强迫型人格障碍与其他精神障碍的关系

强迫型人格障碍（OCPD）是指一种专注于追求秩序、完美以及精神和人际关系的控制,因而失去灵活性、开放性和效率的普遍模式.由于OCPD与其他精神障碍有很高的共病率,且它们之间的关系向来存在争议,因此现着重对已有相关研究进行归纳总结,以期为未来研究提供方向和建议.     

强迫症伴强迫型人格障碍患者的临床表现

目的 评估强迫型人格障碍（OCPD）在强迫症（OCD）中的发病率,探讨伴OCPD的OCD患者的临床特征.方法 采用DSM-Ⅳ人格障碍临床定式检测手册（SCID-Ⅱ）中有关OCPD的诊断项目对260例OCD患者进行评估,据其是否符合OCPD诊断而将患者分为共病组（OCD＋ OCPD）和非共病组（OCD-OCPD）.对两者的临床特征、焦虑、抑郁水平等进行比较.结果 78例（30％）OCD患者符合OCPD的诊断;共病组有更多的物品污染、囤积以及高道德标准强迫思维和更多的检查、囤积和混合强迫行为等强迫症状,且共病组强迫行为严重程度、抑郁及特质焦虑水平显著高于非共病组,但两组首次出现强迫症状的年龄,有精神疾病家族史的比例以及自知力水平、状态焦虑水平等差异无统计学意义.结论 强迫型人格障碍与强迫症的重叠可能增加了其病理心理的严重程度.     

强迫障碍共病强迫型人格障碍的研究

目的:研究强迫型人格障碍(OCPD)在强迫障碍(OCD)中的共病情况,并研究OCD共病OCPD对OCD影响。方法:以69例门诊OCD患者为研究对象,采用DSM-Ⅳ轴Ⅱ障碍用临床定式检查(SCID-Ⅱ)研究强迫障碍患者的共病人格障碍(PD)情况,将研究对象分为2组:OCD共病OCPD组和OCD不共病OCPD组,对比研究2组间临床特征的不同。结果:79.7%强迫障碍患者合并有PD,C类中的OCPD和OCD共病率达43.5%。共病组较不共病组疾病严重程度更重,表现为发病年龄早、病程更长、强迫思维更严重。结论:OCPD和OCD关系密切,OCD共病OCPD是OCD严重程度的一个标志。     

52例门诊强迫症患者的调查分析

目的 调查门诊强迫症患者的治疗经过和生活现状。方法 对52例符合ICD-10诊断标准的门诊强迫症患者进行一般资料、自制的疾病和诊疗经过问卷、MAUDSLEY强迫问卷(MOCI)、耶鲁布郎强迫量表(Y-BOCS)、社会功能缺陷筛选量表(SDSS)、主观幸福感(Subjective well-being,SWB)和自尊量表(Self-esteem)等评定工具进行评估。结果 (1)发病1年内是强迫症的就诊高峰时间;发病形式和亲属支持状况影响首次就诊时间。(2)门诊强迫症人群为高学历,青年为主;治疗依从性不佳、药物治疗有局限性、心理治疗少是总体的治疗现状。(3)强迫症的社会功能损害普遍,Y-BOCS分、工作学习现状是影响强迫症社会功能的主要因素。(4)强迫症的主观幸福感和自尊受患病行为本身影响。结论 强迫症治疗现状不佳,社会功能损害普遍。     

Clinical characteristics of schizotypal-related obsessive-compulsive disorder

In this study we compared 15 patients with DSM-IV obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) and 31 non-SPD OCD patients. OCD-SPD patients had poorer insight, more negative symptoms, lower functioning, more antipsychotic augmentation and more first-degree relatives with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. A distinct clinical phenotype of OCD associated with SPD should be considered when investigating etiopathogenetic mechanisms.     

