖(LPS)诱发的RAW264.7细胞炎症COX-2/PGE2和iNOS/NO表达的抑制作用.方法 采用APE干预LPS刺激的小鼠单核/巨噬细胞RAW264.7,然后用Griess Reagent法和ELISA法检测细胞分泌的一氧化氮(NO)和前列腺素E2(PGE2)的水平,并且采用RT-qPCR和Western blotting技术检测APE对诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和环氧化酶-2(COX-2)水平的影响以及核转录因子(NF-κB)的蛋白表达.结果 APE能显著抑制LPS刺激的RAW264.7细胞中NO、PGE2的含量,下调iNOS及COX-2的表达及NF-κB的磷酸化.结论 APE通过下调NF-κB的活性及iNOS与COX-2表达而发挥抗炎作用.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.