Bipolar obsessive-compulsive disorder and personality disorders

OBJECTIVES: Relatively few systematic data exist on the clinical impact of bipolar comorbidity in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and no studies have investigated the influence of such a comorbidity on the prevalence and pattern of Axis II comorbidity. The aim of the present study was to explore the comorbidity of personality disorders in a group of patients with OCD and comorbid bipolar disorder (BD). METHODS: The sample consisted of 204 subjects with a principal diagnosis of OCD (DSM-IV) and a Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) score>or=16 recruited from all patients consecutively referred to the Anxiety and Mood Disorders Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin over a period of 5 years (January 1998-December 2002). Diagnostic evaluation and Axis I comorbidities were collected by means of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I). Personality status was assessed by using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders (SCID-II). Socio-demographic and clinical features (including Axis II comorbidities) were compared between OCD patients with and without a lifetime comorbidity of BD. RESULTS: A total of 21 patients with OCD (10.3%) met DSM-IV criteria for a lifetime BD diagnosis: 4 (2.0%) with BD type I and 17 (8.3%) with BD type II. Those without a BD diagnosis showed significantly higher rates of male gender, sexual and hoarding obsessions, repeating compulsions and lifetime comorbid substance use disorders, when compared with patients with BD/OCD. With regard to personality disorders, those with BD/OCD showed higher prevalence rates of Cluster A (42.9% versus 21.3%; p=0.027) and Cluster B (57.1% versus 29.0%; p=0.009) personality disorders. Narcissistic and antisocial personality disorders were more frequent in BD/OCD. CONCLUSIONS: Our results point towards clinically relevant effects of comorbid BD on the personality profiles of OCD patients, with higher rates of narcissistic and antisocial personality disorders in BD/OCD patients.     

瑞典大学人格量表在强迫症患者中的应用

目的采用瑞典大学人格量表（SSP）探讨强迫症患者的人格特质及其与不同临床特征的关系。方法收集33例符合DSM-IV诊断标准的强迫症患者及31例健康对照,采用瑞典大学人格量表（SSP）评估两组样本的人格特质,采用Yale-Brown强迫量表（Y-BOCS）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HA-MA）和汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评估强迫症患者临床特征。结果强迫症组躯体性焦虑、精神性焦虑、应激敏感性、怨恨、兴奋性和不信任分量表分别为57.70±11.64、63.19±10.41、66.77±10.31、61.14±7.56、54.09±9.13、57.15±11.57,健康对照组分别为46.18±8.30、52.08±8.42、55.79±7.69、56.37±7.92、48.03±7.69、51.59±9.97,强迫症组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义。其余分量表的差异无统计学意义。强迫症患者SSP社交愿望分与Y-BOCS总分呈正相关（r=0.349,P〈0.05）;躯体性焦虑、精神性焦虑和应激敏感性分与HAMA、HAMD总分呈正相关;社交愿望分与HAMA呈正相关;怨恨分与HAMD呈正相关。结论强迫症患者具有神经质和攻击性人格特质;强迫症患者的人格特质与强迫、焦虑和抑郁症状之间可能存在一定的相关性。     

强迫症患者儿茶酚氧位甲基转移酶基因表达的研究

目的 探讨汉族人群中外周血儿茶酚氧位甲基转移酶(COMT)基因表达与强迫症的关系.方法 采用实时定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应技术检测35例强迫症首次发病患者(强迫症组)与31名健康对照(对照组)外周血COMT基因表达水平;使用美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版轴Ⅱ诊断结构式临床访谈问卷(SCID-Ⅱ)评估强迫症与强迫性人格障碍的共病情况.结果 强迫症组COMT基因表达水平明显低于对照组(t=2.56,P＜0.05),下调约32%;无强迫人格患者(15例)与对照组间COMT基因表达水平的差异有统计学意义(t=2.41,P＜0.05),而伴强迫人格患者(20例)与对照组的差异无统计学意义(t=1.50,P＞0.05);伴强迫人格与无强迫人格的强迫症患者COMT基因表达水平分别下调14%和56%;COMT表达水平与症状严重度无显著相关(r＝0.09,P＜0.05).结论 COMT基因表达下调可能与强迫症发病有关;伴或无强迫人格患者的遗传机制可能存在差异.     

Psychic euosmia among obsessive-compulsive personality disorder patients: A case control study

BACKGROUNDPsychic euosmia (PE) has been described as a supposed psychological predisposition for which pleasant smells elicit an immediate sense of pleasure, order and calmness in obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). In this study we tried to verify the interpretation that PE is the counterpart of disgust that has been associated to contamination and moral purity. Disgust and morality are significantly associated in people with obsessive-compulsive personality traits. We expected that OCPD patients would experience higher levels of PE.AIMTo investigate the PE frequency in OCPD patients and healthy controls (HC) and to evaluate the relationship between PE and disgust.METHODSA single-center, case-control study was conducted in an outpatient service for obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. The sample consisted of 129 subjects: 45 OCPD patients and 84 HC. In both groups we submitted the Disgust Scale Revised (DS-R) and the self-report Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Screening Personality Questionnaire to which we added an additional yes or no question to investigate the presence of PE. In order to verify differences between groups, t-test was employed for continuous variables and ² test for categorical variable; odds ratio was employed to analyze group differences in the PE survey. Correlation was explored with Pearson r correlations.RESULTSNo differences were observed between groups in gender composition or education. A slight significant difference was found in mean age (t = 1.988; P = 0.049). The present study revealed significantly higher proportions of PE among OCPD patients when compared to HC (OR: 5.3, 2.28-12.46). Patients with OCPD were more likely to report PE (n = 36; 80%) whereas a much lower proportion endorsed PE in the HC group (n = 36; 42.9%). Interestingly, no differences were observed between groups in mean score for the Disgust Scale. There was also no difference between the two groups in any of the Disgust Scale Revised subscales. Moreover, no significant correlations were observed in the OCPD group between PE and Disgust Scale Revised subscales.CONCLUSIONResults suggested that PE might be part of the clinical spectrum of OCPD, and it does not reflect the counterpart of disgust. This could also indicate that this phenomenon is a manifestation of orderliness or incompleteness. Further studies will need to be undertaken to better understand PE and its significance in OCPD.     

Sustained unemployment in psychiatric outpatients with bipolar depression compared to major depressive disorder with comorbid borderline personality disorder

Zimmerman M, Martinez JH, Young D, Chelminski I, Dalrymple K. Sustained unemployment in psychiatric outpatients with bipolar depression compared to major depressive disorder with comorbid borderline personality disorder. Bipolar Disord 2012: 14: 856–862. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Objectives: The morbidity associated with bipolar disorder is, in part, responsible for repeated calls for improved detection and recognition. No such clinical commentary exists for improved detection of borderline personality disorder in depressed patients. Clinical experience suggests that borderline personality disorder is as disabling as bipolar disorder; however, no studies have directly compared the two disorders. For this reason we undertook the current analysis from the Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services (MIDAS) project comparing unemployment and disability rates in patients with bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder. Methods: Patients were interviewed with semi‐structured interviews. We compared three non‐overlapping groups of depressed patients: (i) 181 patients with DSM–IV major depressive disorder and borderline personality disorder, (ii) 1068 patients with major depressive disorder without borderline personality disorder, and (iii) 84 patients with bipolar depression without borderline personality disorder. Results: Compared to depressed patients without borderline personality disorder, depressed patients with borderline personality disorder were significantly more likely to have been persistently unemployed. A similar difference was found between patients with bipolar depression and major depressive disorder without borderline personality disorder. No differences were found between patients with bipolar depression and depression with borderline personality disorder. Conclusions: Both bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder were associated with impaired occupational functioning and thus carry a significant public health burden. Efforts to improve detection of borderline personality disorder in depressed patients might be as important as the recognition of bipolar disorder.     

Comorbidity between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and personality disorders

The aims of the present study were to examine the frequency of personality disorders in 36 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and to investigate whether patients with a coexisting personality disorder could be characterized by certain personality traits assessed by means of the Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP). In total, 27 (75%) of the OCD patients fulfilled the DSM-III-R criteria for a personality disorder, and 13 patients (36%) had an obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Subjects with a comorbid personality disorder had significantly higher scores on most of the KSP scales, including all anxiety scales, as well as scales measuring indirect aggression, irritability, guilt and detachment, whereas subjects without personality disorders did not differ significantly from healthy controls with regard to personality traits.     

强迫症难治性的误区

强迫症是精神科临床的难题,常被冠以难治性的标签,但对强迫症治疗难的认知存在诸多不足。本文简要分析强迫症难治及导致这种临床印象的原因。     

双相障碍共病强迫症的研究进展

双相障碍(BD)共病强迫症(OCD)在临床中越来越常见.尽管国内外有许多关于BD共病OCD的文献报道,但是关于神经生物学和治疗方面的研究较少[1],对于临床医生来说,治疗BD共病OCD的患者是一个挑战,因为稳定情绪和抗强迫的治疗应该共同进行.然而BD共病OCD的患者对于药物治疗的反应较差,作为OCD一线治疗药物的5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRI)在治疗中可以诱导BD中的躁狂/混合情绪状态发作,药物联合治疗和心理治疗的效果也不理想,所以在目前还没有比较理想的治疗方法 [2-3].     

强迫症患者认知功能特点的研究

目的了解强迫症患者的认知功能特点。方法以52例停药或首诊的强迫症患者为研究对象,均符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版和中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第3版强迫症诊断标准,以年龄、性别、受教育年限与强迫症组匹配的53名健康人作为正常对照组,采用神经心理测验分别对两组进行评定。结果强迫症患者的知识[(1996±502)分]、算术[(1405±231)分]、数字符号[(5730±1241)个]、木块图形[(3548±875)分]、逻辑即时记忆[(930±412)个]、逻辑延迟记忆[(667±437)个]、词语流畅性[(2201±691)个]、划痕[(6756±2723)s]、威斯康星卡片分类测验[(3288±636)个]、汉诺塔测验成绩[(5517±971)分]均差于正常对照组,分别为知识(2193±322)分、算术(1505±186)分、数字符号(6462±1058)个、木块图形(3862±709)分、逻辑即时记忆(1311±379)个、逻辑延迟记忆(1105±481)个、词语流畅性(2650±607)个、划痕(5412±1849)s、威斯康星卡片分类测验(3615±346)个、汉诺塔测验成绩(6194±919)分,均P<005和P<001;强迫症组和正常对照组的STCW正确数分别为(9024±2007)个和(9326±1592)个,STC和STCW的纠正数均为(0)个和(1)个,均P<005。结论强迫症患者存在广泛的认知功能损害,涉及注意、记忆、执行功能、语言和非语言表达等方面     

双相障碍共病强迫症的临床特征与治疗

本文目的是对双相障碍共病强迫症的临床特征与治疗进行综述,以期为临床早期识别和干预提供参考.双相障碍共病强迫症的临床现象并不少见,但两者的治疗原则存在差异甚至互斥,导致治疗困境.本文就双相障碍共病强迫症的流行病学特征、临床特征及治疗进行探讨.     

氟西汀合并利培酮治疗强迫症对照研究

目的评价氟西汀合并利培酮对强迫症的治疗效果。方法将符合CCMD-3诊断标准的60例强迫症患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组给予氟西汀合并利培酮治疗,对照组只给予氟西汀治疗,应用汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)及耶鲁布朗强迫量表(Y-BOCS)定期评定疗效。应用副反应量表(TESS)评定不良反应。疗程8周。结果在治疗第2、4、6、8周末,治疗组疗效优于对照组,尤其是对强迫思维疗效更好,具有显著性统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论氟西汀合并利培酮治疗强迫症效果优于单用氟西汀治疗。     

精神科门诊边缘型人格障碍的共病情况调查

目的调查边缘型人格障碍（Borderline Personality Disorder,BPD）与轴I、轴Ⅱ疾病的共病情况。方法2006年5月至2006年11月随机抽取符合入组标准的3402名就诊者进行调查。先由研究对象自行填写一般情况问卷及人格诊断问卷（PDQ-4^＋）进行筛查,再由精神科医生按照美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第四版（DSM-Ⅳ）人格障碍定式临床检查（SCID-Ⅱ）对PDQ-4^＋筛查阳性者进行临床诊断。结果1.诊断为BPD者178人（5．8％）;2.BPD常与多种人格障碍共病,抑郁型人格障碍共病率最高（35．4％）;3.轴I疾病中,BPD与心境障碍者共病率最高（46．1％）。结论边缘型人格障碍与轴I、轴Ⅱ疾病存在广泛共病。     

强迫症患者临床特征与认知功能的相关性分析

目的了解强迫症患者临床特征与认知功能的相关性。方法对符合ICD-10及CCMD-3强迫症诊断标准的52例强迫症患者,在用药前采用神经心理测验及Y-BOCS量表,HAMA、HAMD对其进行评定。结果强迫症患者的病程与视觉延迟记忆负相关;强迫观念分与HAMD、WCST正确数正相关,与WCST错误数负相关;强迫行为分与HAMA、Stroop-c时间正相关;Y-BOCS总分与HAMA正相关;Y-BOCS总分、HAMA分及HAMD分与神经心理测验指标的相关性无统计学意义。结论强迫症患者的临床特征与认知功能存在相关性。     

米氮平与氯丙咪嗪治疗强迫症的对照研究

目的　探讨米氮平与氯丙咪嗪治疗强迫症疗效及副作用比较。方法　选择符合诊断标准的强迫症60例,随机分为米氮平与氯丙咪嗪两组　米氮平组平均(53.6±5.1)mg/d;氯丙咪嗪组平均(215.6±37.6)mg/d。观察8周。结果　两组疗效比较无显著差异,米氮平组第1 周末起效,氯丙咪嗪组第4 周末起效,起效时间两组比较差异显著(P<0.05);副反应两组比较米氮平显著较低(P<0.01)。结论　米氮平是一种安全有效的抗强迫症药物。